Английская Википедия:Hydronym
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Linguistics
A hydronym (from Шаблон:Lang-el, Шаблон:Lang, "water" and Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, "name") is a type of toponym that designates a proper name of a body of water. Hydronyms include the proper names of rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, swamps and marshes, seas and oceans. As a subset of toponymy, a distinctive discipline of hydronymy (or hydronomastics) studies the proper names of all bodies of water, the origins and meanings of those names, and their development and transmission through history.Шаблон:Sfn
Classification by water types
Within the onomastic classification, main types of hydronyms are (in alphabetical order):
- helonyms: proper names of swamps, marshes and bogsШаблон:Sfn
- limnonyms: proper names of lakes and pondsШаблон:Sfn
- oceanonyms: proper names of oceansШаблон:Sfn
- pelagonyms: proper names of seas and maritime baysШаблон:Sfn
- potamonyms: proper names of rivers and streamsШаблон:Sfn
Linguistic phenomena
Often a given body of water will have several entirely different names given to it by different peoples living along its shores. For example, Шаблон:Bo and Шаблон:Lang-th Шаблон:IPA-th are the Tibetan and Thai names, respectively, for the same river, the Mekong in southeast Asia. (The Tibetan name is used for three other rivers as well.)
Hydronyms from various languages may all share a common etymology. For example, the Danube, Don, Dniester, Dnieper, and Donets rivers all contain the Scythian name for "river" (cf. Шаблон:Lang, "river, water" in modern Ossetic).[1][2] A similar suggestion is that the Yarden, Yarkon, and Yarmouk (and possibly, with distortion, Yabbok and/or Arnon) rivers in the Israel/Jordan area contain the Egyptian word for river (Шаблон:Transl, transliterated in the Bible as Шаблон:Transl).
It is also possible for a toponym to become a hydronym: for example, the River Liffey takes its name from the plain on which it stands, called Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang; the river originally was called Шаблон:Lang.[3][4] An unusual example is the River Cam, which originally was called the Шаблон:Lang, but when the town of Шаблон:Lang became Cambridge, the river's name changed to match the toponym. Another unusual example is the River Stort which is named after the town on the ford Bishops Stortford rather than the town being named after the river.
Relation to history
Compared to most other toponyms, hydronyms are very conservative linguistically, and people who move to an area often retain the existing name of a body of water rather than rename it in their own language.[5] For example, the Rhine in Germany bears a Celtic name, not a German name.[6] The Mississippi River in the United States bears an Anishinaabe name, not a French or English one.[7] The names of large rivers are even more conservative than the local names of small streams.
Therefore, hydronomy may be a tool used to reconstruct past cultural interactions, population movements, religious conversions, or older languages.[8] For example, history professor Kenneth H. Jackson identified a river-name pattern against which to fit the story of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain and pockets of surviving native British culture.[9] His river map of Britain divided the island into three principal areas of English settlement: the river valleys draining eastward in which surviving British names are limited to the largest rivers and Saxon settlement was early and dense; the highland spine; and a third region whose British hydronyms apply even to the smaller streams.
See also
References
Sources
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Jackson, Language and History in Early Britain, Edinburgh, 1953:220-23, summarized in H.R. Loyn, Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest , 2nd ed. 1991:7-9.
