Английская Википедия:I
Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Technical reasons Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Pp Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Infobox grapheme Шаблон:Latin letter info
I, or i, is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is i (pronounced Шаблон:IPAc-en), plural ies.[1]Шаблон:Better source
Name
In English, the name of the letter is the "long I" sound, pronounced Шаблон:IPAc-en. In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph ꜥ | Phoenician Yodh |
Western Greek Iota |
Etruscan I |
Latin I |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egyptian Hieroglyph describing an arm | Файл:PhoenicianI-01.svg | Файл:Greek Iota normal.svg | Файл:EtruscanI-01.svg | Latin I |
In the Phoenician alphabet, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative (Шаблон:IPA) in Egyptian, but was reassigned to Шаблон:IPA (as in English "yes") by Semites, because their word for "arm" began with that sound. This letter could also be used to represent Шаблон:IPA, the close front unrounded vowel, mainly in foreign words.
The Greeks adopted a form of this Phoenician yodh as their letter iota (Шаблон:Angle bracket) to represent Шаблон:IPA, the same as in the Old Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek), it was also used to represent Шаблон:IPA and this use persists in the languages that descended from Latin. The modern letter 'j' originated as a variation of 'i', and both were used interchangeably for both the vowel and the consonant, coming to be differentiated only in the 16th century.[2] The dot over the lowercase 'i' is sometimes called a tittle. In the Turkish alphabet, dotted and dotless I are considered separate letters, representing a front and back vowel, respectively, and both have uppercase ('I', 'İ') and lowercase ('ı', 'i') forms.
Typographic variants
In some sans serif typefaces, the uppercase letter I, 'I' may be difficult to distinguish from the lowercase letter L, 'l', the vertical bar character '|', or the digit one '1'. In serifed typefaces, the capital form of the letter has both a baseline and a cap height serif, while the lowercase L generally has a hooked ascender and a baseline serif.
The uppercase I does not have a dot (tittle) while the lowercase i has one in most Latin-derived alphabets. However, some schemes, such as the Turkish alphabet, have two kinds of I: dotted (İi) and dotless (Iı).
The uppercase I has two kinds of shapes, with serifs (Файл:I with crossbars.svg) and without serifs (Файл:I without crossbars.svg). Usually these are considered equivalent, but they are distinguished in some extended Latin alphabet systems, such as the 1978 version of the African reference alphabet. In that system, the former is the uppercase counterpart of ɪ and the latter is the counterpart of 'i'.
Use in writing systems
| Language | Dialect(s) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | See English orthography | ||
| Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | Before Шаблон:Angbr | |||
| Шаблон:IPA | Before a vowel | |||
| Esperanto | Шаблон:IPA | See Esperanto orthography | ||
| French | Шаблон:IPA | See French orthography | ||
| Шаблон:IPA | Before a vowel | |||
| German | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | See German orthography | ||
| Italian | Шаблон:IPA | Closed stressed syllable or unstressed | See Italian orthography | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Stressed and open syllables | |||
| Шаблон:IPA | Before a vowel | |||
| Kurmanji | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA represented with Шаблон:Angbr | ||
| Portuguese | Шаблон:IPA | See Portuguese orthography | ||
| Шаблон:IPA | Before a vowel | |||
| Spanish | Шаблон:IPA | See Spanish orthography | ||
| Шаблон:IPA | Before a vowel | |||
| Turkish | Шаблон:IPA | Dotless (I, ı) | ||
| Шаблон:IPA | Dotted (İ, i) | |||
English
In Modern English spelling, Шаблон:Angbr represents several different sounds, either the diphthong Шаблон:IPAc-en ("long" Шаблон:Angbr) as in kite, the short Шаблон:IPAc-en as in bill, or the Шаблон:Angbr sound Шаблон:IPAc-en in the last syllable of machine. The diphthong Шаблон:IPA developed from Middle English Шаблон:IPA through a series of vowel shifts. In the Great Vowel Shift, Middle English Шаблон:IPA changed to Early Modern English Шаблон:IPA, which later changed to Шаблон:IPA and finally to the Modern English diphthong Шаблон:IPA in General American and Received Pronunciation. Because the diphthong Шаблон:IPA developed from a Middle English long vowel, it is called "long" Шаблон:Angbr in traditional English grammar.Шаблон:Citation needed
The letter Шаблон:Angbr is the fifth most common letter in the English language.[3]
The English first-person singular nominative pronoun is "I", pronounced Шаблон:IPAc-en and always written with a capital letter. This pattern arose for basically the same reason that lowercase Шаблон:Angbr acquired a dot: so it wouldn't get lost in manuscripts before the age of printing:
Other languages
In many languages' orthographies, Шаблон:Angbr is used to represent the sound Шаблон:IPA or, more rarely, Шаблон:IPA.
Other systems
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, Шаблон:Angbr IPA represents the close front unrounded vowel. The small caps Шаблон:Angbr IPA represents the near-close near-front unrounded vowel.
Other uses
- The Roman numeral I represents the number 1.[4][5]
- In mathematics, a lowercase "Шаблон:Italics correction" is used to represent the unit imaginary number,[6] while an uppercase "Шаблон:Italics correction" serves to denote an identity matrix.[7]
Related characters
- I with diacritics: Ị ị Ĭ ĭ Î î Ǐ ǐ Ɨ ɨ Ï ï Ḯ ḯ Í í Ì ì Ȉ ȉ Į į Į́ Į̃ Ī ī Ī̀ ī̀ ᶖ[8] Ỉ ỉ Ȋ ȋ Ĩ ĩ Ḭ ḭ ᶤ[8]
- İ i and I ı : Latin letters dotted and dotless I
- IPA-specific symbols related to I: Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
- The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of the letter I:[9]
- Other variations used in phonetic transcription: ᵻ[8] ᶤ[8] ᶦ[8] ᶧ[8] 𝼚[10][11]
- i : Superscript small i is used for computer terminal graphics[12]
- Ꞽ ꞽ : Glottal I, used for Egyptological yod[13]
- Ɪ ɪ : Small capital I
- ꟾ : Long I
- ꟷ : Sideways I
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- Шаблон:Lang : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Ι ι: Greek letter Iota, from which the following letters derive
- Шаблон:Script : Coptic letter Yota
- І і : Cyrillic letter soft-dotted I
- 𐌉 : Old Italic I, which is the ancestor of modern Latin I
- Шаблон:Script : Runic letter isaz, which probably derives from old Italic I
- Шаблон:Script : Gothic letter iiz
- Ι ι: Greek letter Iota, from which the following letters derive
Other representations
Computing
- 1Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other
See also
References
External links
- ↑ Brown & Kiddle (1870) The institutes of English grammar, p. 19.
Ies is the plural of the English name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered I's, Is, i's, or is. - ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
