Английская Википедия:I (Cyrillic)
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I (И и; italics: И и or И и; italics: И и) is a letter used in almost all Cyrillic alphabets with the exception of Belarusian.
It commonly represents either the close front unrounded vowel Шаблон:IPA (e.g., in Russian), like the pronunciation of Шаблон:Angle bracket in "machine", or the near-close near-front unrounded vowel Шаблон:IPA, (e.g., in Ukrainian), like the pronunciation of Шаблон:Angle bracket in "bin".
History
Because the Cyrillic letter І was derived from the Greek letter Eta (Η η), the Cyrillic Шаблон:Angle bracket had the shape of Шаблон:Angle bracket up to the 13th century.
The name of the Cyrillic letter І in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was Шаблон:Script (iže), meaning "which".
In the Cyrillic numeral system, the Cyrillic letter І had a value of 8, corresponding to the Greek letter Eta (Η η).
In the Early Cyrillic alphabet, there was little or no distinction between the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket and the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket, the latter of which was derived from the Greek letter Iota (Ι ι). Both remained in the alphabetical repertoire because they represented different numbers in the Cyrillic numeral system: eight and ten.
In New Church Slavonic, they co-exist with each other with no pronunciation differences. But in Ukrainian and Rusyn, the two letters have different pronunciations. Other modern orthographies for Slavic languages eliminated one of the two letters in alphabet reforms of the 19th or the 20th centuries. The Russian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Bulgarian languages now use only Шаблон:Angle bracket, and Belarusian uses only Шаблон:Angle bracket. However, the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket was also used in Russian before the Bolshevik reform of 1918.
Form
Originally, Cyrillic Шаблон:Angle bracket had the shape identical to the capital Greek letter Eta Шаблон:Angle bracket. The middle stroke was later turned counterclockwise, which resulted in the modern form resembling a mirrored capital Latin letter N Шаблон:Angle bracket and so Шаблон:Angle bracket is used in faux Cyrillic typography. However, the style of the two letters is not fully identical: in roman fonts, Шаблон:Angle bracket has heavier vertical strokes and serifs on all four corners, and Шаблон:Angle bracket has a heavier diagonal stroke and lacks a serif on the bottom-right corner.
In roman and oblique fonts, the lowercase letter Шаблон:Angle bracket has the same shape as the uppercase letter Шаблон:Angle bracket. In italic fonts, the lowercase letter Шаблон:Angle bracket looks like the italic form of the lowercase Latin U Шаблон:Angle bracket. Both uppercase and lowercase handwritten forms of the Cyrillic letter I look like handwritten forms of the Latin letter U.
Usage
Since 1918, Шаблон:Angle bracket has been the tenth letter of the Russian alphabet, and in Russian, it represents Шаблон:IPA, like the i in machine, except after some consonants (see below). In Russian, the letter typically denotes a preceding soft consonant and so is considered the soft counterpart to Шаблон:Angle bracket, which represents Шаблон:IPA. However, unlike other "soft" vowels (е, ё, ю and я), и in isolation is not preceded by the Шаблон:IPA semivowel. In Russian, the letter could be combined in the digraph Шаблон:Angbr (like Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr) to represent ё before it started around the 1950s, although that letter remains rare as people usually use е (apparent confusion has remained in the transcription of some foreign words).
Шаблон:Angle bracket was used significantly less in Russian before the Bolshevik reform of 1918:
- ⟨і⟩ was used before all vowels and before the semivowel ⟨й⟩ except at the end of a morpheme in a compound word, where ⟨и⟩ was used. So англійскій (English) used ⟨і⟩, but пяти + акровый = пятиакровый (five-acre) used ⟨и⟩.
- ⟨и⟩ was used as the last letter of a word and before consonants except in міръ for "world, universe, local community, commons, society, laity" (and words derived from it) to differentiate from миръ "peace"). After 1918, both are spelled мир.
According to critics of the Bolshevik reform, the choice of Ии as the only letter to represent that side and the removal of Іі defeated the purpose of 'simplifying’ the language, as Ии occupies more space and, furthermore, is sometimes indistinguishable from Шш.
Шаблон:Angle bracket is pronounced Шаблон:IPA in Шаблон:Angle bracket (sounds like Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA), Шаблон:Angle bracket (sounds like Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA) and Шаблон:Angle bracket (sounds like Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA), because in Russian, the sound Шаблон:IPA cannot be pronounced after "zh" Шаблон:Angle bracket, "sh" Шаблон:Angle bracket, and "ts" Шаблон:Angle bracket.
In the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet Шаблон:Angle bracket is the ninth letter. It represents the sound Шаблон:IPA and also occurs with a grave accent, ѝ, to distinguish orthographically the conjunction Шаблон:Angle bracket ("and") and the short form of the indirect object Шаблон:Angle bracket ("her").
In Kazakh, Шаблон:Angle bracket is used for Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in native words and for Шаблон:IPA in loanwords, and Шаблон:Angle bracket is used for Шаблон:IPA in native words.
In Belarusian, the letter (и) is not used at all, and the sound Шаблон:IPA is represented by the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket, which is also known as Belarusian-Ukrainian I.
The letter Шаблон:Angle bracket is the eleventh letter of the Ukrainian alphabet and represents the sound Шаблон:IPAblink, a separate phoneme in Ukrainian. The Ukrainian Шаблон:Angbr can be transliterated to other languages that use the Cyrillic script by either Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr because of the lack of a uniform transliteration rule. Speakers of other Slavic languages can perceive Ukrainian Шаблон:IPAblink as Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, or sometimes even Шаблон:IPAblink (see Ukrainian phonology for more on the pronunciation of Шаблон:IPAblink). The sound Шаблон:IPA in Ukrainian is represented by the letter Шаблон:Angbr, just as in Belarusian.
In the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, Шаблон:Angle bracket is the tenth letter of the alphabet. In Serbian, the letter represents Шаблон:IPA, like the i in machine. In the Serbian Latin alphabet, the sound is represented by "I/i".
In Macedonian, Шаблон:Angle bracket is the eleventh letter of the alphabet and represents the sound Шаблон:IPA.
It is transliterated from Russian as Шаблон:Angle bracket or from Ukrainian as Шаблон:Angle bracket or Шаблон:Angle bracket, depending on the romanization system. (See romanization of Russian and romanization of Ukrainian for more details.)
In Tuvan, the letter can be written as a double vowel.[1][2]
Stylistic uses
Due to its close resemblance to the Latin capital letter N, specifically as a "flipped" or "reflected" version of it, it is sometimes used stylistically as a replacement for N. This is commonly seen in Faux Cyrillic.[3]
The industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails notably use both N and И in its logo. The hard rock band Linkin Park have also used the glyph, particularly on the cover of their debut album Hybrid Theory.
American rapper Nathan Feuerstein is mainly known by his initials as "NF", which is stylized as "ИF".
Accented forms and derived letters
The vowel that is represented by Шаблон:Angle bracket can, as is the case for almost any other Slavonic vowel, be stressed or unstressed. The stressed variant is sometimes (in special texts like dictionaries or to prevent ambiguity) graphically marked by the acute, grave, the double grave, or the circumflex accent.
Special Serbian texts also use Шаблон:Angle bracket with a macron to represent long unstressed variant of the sound. Serbian Шаблон:Angle bracket with a circumflex can be unstressed as well, which then represents the plural form of the genitive case to distinguish from other similar forms.
Modern Church Slavonic orthography uses the smooth breathing sign (Greek and Church Slavonic: psili, Latin: spiritus lenis) above the initial vowels (for tradition alone since there is no difference in pronunciation). It can be combined with acute or grave accents if necessary.
None of those combinations is considered to be a separate letter of respective alphabet, but one of them (Шаблон:Angle bracket) has an individual code position in Unicode.
Шаблон:Angle bracket with a breve forms the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket for the consonant Шаблон:IPA or a similar semivowel, like the y in English "yes." The form has been used regularly in Church Slavonic since the 16th century, but it officially became a separate letter of alphabet only much later (in Russian in 1918). The original name of Шаблон:Angle bracket was I s kratkoy ('I with the short [line]'), later I kratkoye ('short I') in Russian. It is known similarly as I kratko in Bulgarian but as Yot in Ukrainian.
Cyrillic alphabets of non-Slavic languages have additional Шаблон:Angle bracket-based letters like Шаблон:Angle bracket or Шаблон:Angle bracket.
Related letters and similar characters
- Η η : Greek letter Eta
- H h : Latin letter H
- Ι ι : Greek letter Iota
- I i : Latin letter I
- Й й : Cyrillic letter Short I
- І і : Cyrillic letter Dotted I
- ͷ : Pamphylian Greek letter Digamma
Computing codes
References
External links
