Английская Википедия:Hyperradiant Fresnel lens
Hyper-radial or hyperradiant Fresnel lenses are Fresnel lenses used in lighthouses. They are larger than "first-order" lenses, having a focal length (radius) of 1330 mm (52.36 inches). The idea was mentioned by Thomas Stevenson in 1869[1] and first proposed by John Richardson Wigham in 1872, and again proposed by Thomas Stevenson in 1885 (infringing Wigham's patent).[2]
The hyper-radial lens was made in 1885 by the F. Barbier Company in Paris as a test lens for the lighthouse illumination trials then going on at the South Foreland Lighthouse in the United Kingdom (UK). Chance Brothers Glass Company made their first hyper-radial lens in 1887 in the UK.[1]
These lenses were originally named biform, and later triform and quadriform lenses, by Wigham. Thomas Stevenson used the term hyperradiant lens, and later they were renamed the hyper-radial lens by James Kenward of the Chance Brothers Glass Company.
The hyper-radial Fresnel lenses were the largest ever put into use and were installed in about two dozen major "landfall" beacons around the world. The recipients include Makapu'u Point lighthouse on Oahu Island in Hawaii, Cabo de São Vicente in Portugal, Manora Point in Karachi, Pakistan, the Bishop Rock off the coast of Cornwall (in the UK), Cabo de Santa Marta in Brazil, and Cape Race, Newfoundland.[1] By the 1920s, high-intensity lamp technology had rendered lenses of this size obsolete.
Lighthouses
Шаблон:Geogroup Hyperradiant optics were installed in thirty-one lighthouses around the world. A large proportion were destined for lights around Great Britain and Ireland, with another four used at sites around Sri Lanka. Despite the improvements in lighting technology, a number are still in use today. Others are in museums, either on display or in storage. The remainder have been broken up or lost.[1][3][4]
| Name | Image | Location Coordinates |
Country | Company | Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barberyn | Файл:Островной маяк Бентоты - panoramio.jpg | Barberyn Шаблон:Coord |
Sri Lanka | Chance | 1888 | The optic gave a flash of white light every minute.[5][1] |
| Bazaruto | Файл:Bazaruto Lighthouse.jpg | Bazaruto Island Шаблон:Coord |
Mozambique | Barbier et al. | 1913 | Still in situ, but badly damaged.[1] |
| Beiyushan | Файл:HRDB-023 Tower Pei-Yu-Shan BBT.jpg | Yushan Islands Шаблон:Coord |
China | Barbier et al. | 1895 | Made up of four panels, "each lens panel has two partial bull's-eyes giving a double group-flashing characteristic". It is not in the lantern room anymore, the fate of the optic is not known.[1] |
| Bell Rock | Файл:Bell Rock Lighthouse showing reef (cropped).jpg | Inchcape Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Henry Lepaute | 1902 | Lens removed in 1964. Made up of two panels, one panel is in the Signal Tower Museum, Arbroath. The location of the other panel is unknown.[1] |
| Berlenga | Файл:Farol da Berlenga 01.jpg | Berlengas Шаблон:Coord |
Portugal | Barbier et al. | 1897 | Made up of three panels, it was taken out of the tower in 1985. Two of the panels went to the Lighthouse Directorate Museum in Lisbon, one is on display the other stored but damaged. The third was taken to the museum in the Santa Marta Lighthouse, Cascais.[1] |
| Bishop Rock | Файл:National Maritime Museum Cornwall (8826).jpg | Isle of Scilly Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Chance | 1887 | Following automation in 1992 the bi-form lens was split, the lower tier remains in use, the upper tier is on display in the National Maritime Museum Cornwall.[1] |
| Buchan Ness | Файл:Buchan Ness Lighthouse 03.jpg | Boddam, Aberdeenshire Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Chance | 1910 | A combined first order and hyper-radial optic, taken out in 1978 now stored at the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses.[1][3] |
| Bull Rock | Файл:Bull Rock Lighthouse.jpg | Dursey Island Шаблон:Coord |
Ireland | Barbier et al. | 1888 | Bi-form lens was removed in 1991 by the Commissioners of Irish Lights.[1] |
| Cabo de São Vicente | Файл:Portugal M Suessen-2324.jpg | Cape St. Vincent Шаблон:Coord |
Portugal | Barbier et al. | 1906 | Still in situ and in use.[1] |
| Cap d'Antifer | Файл:HRDB-010 Lens Cap d'Antifer BBT 1889.jpg | La Poterie-Cap-d'Antifer Шаблон:Coord |
France | Barbier et al. | 1894 | Made up of six bullseye panels. It was lost when German soldiers demolished the entire lighthouse at the end of Occupation of France in August 1944.[1] |
| Cape Race | Файл:Cape Race Light.jpg | Cape Race Шаблон:Coord |
Canada | Chance | 1907 | Still in situ and in use.[1] |
| Dondra Head | Файл:Dondra Head Lighthouse - ATennakoon.jpg | Dondra Head Шаблон:Coord |
Sri Lanka | Chance | 1888 | The optic gave a flash of white light every twenty seconds.[5][1] |
| Fair Isle North | Файл:Fair Isle North lighthouse (geograph 3079981).jpg | Fair Isle Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Barbier et al. | 1892 | Made up four panels, it was taken from the lighthouse in 1980, current location is not known.[1] |
| Flannan Isles | Файл:Flannan Isles- close-up of the lighthouse (geograph 3201960).jpg | Flannan Isle Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Henry Lepaute | 1899 | Made up of two panels, in a clamshell configuration. Broken up in 1971, a fragment of one of the prisms is on display in the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses.[4][1] |
| Great Basses Reef | Файл:Greatbasses1.jpg | Southern Province Шаблон:Coord |
Sri Lanka | Chance | 1888 | Broken up in the 1960s.[1] |
| Hyskeir | Файл:Oigh Sgier - geograph.org.uk - 119673.jpg | Hyskeir Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Chance | 1904 | Still in situ and in use.[1] |
| Kinnaird Head | Файл:Kinnaird Head Castle Lighthouse 20110520 light.jpg | Kinnaird Head Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Chance | 1902 | Still in situ in the original tower which is now part of the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses, which has been superseded by a modern lighthouse.[1] |
| Little Basses Reef | Файл:Little Basses Reef Im1876ev22-p355.jpg | Southern Province Шаблон:Coord |
Sri Lanka | Chance | 1888 | Broken up in the 1960s.[1] |
| Makapuu Point | Файл:Makapuu-Lighthouse-Oahu-Hawaii.jpg | Oahu Шаблон:Coord |
United States | Barbier et al. | 1887 | Still in situ and in use.[1] |
| Manora Point | Файл:Hyperradial Lens.jpg | Manora Шаблон:Coord |
Pakistan | Chance | 1908 | Made up of four bullseye panels, it is still in situ and in use.[1] |
| Mew Island | Файл:The Great Light (night view), Titanic Quarter, Belfast (November 2018) (Geograph 5966944 by Albert Bridge).jpg | Copeland Islands Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Barbier et al. | 1928 | The original 1887 Tory Island tri-form lens was re-engineered to create a bi-form lens. Taken out in 2014, it was renovated and has been relocated to the Titanic Quarter in Belfast as a tourist attraction known as the Great Light.[1] |
| Nólsoy | Файл:Nólsoy Lighthouse (1204455017).jpg | Nólsoy Шаблон:Coord |
Faroe Islands | Barbier et al. | 1893 | Still in situ and in use.[1] |
| Orfordness | Файл:Orford Ness Lighthouse - geograph.org.uk - 1457108.jpg | Orford Ness Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Chance | 1909 | Two secondary sector light panels, removed in 2014, as the tower is endangered by coastal erosion.[1] |
| Pakri | Файл:9496 Pakri tuletorn.jpg | Pakri Peninsula Шаблон:Coord |
Estonia | Barbier et al. | 1889 | The lighthouse was badly damaged and the lens was lost in 1941 during World War II.[1] |
| Pladda | Файл:Taighsolaisairpladaigh.jpg | Pladda Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Chance | 1901 | Made up of three bullseye panels, it was taken out of the tower, but its location is unknown. Reportedly moved to the Arran Heritage Museum.[1] |
| Round Island | Файл:Round Island Lighthouse - geograph.org.uk - 932637.jpg | Isles of Scilly Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Chance | 1888 | Bi-form, each tier made up of six panels. Removed in 1966, location not known.[1] |
| Rua Reidh | Файл:Gairloch - 1991 (geograph 3807617).jpg | Wester Ross Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Chance | 1909 | Made up of six panels. Removed in 1985, on display at Gairloch Heritage Museum.[1] |
| Santa Marta | Файл:FAROL DE SANTA MARTA. LAGUNA-SC, BRASIL.JPG | Laguna Шаблон:Coord |
Brazil | Barbier et al. | 1891 | Still in situ and in use.[1] |
| Spurn Point | Файл:Lighthouse at Spurn Head.jpg | Spurn Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Chance | 1895 | Location not known.[1] Made up of six lens panels it was removed in 1957 when the lighthouse was automated. |
| Sule Skerry | Файл:The lighthouse on Sule Skerry (geograph 6164846).jpg | Sule Skerry Шаблон:Coord |
United Kingdom | Barbier et al. | 1895 | Removed in 1977, now stored at the National Museum of Scotland.[1] |
| Tory Island | Файл:Lighthouse, Tory Island (geograph 2493032).jpg | Tory Island Шаблон:Coord |
Ireland | Chance | 1887 | Original 1887 tri-form was re-engineered by dividing up the bullseye panels, and creating a new bi-form optic for use at Mew Island in 1928. The second set of panels were used to create a second bi-form optic that is still in situ and in use.[1] |
References
External links
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