Английская Википедия:Hyperforeignism
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:IPA notice A hyperforeignism is a type of qualitative hypercorrection that involves speakers misidentifying the distribution of a pattern found in loanwords and extending it to other environments, including words and phrases not borrowed from the language that the pattern derives from.Шаблон:Sfnp The result of this process does not reflect the rules of either language.Шаблон:Sfnp For example, habanero is sometimes pronounced as though it were spelled with an Шаблон:Angbr (habañero), which is not the Spanish form from which the English word was borrowed.[1]
Hyperforeignisms can manifest in a number of ways, including the application of the spelling or pronunciation rules of one language to a word borrowed from another;Шаблон:Sfnp an incorrect application of a language's pronunciation; and pronouncing loanwords as though they were borrowed more recently, ignoring an already established naturalized pronunciation. Hyperforeignisms may similarly occur when a word is thought to be a loanword from a particular language when it is not.
Intentional hyperforeignisms can be used for comedic effect, such as pronouncing Report with a silent Шаблон:Angbr in The Colbert Report or pronouncing Target as Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell, as though it were an upscale boutique.[2] This form of hyperforeignism is a way of poking fun at those who earnestly adopt foreign-sounding pronunciations of pseudo-loanwords.Шаблон:Sfnp
Similarly, speakers who echo hyperforeign pronunciations without the intention of approximating a foreign-language pattern are also not practicing hyperforeignization; thus, pronouncing habanero as if it were spelled habañero is not a hyperforeignism if one is not aware that the word has been borrowed from Spanish.Шаблон:Sfnp
English
In English, hyperforeignisms are seen in loanwords from many different languages. Many are isolated examples, showing a particular pattern applied to multiple words and phrases, though some patterns can be identified.
Replacement with postalveolar fricatives Шаблон:IPAc-en and Шаблон:IPAc-en is one common mark of hyperforeignisms in English. This leads to pronouncing smörgåsbord (with initial Шаблон:IPAblink in Swedish) as Шаблон:IPAc-en, parmesan (from French Шаблон:IPA-fr) as Шаблон:IPAc-en (the cheese itself is Italian, and this pronunciation may also have been influenced by the Italian word for the cheese, parmigiano, which has a postalveolar affricate: Шаблон:IPA-it), pronouncing forte (strong point) as Шаблон:IPAc-en as if it were the Italian forte (the basis for forte, the musical notation for "loud") instead of the French pronunciation that sounds close to the English fort, and Mandarin Chinese terms like Beijing (with Шаблон:IPAblink, which sounds like Шаблон:IPAblink to English speakers) with Шаблон:IPAslink: Шаблон:IPAc-en.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Dutch words
In Dutch, the letter combination Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPA-nl at the beginning of a syllable, and Шаблон:IPAblink at the end. However, most English speakers pronounce Dutch words such as Rooibosch and veldschoen with Шаблон:IPAslink, more closely following the pronunciation rules for German spelling. In contrast, certain well-established Dutch surnames and place names in the United States dating to colonial times, such as Schuyler, have Шаблон:Angbr pronounced as Шаблон:IPAc-en, which is relatively closer to the Dutch pronunciation.
The cluster /sx/ is not present in English phonology, and is found difficult by most native speakers, so that some level of correction away from the Dutch original is inevitable.
French words
A number of words of French origin feature a final Шаблон:Angbr that is pronounced in English but silent in the original language. For example, the noun cache is sometimes pronounced Шаблон:IPAc-en, as though it were spelled either Шаблон:Angbr (meaning "seal" or "signature") or Шаблон:Angbr (meaning "hidden"). In French, the final Шаблон:Angbr is silent and the word is pronounced Шаблон:IPA-fr. The word cadre is sometimes pronounced Шаблон:IPAc-en in English, as though it were of Spanish origin. In French, the final Шаблон:Angbr is silent Шаблон:IPA-fr and a common English pronunciation is Шаблон:IPAc-en.[3]
Legal English is replete with words derived from Norman French, which for a long time was the language of the courts in England and Wales. The correct pronunciation of Norman French is often closer to a natural contemporary English reading than to modern French: the attempt to pronounce these phrases as if they were modern French could therefore be considered to be a hyperforeignism. For example, the clerk's summons "Oyez!" ("Attention!") is commonly pronounced ending in a consonant, Шаблон:IPAc-en or Шаблон:IPAslink.[4]
A common pattern is pronouncing French loanwords without a word-final Шаблон:IPA, as with derrière, peignoir, and répertoire.Шаблон:Sfnp Yet at once, this is a normal pronunciation in French vernacular of North America (both Canadian French and Acadian French, by opposition with Metropolitan French probably used for making this comparison): /r/ is optional as word ending, whereas the vowel just in front of it is always long, contrasting with vowels being almost always short in word-ending positions.[5]
Another common pattern, influenced by French morphophonology, is the omission of word-final consonants. Hyperforeign application of this tendency occurs with omission of these consonants in words with final consonants that are pronounced in French. This occurs notably in the term coup de grâce, in which some speakers omit the final consonant Шаблон:IPAslink, although it is pronounced in French as Шаблон:IPA-fr; omitting this consonant instead sounds like coup de gras, meaning a nonsensical "blow of fat."[3]Шаблон:Sfnp Other examples of this include Vichyssoise,[3] the chess term en prise, prix fixe, sous-vide and mise en scène. There are many instances of this sort of omission connected with proper nouns. Some speakers may omit pronouncing a final Шаблон:IPAslink or Шаблон:IPAslink in names such as Saint-Saëns, Duras, Boulez, and Berlioz, though these words are pronounced in French with a final Шаблон:IPAblink or Шаблон:IPAblink.
The Norman French language furthermore gave Southern England some ancient family names that were once associated with the aristocracy. An example is Lestrange which is sometimes pronounced with its natural and contemporaneous French inflection, though it is more often pronounced like the English word strange, Шаблон:IPAc-en.
Speakers of American English typically pronounce lingerie Шаблон:IPAc-en,[3] depressing the first vowel of the French Шаблон:IPA-fr to sound more like a typical French nasal vowel, and rhyming the final syllable with English ray, by analogy with the many French loanwords ending in Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, and Шаблон:Angbr, which rhyme with ray in English. Similarly, the French-derived term repartie (Шаблон:IPAc-en, "rejoinder") was changed to English spelling Шаблон:Angbr ("banter"), giving rise to a hyperforeign Шаблон:IPAc-en.
Claret is often pronounced Шаблон:IPAc-en, without a final Шаблон:IPAslink. However, it is historically an Anglicised (and genericised) version of the original French clairet, with the Шаблон:Angbr more typically being pronounced and the stress falling on the first syllable: Шаблон:IPAc-en.
Moët, a brand of French champagne, is often pronounced with a silent T. However, the name is Dutch, and its native pronunciation is [moɛt] Шаблон:Respell.[6]
Hindi words
The Шаблон:Angbr in the name of the Taj Mahal or raj is often rendered Шаблон:IPA, but a closer approximation to the Hindi sound is Шаблон:IPAslink.Шаблон:Sfnp The Шаблон:Angbr in most words associated with languages of India is more accurately approximated as Шаблон:IPAslink.
Italian words
The Шаблон:Angbr in Adagio may be realized as Шаблон:IPAslink, even though the soft Шаблон:Angbr of Italian represents an affricate Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
The name of the principal male character in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew is spelled Шаблон:Angbr, intended to be the Italian name Petruccio Шаблон:IPA-it, reflecting more conventional English pronunciation rules that use Шаблон:Angbr to represent Шаблон:IPAslink. However, the name is commonly pronounced Шаблон:IPAc-en, as though Shakespeare's spelling was genuinely Italian.
Substituting baristo for a male barista, when in fact barista is invariable in gender in Italian and Spanish (as are other words ending in the suffix -ista) is a hyperforeignism. In Italian (and Spanish), the gender is indicated by the article; il (el) barista for a male and la barista for a female.
The word latte ("milk"), as in caffè latte, is often misspelled as Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr, implying stress on the final syllable. However, latte has no accent mark in Italian and has the stress on the first syllable. This may be an analogy with French words such as frappé Шаблон:IPA-it, where there is such an accent mark.
Italian Шаблон:Angbr, as in maraschino, bruschetta, or the brand name Freschetta, is often mispronounced as English Шаблон:IPAblink rather than the correct [sk], due to greater familiarity with the German pronunciation of Шаблон:Angbr.
Mandarin Chinese words
The Шаблон:Angbr in Beijing is often rendered as Шаблон:IPA, but a closer approximation to the Mandarin sound is Шаблон:IPA. The Pinyin letter Шаблон:IPA is pronounced Шаблон:IPA.
Russian words
Because the Russian loanword dacha (дача Шаблон:IPA-ru) looks like it could be German, the pronunciation Шаблон:IPAc-en, with a velar fricative, shows an attempt at marking a word as foreign, but with a sound not originally present in the source word.Шаблон:Sfnp The more common pronunciation is Шаблон:IPAc-en, which sounds closer to the original Russian word.
Spanish words
The digraph Шаблон:Angbr of Spanish generally represents Шаблон:IPAblink, similar to English Шаблон:Angbr. Hyperforeign realizations of many Spanish loanwords or proper names may substitute other sounds. Examples include a French-style Шаблон:IPAblink in the surname Chávez and in Che Guevara, or a German-influenced Шаблон:IPA or Ancient Greek-influenced Шаблон:IPA in machismo.Шаблон:Sfnp The Шаблон:Angbr in the Spanish word chorizo is sometimes realized as Шаблон:IPAc-en by English speakers, reflecting more closely the pronunciation of the double letter Шаблон:Angbr in Italian and Italian loanwords in English. This is not the pronunciation of present-day Spanish, however. Rather, the Шаблон:Angbr in chorizo represents Шаблон:IPAblink or Шаблон:IPAblink (depending on dialect) in Spanish.[7]
Some English speakers pronounce certain words of Spanish origin as if they had an eñe or Ll when they do not in the original language. For example, the word habanero is pronounced Шаблон:IPA-es (with an n) in Spanish. English speakers may instead pronounce it Шаблон:IPAc-en, as if it were spelled Шаблон:Angbr; the phenomenon also occurs with empanada, which may be pronounced as if spelled Шаблон:Angbr. The city of Cartagena, Colombia, is very commonly pronounced as if it were spelled Шаблон:Angbr.
The South American beverage, mate, is frequently spelled Шаблон:Angbr in English, adding an accent which, in Spanish, changes the pronunciation and meaning of the word (maté meaning "I killed" in Spanish). However, the accented spelling may serve a purpose, as it is interpreted by some English speakers to indicate that the word has two syllables and is not pronounced like the English word mate (Шаблон:IPAc-en). Following Spanish orthography though, the only correct place to add an accent which matches the natural stress of the word (and therefore does not change its pronunciation) would be on the A, máte.
Other languages
Polish
Hyperforeignisms sometimes occur in Polish with English loanwords or names. One example would be the name Roosevelt, which is pronounced Шаблон:IPA-pl, as if it started like ooze, even though a natural Dutch pronunciation would be closer to the English one.
Polish loanwords from Japanese are often subject to hyperforeignism. The names of three of the four main islands of Japan, Honsiu, Kiusiu, and Sikoku, are already Polish transcriptions with close approximations of Japanese sounds—Шаблон:IPA-pl, Шаблон:IPA-pl, and Шаблон:IPA-pl—but are often pronounced with changing native Шаблон:IPA into foreign Шаблон:IPA. Other Japanese words use English-based (Hepburn) transcriptions, which causes further problems.
Phenian, a now obsolete Polish name for Pyongyang, which was a transcription of Russian Шаблон:Lang, is commonly pronounced Шаблон:IPA-pl, as if ⟨ph⟩ represented the voiceless labiodental fricative (/f/) like in English.
Norwegian
In Norwegian, like in Swedish, entrecôte can be pronounced without the final Шаблон:IPAblink. This might also happen in pommes frites (french fries), and the Шаблон:IPAblink is often removed in the pronunciation of Béarnaise sauce.[8]
Russian
In Russian, many early loanwords are pronounced as native Russian words with full palatalization. Hyperforeignism occurs when some speakers pronounce these early loanwords without palatalization. For example: тема ("theme") is normally pronounced Шаблон:IPA-ru. A hyperforeign pronunciation would be Шаблон:IPA-ru, as if the word were spelled Шаблон:Angbr. Similarly, текст ("text") is pronounced Шаблон:IPA-ru, with the hyperforeign pronunciation being Шаблон:IPA-ru, as if it were spelled Шаблон:Angbr. Other examples include музей ("museum") Шаблон:IPA-ru → Шаблон:IPA-ru, газета ("newspaper") Шаблон:IPA-ru → Шаблон:IPA-ru and эффект ("effect") Шаблон:IPA-ru → Шаблон:IPA-ru. The variation is attributable to the tendency to use Шаблон:Angbr in foreign words after a consonant, even if it is not palatalized.
See also
Notes
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ With the notable exception of pronouns/possessives on/mon/ton/son but not nouns ton/son; as there are no words ending in -onr(e), those 4 cases cannot cause ambiguity.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Entrekå med påmm fri og bærné, takk - K7 Bulletin (Norwegian)
