Английская Википедия:Hypnotic Ego-Strengthening Procedure

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Under construction Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Psychology sidebar The Hypnotic Ego-Strengthening Procedure, incorporating its constituent, influential hypnotherapeutic monologue Шаблон:Em-dash a sequence of "suggestions for within-hypnotic influence" and "suggestions for post-hypnotic influence", specifically directed at "the three fundamental psychological processes" of "thinking", "feeling", and "acting",[1] and "designed to remove tension, anxiety and apprehension, and to gradually restore the patient's confidence in himself and his ability to cope with his problems"[2] Шаблон:Em-dash was developed and promoted by the British consultant psychiatrist, John Heywood Hartland (1901–1977) in the 1960s.

Originally created to (pre-therapeutically) strengthen his patients' inner resources,[3] specifically to enhance his (subsequent) symptom-removal therapy, Hartland later discovered that his "ego-strengthening procedure" could successfully address a wide range of circumstances, on its own, as the sole form of therapy: "in my own psychiatric practice some 70% of my patients recover as a result of the "ego-strengthening" technique alone, usually well within Wolberg’s suggested limit of 20 sessions of short-term psychotherapy".[4]

Hartland's 1965 article was significant for positioning the concept of "ego-strengthening"; and "ever since then, the concept could be unequivocally named, identified, investigated, productively discussed, and generally understood by all concerned".[5] The article was also significant for introducing the convention of ". . ." to indicate pauses in the operator's delivery.

The first version of his procedure and its monologue[6] was published in 1965 (Hartland, 1965), and reprinted in 1966 (Hartland, 1966).[7] His second version was published in 1967 (Hartland, 1967).[8] The third and final version of his monologue was revealed in a 1970 lecture (Hartland, 1971c); and was reprinted (with appropriate variations for British readers) in the second edition of his textbook (Hartland, 1971b),[9] where the history, structure, rationale, and clinical delivery of his approach were also described.[10] His third version of the monologue was reprinted, without change, in the two posthumous editions of his textbook: viz., Waxman (1989),[11] and Heap & Aravind (2001).[12]

Hartland's approach and his clinical strategies have made a considerable contribution to modern hypnotherapeutic practice;[13] especially in poorly defined or ambiguous clinical circumstances. There are many reports of hypnotherapeutic interventions, directed at a wide range of conditions, that describe the valuable contribution that the adoption of an ego-strengthening approach made to their treatment outcomes,[14] in relation to building confidence, enhancing self-esteem, facilitating behavioural change, arousing dormant resources, promoting overall well-being, and increasing a sense of self-efficacy.[15] The literature also contains many reports of Hartland's published ego-strengthening monologue being successfully applied (verbatim) to a wide range of complaints.[16]

"Ego-strengthening suggestions are designed to increase the patient’s ability to cope with his difficulties or to encourage him to stand on his own feet. There are three kinds of ego-strengthening suggestions: (a) general ego-strengthening suggestions, (b) specific ego-strengthening suggestions to facilitate the discovery and enhancement of the patient’s inner coping strategies, and (c) specific suggestions to foster the patient’s sense of self-efficacy. ..."
"Hartland and many others believe that in certain instances ego-strengthening suggestions alone can bring about a successful treatment outcome without [any need to resort to either] symptomatic or dynamic hypnotherapy. Some patients experience spontaneous alleviation of symptoms when they feel strong enough to cope without the symptoms. Direct suggestions for coping, therefore, are sometimes more effective than direct suggestions for symptom change." (Brown & Fromm, 1986, pp. 194, 195)

Emile Coué and la méthode Coué

Файл:Émile Coué 3.jpg
Émile Coué (1923).

The insights, observations, technical developments, and procedural innovations of Émile Coué (1857-1926), the scientist,[17] apothecary (i.e, both a first-contact prescribing pharmacist and a dispensing chemist),[18] hypnotist, and psychotherapist in relation to his conceptualization and application of hypnotherapeutic suggestion have greatly influenced the theories and practices of hypnotism throughout the English-speaking world.[19][20][21]

"Continuously, unjustly, and mistakenly trivialised as just a hand-clasp, some unwarranted optimism, and a 'mantra', Coué's method evolved over several decades of meticulous observation, theoretical speculation, in-the-field testing, incremental adjustment, and step-by-step transformation. It tentatively began (c.1901) with very directive one-to-one hypnotic interventions, based upon the approaches and techniques that Coué had acquired from an American correspondence course. As his theoretical knowledge, clinical experience, understanding of suggestion and autosuggestion, and hypnotic skills expanded, it gradually developed into its final subject-centred version—an intricate complex of (group) education, (group) hypnotherapy, (group) ego-strengthening, and (group) training in self-suggested pain control; and, following instruction in performing the prescribed self-administration ritual, the twice daily intentional and deliberate (individual) application of its unique formula, "Every day, in every way, I'm getting better and better". (Yeates, 2016c, p. 55)

Liébeault and "Suggestive Therapeutics"

In 1885, Coué's father-in law, Victor Lemoine, introduced him to Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault,[22] a medical practitioner in nearby Nancy, France. Liébeault, who had earlier dabbled with animal magnetism, promoted "suggestive therapeutics" Шаблон:Em-dash "an imperfect re-branding of the 'dominant idea' theory that James Braid had appropriated from [his Edinburg teacher,] Thomas Brown" (Yeates, 2016a, pp.12)[23][24] Шаблон:Em-dash based, in part, on the laborious, monotonous, "sleep, sleep, sleep" induction of "hypnosis", and the consequent state of "charme" (i.e., "spellbound") that it produced. Greatly impressed, Coué moved to Nancy, and studied with Liébeault in 1885 and 1886 (Baudouin, 1920, p.13). He returned to Troyes in 1886, resumed his pharmacy (which had declined in his absence), and began to experiment with "hypnosis" with his Nancy clientele. Having soon discovered that Liébeault’s techniques were hopeless in practice, he abandoned (Liébeault’s sleep-based) "hypnosis" altogether.[25]

Correspondence Course

In 1901, fifteen years later, with the hope of improving his Apothecary business, Coué sent for an advertised free book, Hypnotism as It is (Sage, 1899), which offered to disclose "secrets [of the] science that brings business and social success" and "the hidden mysteries of personal magnetism, hypnotism, magnetic healing, etc.”. His dormant interest in hypnotism reawakened, he purchased the associated correspondence course material produced by the stage hypnotist, "Professor Xenophon LaMotte Sage. A.M., Ph.D., LL.D.", of Rochester, New York (i.e., E. Virgil Neal, the US entrepreneur).[26][27]

Neal's course, which was firmly based upon Braid's (Cartesian-reflex) upwards and inwards squint induced "hypnotism",[28] and the "mental therapeutics" of Thomson Jay Hudson (see Hudson, 1893, 1900, 1903), continuously stressed that suggestion produced outcomes;[29] and, moreover, its approach was entirely consistent with both Braid's "psycho-physiology" (1855, p.855) and Hudson's "mental therapeutics", and concentrated on the transformative power of the subject's mind.[30]

Файл:Coué at Work in his Nancy Clinic-(1922).tif
Stott, W.R.S. (1922),
"The Apostle of Auto-Suggestion at Work in his Garden 'Clinic' at Nancy".

John Hartland

John Heywood Hartland (1901–1977), B.Sc. (Birmingham, 1921), M.B. Ch.B. (Birmingham, 1925), M.R.C.S. (England, 1925), L.R.C.P. (London, 1925), was initially a G.P., practising in West Bromwich, a town in the industrial West Midlands region of England.

He later became a consultant psychiatrist, and served as vice-president of the British Society for Medical and Dental Hypnosis, and as editor of the British Journal of Clinical Hypnosis.[31][32]

Convinced that hypnotherapy could be usefully applied, by G.P.s, to a wide range of clinical conditions,[33] and at a time that "for many, hypnotism was far from respectable, regardless of whether delivered by a medical practitioner, or not" (Yeates, 2014a, p. 5),[34][35] Hartland delivered lectures, demonstrations, and seminars towards the end of his career throughout the U.K., France, Sweden, Australia, USA, and Singapore.[31][36][37]

Lewis Wolberg and "symptom removal"

Hartland was greatly influenced by Lewis Wolberg, a strong advocate of the use of hypnotism for symptom-removal, whose approach was derived from that of Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault and Hippolyte Bernheim of Nancy, France.[38]

"Wolberg’s interventions were strong and authoritarian; involving a dramatic induction procedure (to enhance therapist prestige), followed by direct (prestige) suggestions[39] that the subject’s symptoms would disappear upon de-hypnotizing".[40]

This "symptom removal" approach (Wolberg, 1948a) was widely used until, at least, the 1980s: see, for instance, Meares (1960), Slater and Flores (1963), Clawson (1964), Weitzenhoffer (2002), Weitzenhoffer (2004), and Ball (2006), etc.

Hartland and "psychotherapy"

According to his own account, Hartland had regularly used "hypnosis" in his general practice, since the 1940s, "to facilitate the treatment of various psychosomatic complaints",[41] with his "main object being the removal or alleviation of symptoms to achieve the rehabilitation of the patient and his early return to work".[41] The time pressures of his busy general practice clearly "excluded any serious attempt to employ hypno-analytical techniques"; and, having discovered that "direct symptom removal [was] both difficult and unsatisfactory in many cases", he set about "[trying] to evolve a series of standard psychotherapeutic suggestions which [he] could employ at every session before trying to tackle the main symptoms".[41]

Once he had been appointed (in the 1950s) as a consulting psychiatrist to the Hallam Hospital, in West Bromwich, working with "six half-day sessions per week in its psychiatric out-patient department", he began to address his professional efforts towards "the more serious psycho-neurotic illnesses".[41] Given that, in the 1960s, according to (Barrios, 1970), standard psychotherapy (such as Lewis Wolberg’s "short term psychotherapy" and Joseph Wolpe's "behavior therapy") typically involved 20 to 22 sessions, Hartland's initial (conventional) approach was 20 half-hour sessions, with 7-8 minutes of suggestions each hypnotherapy session (1971b, pp. xiv, 203) Шаблон:Em-dash and, because these interventions demanded a considerable hypnotic "depth", Hartland spent the first three to four sessions ensuring that his patients were trained such that, later, they “[could] be induced deeply enough to enter the hypnotic state immediately it was suggested that they should do so" (1971b, p. xiv).[42][43]

Alternate versions of Hartland’s "ego-strengthening" monologue

Hartland was emphatic that the published version of his "ego-strengthening" monologue Шаблон:Em-dash which was, in fact, a direct transcription of just one of his interventions Шаблон:Em-dash was provided to deliver an understanding of the suggestive sequence (its critical feature),[44] and that alone.[45] Hartland insisted that the monologue's text, which he had provided as a guide to the "principles underlying the construction and usage of this type of technique" (viz., the "important factors" worth "attention"),[4] must never be used as written:

"It is certainly not intended that this [transcript] should be adopted in the precise form that has been described.
It is the principle that is worthy of attention, and the sequence [I have] outlined should be regarded simply as a guide to the individual therapist in framing his own suggestions to conform with his own personality, method of approach and style of delivery.
It is impossible to suggest here the varying inflections of the voice, but the same cardinal rules of construction, stresses and pauses etc. should be used in order to maintain a rhythmical quality from start to finish." — John Hartland.[46]

"Improved" versions of Hartland's monologue

A number of "improved" versions of Hartland's "ego-strengthening" monologue have been published Шаблон:Em-dash with, perhaps, the most extraordinary being the "Poetic Hypnogram" of Samuel Silber, M.D. (1900–1988), "Poet Laureate of the American Society of Psychosomatic Dentistry and Medicine"[47] Шаблон:Em-dash including, for example, those of Gorman (1974), Stanton (1975), Stanton (1977), Gibbons (1979a), Hutchison (1981, pp. 72-73), Pratt, Wood, and Alman (1988, p. 122-123), Gregg (1990), and Heap (Heap & Aravind, 2001, pp. 129–130), etc., etc.

"Improvisations" upon a theme suggested by Hartland's monologue

A number of different versions of the "ego-strengthening" monologue, better understood as "improvisations", have also been published: including, for example, those of Jabush (1976), Susskind (1976), Gibbons (1979b), Stanton (1979), Stanton (1989), Barber (1990a), Barber (1990b), Carich (1990), Garver (1990), Torem (1990), Watkins (1990), Wilson and Barber (1990), McNeal and Frederick (1993), Stanton (1997), Milne (1994, pp. 114-117), Herber (2006, pp. 55-64), etc., etc.

See also

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Notes

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References

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Шаблон:Refend

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  1. ↑ Hartland, 1971b, p.199.
  2. ↑ Hartland, 1971b, p.196.
  3. ↑ Torem (1990) views "Hartland's ego-strengthening techniques ... as analogous to the medical setting in which a patient is first strengthened by proper nutrition, general rest, and weight gain before a radical form of surgery is performed" (p. 110).
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Hartland, 1971c, p. 8.
  5. ↑ Yeates (2014a), p.4.
  6. ↑ The first version of his monologue was approx. 390 words.
  7. ↑ This version of the ego-strengthening monologue is at Hartland (1966), pp.191-193. The 1966, first edition of Medical and Dental Hypnosis was published simultaneously in London, by Baillière, Tindall & Cassell, and in Baltimore, by the Williams and Wilkins Company.
  8. ↑ This rather different version of his monologue, with certain aspects of the first missing, was approx. 380 words.
  9. ↑ This extended final version of his monologue was approx. 750 words.
  10. ↑ This version of the ego-strengthening monologue is at Hartland (1971b), pp.199-203. The 1971, second edition of Medical and Dental Hypnosis was published simultaneously in London, by Baillière Tindall, and in Baltimore, by the Williams and Wilkins Company.
  11. ↑ At Waxman (1989), pp.219-224.
  12. ↑ At Heap & Aravind (2001), pp.127-129.
  13. ↑ "Ego strengthening [is] the bedrock upon which [most] other [hypno-analytical] techniques are structured” (McNeal and Frederick, 1993, p. 170).
  14. ↑ See, for instance, McNeal (2020).
  15. ↑ For instance, Gardner (1976); Stanton (1979); Darken (1992); Stanton (1993); Bennett (1994); Vanderlinden & Vandereycken (1994); Moss & Oakley (1997); Daniel (1999); Frederick & McNeal (1999); Hornyak (1999); Linden (1999); Lynch (1999); Mutter (1999); Barber (2001); Phillips (2001); Lavertue, Kumar & Pekala (2002); Stafrace & Evans (2004); and Gafner (2016), etc.
  16. ↑ For instance, Rose (1967); Basker, Anderson and Dalton (1978); Wakeman and Kaplan (1978); Freeman and Baxby (1982); Gould and Tissler (1984); Finkelstein (1991); Torem (1995); and Spiegel (1996), etc.
  17. ↑ "[Coué] could read Latin, spoke fluent German and English, and had both B.A. and B.Sc. degrees before he was 21" (Yeates, 2016a, p. 6).
  18. ↑ Initially apprenticed to an Apothecary in Troyes in 1876, where "he learned to examine and diagnose; prescribe and compound medicines; regulate, control, and operate a chemical laboratory; and promote, market, and sell proprietary medicines and his employer’s concoctions", Coué won a government scholarship in 1879 to the prestigious Collège Sainte-Barbe, graduating, with First Class Honours, top of his class, he then "spent six months as a pharmaceutical intern at Paris’s Necker Hospital", before returning to Troyes to take over the operation of the town's largest Apothecary, where he "constantly interacted with people who were, often, extremely sick, involving consultations, diagnosis and prescription, appraisal of treatment efficacy, deciding next treatment, etc." (Yeates, 2016a, pp. 6-7).
  19. ↑ Yeates, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c.
  20. ↑ According to David Cheek and Leslie LeCron, "Coué made a study of suggestion and learned much about it and how to use it most effectively. Much of our current knowledge of this subject stems from Coué's observations". (Cheek & LeCron, 1968, p. 60; emphasis added to original)
  21. ↑ For the francophone world, see Guillemain (2010), Westphal & Laxenaire (2012), etc.
  22. ↑ See: Gauld, (1992), pp. 319-324; Carrer (2002).
  23. ↑ See: Brown (1851), and Yeates (2005); Braid (1843), Carpenter (1852), Carpenter (1853), Braid (1855, p. 852), and Carpenter (1874); Bramwell (1897a), and Bramwell (1897b); Bernheim (1897), and Bramwell (1898).
  24. ↑ Also see Bramwell’s "Points of Difference between Braid and the Nancy School as to Suggestion", at pp. 338-339 of Bramwell (1903).
  25. ↑ c.1913, Coué was observing that Liébeault had been vague, imprecise, and "lacked method" (Baudouin, 1923, pp.18-21); and, further (in 1926) was remarking that, whilst, "in many cases, [Liébeault] got good effects ... he lacked a theoretically correct method, [and, as a consequence,] worked blindly” (Coué, 1926, p.21).
  26. ↑ Orton (1935), pp. 59-69.
  27. ↑ Sage (1900a/1900b), Sage (1900c/1900d), (Sage 1907/1902); Sage & Adkin (1900a/1900b); and Neal & Clark (1900a/1900b). Yeates (p.13) notes that:
    "The [course] materials were unparalleled in their precision, clarity, and direct relevance to the needs of distance-learning students. Students developed presence, confidence, and authority from its exercises (Sage, 1900d, pp.8-23), and were guided through a number of efficient, Braid-style, upwards and inwards squint induction techniques and efficacious applications of incremental suggestion."
  28. ↑ That is, rather than the dormez, dormez, dormez suggestion-induced "hypnosis" of Bernheim and Liebeault.
  29. ↑ In his 1906 Harvard lectures, Pierre Janet (1920, pp. . 284-285) remarked on the significant difference between the operator making a suggestion, and a subject actually taking the suggestion: and, in 1910, Edward B. Titchener (1910, p. 450) stressed that there’s no a priori difference "between [a] suggestive idea and any other idea" Шаблон:Em-dash and that, simply put, a "suggestive idea" can only be classed as "suggestive" retrospectively (and only because it produced a response).
  30. ↑ That is, the opposite of Liébeault/Bernheim's approach, as observed by Tuckey (1891, pp. 42-46), that concentrated on the coercive power of the operator's suggestion. Yeates, characterizes this approach as "secular exorcism" (2002, pp. 10-11); and notes (2016a, pp. 8-9) that, "[those] therapeutic interventions (secular exorcisms) that assume humans are illness-prone and seek to identify and expel disease (goal: 'disease-free') are driven by a vastly different mind-set from those interventions (secular invocations) that view humans as robust and health-sustaining, and seek to locate and invigorate the good (goal: 'robust health')".
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Heap & Aravind (2001, front matter).
  32. ↑ D.T.B. & S.N.T. (1978).
  33. ↑ Hartland, 1966, pp.xiv-xv, 190-191; Hartland, 1968; Hartland, 1970a; Hartland, 1971b, pp.194-197; Hartland, 1972.
  34. ↑ Upshaw (2006).
  35. ↑ It was not until the late 1950s that national medical associations began to officially endorse the therapeutic applications of hypnotism by their members; see, for instance: British Medical Association (1955a, 1955b), American Medical Association (1958), and Canadian Medical Association (1958).
  36. ↑ Noting that Hartland's "ideas and practices were disseminated worldwide", (Yeates, 2014a, p.4) also observes that, from a disciplinary perspective, "Hartland was both medical practitioner and psychiatrist ([which made] him, in a manner of speaking, doubly legitimate)".
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ According to Charles Lloyd Tuckey (1891, pp. 43-44), who had visited Liébeault and Bernheim at Nancy, Liébeault's treatment "consisted essentially in directing the [hypnotized] invalid’s attention on the part affected, and suggesting an amelioration or disappearance of the morbid condition and symptoms".
  39. ↑ "Prestige suggestions" are those directives/suggestions whose persuasiveness are derived from the "prestige" of the individual that delivers them.
  40. ↑ Yeates, 2014a, p. 7.
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 41,2 41,3 Hartland, 1971c, p. 1.
  42. ↑ "By their first "ego-strengthening" session, Hartland had co-operative, well-trained, highly receptive patients, who had undergone at least three intense sessions of pre-treatment conditioning (1971b, p.xiv), had their hypnotic talent and propensity to respond to suggestion appraised, had a suitable hypnotic induction determined (Hartland had no 'standard' induction), experienced hypnotizing, deepening and de-hypnotizing processes several times (plus suggestions for future responsiveness), and been convinced, by trance ratification, that they were good hypnotic subjects. These sessions addressed concerns about hypnotism (1971b, p.202), and also increased confidence in Hartland and familiarity with his clinical approach (especially, his manner of speaking)." (Yeates, 2014b, p. 22)
  43. ↑ "Trance ratification refers to the process of providing the patient with a convincer, that is, an experience or experiences that ratify for patients that they have been in an altered state of consciousness. It is interesting that sometimes even highly talented hypnotic subjects do not believe they have been hypnotized until they have a ratifying experience. ... Through eliciting various (ratificatory) hypnotic phenomena, patients may come to realize that they have undiscovered potentials beyond their conscious capacities. This realization increases patients' sense of self-efficacy and confidence that they have the inner resources needed to change (Bandura, 1977)." — Hammond, 1990, p. 15.
  44. ↑ According to McNeal (2020, p.395), Hartland's incremental sequence of suggestions were designed to "reinforce progress and help build self-confidence and self-reliance", enhance "general coping abilities", reduce "anxiety and worries", and develop "a positive self-image", and were specifically directed at "physical strength, alertness, reduced self-consciousness, mental clarity, emotional stability and security, optimism and cheerfulness".
  45. ↑ For an analysis of the extensive and counterproductive negative language issues within his transcript (i.e, rather than issues with his strategy, principles and, procedure) see Yeates (2002) and Yeates (2014b).
  46. ↑ Hartland (1971b), p.203.
  47. ↑ Yeates (2014b), pp.32-33; Silber (1980).
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