Английская Википедия:IPA Extensions

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IPA Extensions is a block (U+0250–U+02AF) of the Unicode standard that contains full size letters used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Both modern and historical characters are included, as well as former and proposed IPA signs and non-IPA phonetic letters. Additional characters employed for phonetics, like the palatalization sign, are encoded in the blocks Phonetic Extensions (1D00–1D7F) and Phonetic Extensions Supplement (1D80–1DBF). Diacritics are found in the Spacing Modifier Letters (02B0–02FF) and Combining Diacritical Marks (0300–036F) blocks. Its block name in Unicode 1.0 was Standard Phonetic.[1]

With the ability to use Unicode for the presentation of IPA symbols, ASCII-based systems such as X-SAMPA are being supplanted.[2] Within the Unicode blocks there are also a few former IPA characters no longer in international use by linguists.

Character table

Code Glyph HTML Unicode name IPA phonetic description / Status IPA No.
IPA letters
U+0250 Шаблон:Center ɐ Latin Small Letter Turned A Near-open central vowel 324
U+0251 Шаблон:Center ɑ Latin Small Letter Alpha Open back unrounded vowel 305
U+0252 Шаблон:Center ɒ Latin Small Letter Turned Alpha Open back rounded vowel 313
U+0253 Шаблон:Center ɓ Latin Small Letter B with Hook Voiced bilabial implosive 160
U+0254 Шаблон:Center ɔ Latin Small Letter Open O Open-mid back rounded vowel 306
U+0255 Шаблон:Center ɕ Latin Small Letter C with Curl Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative 182
U+0256 Шаблон:Center ɖ Latin Small Letter D with Tail Voiced retroflex plosive 106
U+0257 Шаблон:Center ɗ Latin Small Letter D with Hook Voiced alveolar implosive 162
U+0258 Шаблон:Center ɘ Latin Small Letter Reversed E Close-mid central unrounded vowel 397
U+0259 Шаблон:Center ə Latin Small Letter Schwa Mid central vowel 322
U+025A Шаблон:Center ɚ Latin Small Letter Schwa with Hook Rhotacized Mid central vowel 327
U+025B Шаблон:Center ɛ Latin Small Letter Open E Open-mid front unrounded vowel 303
U+025C Шаблон:Center ɜ Latin Small Letter Reversed Open E Open-mid central unrounded vowel 326
U+025D Шаблон:Center ɝ Latin Small Letter Reversed Open E with Hook Rhotacized Open-mid central unrounded vowel
U+025E Шаблон:Center ɞ Latin Small Letter Closed Reversed Open E Open-mid central rounded vowel 395
U+025F Шаблон:Center ɟ Latin Small Letter Dotless J with Stroke Voiced palatal plosive 108
U+0260 Шаблон:Center ɠ Latin Small Letter G with Hook Voiced velar implosive 166
U+0261 Шаблон:Center ɡ Latin Small Letter Script G Voiced velar plosive 110
U+0262 Шаблон:Center ɢ Latin Letter Small Capital G Voiced uvular plosive 112
U+0263 Шаблон:Center ɣ Latin Small Letter Gamma Voiced velar fricative 141
U+0264 Шаблон:Center ɤ Latin Small Letter Rams Horn Close-mid back unrounded vowel 315
U+0265 Шаблон:Center ɥ Latin Small Letter Turned H Labial-palatal approximant 171
U+0266 Шаблон:Center ɦ Latin Small Letter H with Hook Voiced glottal fricative 147
U+0267 Шаблон:Center ɧ Latin Small Letter Heng with Hook Swedish sj-sound. Similar to: Voiceless
postalveolar fricative, Voiceless velar fricative 		175
U+0268 Шаблон:Center ɨ Latin Small Letter I with Stroke Close central unrounded vowel 317
U+0269 Шаблон:Center ɩ Latin Small Letter Iota pre-1989 form of "ɪ" (obsolete) 399
U+026A Шаблон:Center ɪ Latin Letter Small Capital I Near-close near-front unrounded vowel 319
U+026B Шаблон:Center ɫ Latin Small Letter L with Middle Tilde Velar/pharyngeal Alveolar lateral approximant 209
U+026C Шаблон:Center ɬ Latin Small Letter L with Belt Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative 148
U+026D Шаблон:Center ɭ Latin Small Letter L with Retroflex Hook Retroflex lateral approximant 156
U+026E Шаблон:Center ɮ Latin Small Letter Lezh Voiced alveolar lateral fricative 149
U+026F Шаблон:Center ɯ Latin Small Letter Turned M Close back unrounded vowel 316
U+0270 Шаблон:Center ɰ Latin Small Letter Turned M with Long Leg Velar approximant 154
U+0271 Шаблон:Center ɱ Latin Small Letter M with Hook Labiodental nasal 115
U+0272 Шаблон:Center ɲ Latin Small Letter N with Left Hook Palatal nasal 118
U+0273 Шаблон:Center ɳ Latin Small Letter N with Retroflex Hook Retroflex nasal 117
U+0274 Шаблон:Center ɴ Latin Letter Small Capital N Uvular nasal 120
U+0275 Шаблон:Center ɵ Latin Small Letter Barred O Close-mid central rounded vowel 323
U+0276 Шаблон:Center ɶ Latin Letter Small Capital OE Open front rounded vowel 312
U+0277 Шаблон:Center ɷ Latin Small Letter Closed Omega pre-1989 form of "ʊ" (obsolete) 398
U+0278 Шаблон:Center ɸ Latin Small Letter Phi Voiceless bilabial fricative 126
U+0279 Шаблон:Center ɹ Latin Small Letter Turned R Alveolar approximant 151
U+027A Шаблон:Center ɺ Latin Small Letter Turned R with Long Leg Alveolar lateral flap 181
U+027B Шаблон:Center ɻ Latin Small Letter Turned R with Hook Retroflex approximant 152
U+027C Шаблон:Center ɼ Latin Small Letter R with Long Leg Alveolar trill 206
U+027D Шаблон:Center ɽ Latin Small Letter R with Tail Retroflex flap 125
U+027E Шаблон:Center ɾ Latin Small Letter R with Fishhook Alveolar tap 124
U+027F Шаблон:Center ɿ Latin Small Letter Reversed R with Fishhook Syllabic voiced alveolar fricative (Sinologist usage)
U+0280 Шаблон:Center ʀ Latin Letter Small Capital R Uvular trill 123
U+0281 Шаблон:Center ʁ Latin Letter Small Capital Inverted R Voiced uvular fricative 143
U+0282 Шаблон:Center ʂ Latin Small Letter S with Hook Voiceless retroflex fricative 136
U+0283 Шаблон:Center ʃ Latin Small Letter Esh Voiceless postalveolar fricative 134
U+0284 Шаблон:Center ʄ Latin Small Letter Dotless J with Stroke and Hook Voiced palatal implosive 164
U+0285 Шаблон:Center ʅ Latin Small Letter Squat Reversed Esh Syllabic voiced retroflex fricative (Sinologist usage)
U+0286 Шаблон:Center ʆ Latin Small Letter Esh with Curl Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative (obsolete) 204
U+0287 Шаблон:Center ʇ Latin Small Letter Turned T Dental click (obsolete) 201
U+0288 Шаблон:Center ʈ Latin Small Letter T with Retroflex Hook Voiceless retroflex plosive 105
U+0289 Шаблон:Center ʉ Latin Small Letter U Bar Close central rounded vowel 318
U+028A Шаблон:Center ʊ Latin Small Letter Upsilon near-close near-back rounded vowel 321
U+028B Шаблон:Center ʋ Latin Small Letter V with Hook Labiodental approximant 150
U+028C Шаблон:Center ʌ Latin Small Letter Turned V Open-mid back unrounded vowel 314
U+028D Шаблон:Center ʍ Latin Small Letter Turned W Voiceless labiovelar approximant 169
U+028E Шаблон:Center ʎ Latin Small Letter Turned Y Palatal lateral approximant 157
U+028F Шаблон:Center ʏ Latin Letter Small Capital Y Near-close near-front rounded vowel 320
U+0290 Шаблон:Center ʐ Latin Small Letter Z with Retroflex Hook Voiced retroflex fricative 137
U+0291 Шаблон:Center ʑ Latin Small Letter Z with Curl Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative 183
U+0292 Шаблон:Center ʒ Latin Small Letter Ezh Voiced postalveolar fricative 135
U+0293 Шаблон:Center ʓ Latin Small Letter Ezh with Curl Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative (obsolete) 205
U+0294 Шаблон:Center ʔ Latin Letter Glottal Stop Glottal stop 113
U+0295 Шаблон:Center ʕ Latin Letter Pharyngeal Voiced Fricative Voiced pharyngeal fricative 145
U+0296 Шаблон:Center ʖ Latin Letter Inverted Glottal Stop Alveolar lateral click (obsolete) 203
U+0297 Шаблон:Center ʗ Latin Letter Stretched C Postalveolar click (obsolete) 202
U+0298 Шаблон:Center ʘ Latin Letter Bilabial Click Bilabial click 176
U+0299 Шаблон:Center ʙ Latin Letter Small Capital B Bilabial trill 121
U+029A Шаблон:Center ʚ Latin Small Letter Closed Open E Open-mid central rounded vowel 396
U+029B Шаблон:Center ʛ Latin Letter Small Capital G with Hook Voiced uvular implosive 168
U+029C Шаблон:Center ʜ Latin Letter Small Capital H Voiceless epiglottal fricative 172
U+029D Шаблон:Center ʝ Latin Small Letter J with Crossed Tail Voiced palatal fricative 139
U+029E Шаблон:Center ʞ Latin Small Letter Turned K Velar click (obsolete) 291
U+029F Шаблон:Center ʟ Latin Letter Small Capital L Velar lateral approximant 158
U+02A0 Шаблон:Center ʠ Latin Small Letter Q with Hook "Voiceless" uvular implosive (obsolete) 167
U+02A1 Шаблон:Center ʡ Latin Letter Glottal Stop with Stroke Epiglottal plosive 173
U+02A2 Шаблон:Center ʢ Latin Letter Reversed Glottal Stop with Stroke Voiced epiglottal fricative 174
U+02A3 Шаблон:Center ʣ Latin Small Letter DZ Digraph Voiced alveolar affricate (obsolete) 212
U+02A4 Шаблон:Center ʤ Latin Small Letter Dezh Digraph Voiced postalveolar affricate (obsolete) 214
U+02A5 Шаблон:Center ʥ Latin Small Letter DZ Digraph with Curl Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate (obsolete) 216
U+02A6 Шаблон:Center ʦ Latin Small Letter TS Digraph Voiceless alveolar affricate (obsolete) 211
U+02A7 Шаблон:Center ʧ Latin Small Letter Tesh Digraph Voiceless postalveolar affricate (obsolete) 213
U+02A8 Шаблон:Center ʨ Latin Small Letter TC Digraph with Curl Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate (obsolete) 215
IPA characters disordered speech
U+02A9 Шаблон:Center ʩ Latin Small Letter Feng Digraph velopharyngeal fricative 602
U+02AA Шаблон:Center ʪ Latin Small Letter LS Digraph Voiceless grooved lateral alveolar fricative 603
U+02AB Шаблон:Center ʫ Latin Small Letter LZ Digraph voiced grooved lateral alveolar fricative 604
U+02AC Шаблон:Center ʬ Latin Letter Bilabial Percussive Bilabial percussive
U+02AD Шаблон:Center ʭ Latin Letter Bidental Percussive Bidental percussive 601
Additions for Sinology
U+02AE Шаблон:Center ʮ Latin Small Letter Turned H with Fishhook Syllabic labialized voiced alveolar fricative (Sinologist usage)
U+02AF Шаблон:Center ʯ Latin Small Letter Turned H with Fishhook and Tail Syllabic labialized voiced retroflex fricative (Sinologist usage)

Subheadings

The IPA Extensions block contains only three subheadings, each associated with a set of characters encoded in a different version of Unicode, IPA extensions, IPA characters for disordered speech, and Additions for Sinology.[3]

IPA extensions

The IPA extensions are the first 89 characters of the IPA Extensions block, which includes Latin character variants and Greek borrowings that are regularly used only in IPA contexts.[3] The characters of the IPA extensions subheading were part of the original Unicode 1.0.

IPA characters for disordered speech

The extIPA characters for disordered speech are additions to the IPA for phonemes that do not occur in natural languages, but are needed for recording pre-linguistic utterances by babies, gibberish from otherwise lingual individuals, and other non-linguistic but phonetic utterances.[3] The IPA characters for disordered speech were added to the IPA Extensions block in Unicode version 3.0.

Additions for Sinology

The Additions for Sinology are two additional symbols for phonemic transcription of the languages of China.[3] The Additions for Sinology were added to the IPA Extensions block in Unicode version 4.0.

Compact table

Шаблон:Unicode chart IPA Extensions

History

The IPA Extensions block has been present in Unicode since version 1.0, and was unchanged through the unification with ISO 10646. The block was filled out with extensions for representing disordered speech in version 3.0, and Sinological phonetic symbols in version 4.0.[4]

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the IPA Extensions block:

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Unicode navigation

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book


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