Английская Википедия:Iban language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Infobox language
The Iban language (Шаблон:Lang) is spoken by the Iban, one of the Dayak ethnic groups, who live in Brunei, the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan and in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It belongs to the Malayic subgroup, a Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family.
Iban has reached a stage of becoming a koiné language in Sarawak due to contact with groups speaking other related Ibanic languages within the state.[1] It is ranked as Level 5 (i.e. "safe") in term of endangerment on Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS).[2]
Classification
Iban comes from the Ibanic language group spoken in Sarawak, West Kalimantan,[1] and Brunei within Borneo island.[2][3] part of the Malayic subshoot of the Malayo-Polynesian branch in the Austronesian language family.[3] The Malayic languages originate from western Borneo,[2][3] thus Iban is closely related to Malay, especially the Sarawakian dialect.[3] Other isolects in the Ibanic group of languages are Sebuyau, Mualang, Kantu, and Seberuang. These groups of languages can be identified by the word-final position in certain lexical forms of /-ai/. These lexical forms are similar to other Malayic languages with lexical forms of /-an/, /-ang/, or, less frequently, /-ar/.[1]
The Iban language is also related to other dialects such as Sebuyau, Kendayan, Balau and Selaku.[2]
History
According to the oral history of the Iban people, Benedict Sandin, in 1968, plotted the ancestry of the Iban people as descendants from the Upper Kapuas, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Iban people arrived in Sarawak in the 16th century, and settled in the regions of Batang Lupar drainage basin and Undop river in southern Sarawak. From there, they migrated north, east, and west, and expanded into Saribas, Batang Sadong, Batang Layar, and Batang Lupar rivers. In the 1800s, they moved into the Rajang basin (middle region of Sarawak) from Batang Lupar river, Katibas river, and Saribas river (Saribas is a tributary of the Rajang River). By 1870s, they had reached Mukah and Oya rivers. In the early 1900s, they reached Balingian, Tatau, and Kemena rivers (near Bintulu). They also reached the Baram area and Limbang rivers around the same time in northern Sarawak and would become the largest ethnic group in Sarawak.[1]
Brooke administration
Fearing that the Iban tribes outnumbered the pre-existing local tribes with detrimental environmental effects on lands intended for shifting cultivation, the Brooke government restricted the Iban people from further migration to other river systems such as the Baleh river. However, the Brooke government allowed the Ibans to settle in other areas such as Lundu, Balingian, Bintulu, Limbang and Baram to consolidate the government's authority there. As a result of this policy, several minority ethnic groups such as Bukitans living along the Batang Lupar River were assimilated into the Iban people, thus contributing to the growth of Iban tribe and the expansion of the Iban language in the state.[1] The Iban language was taught in schools in the 1940s during the Brooke era.[4]
1958-1977: Borneo Literature Bureau (BLB) foundation
During the period of Crown Colony of Sarawak, the Iban language was used in government official letters, courts, announcements, and notices. Radio Sarawak, started by the British, offered Iban language programmes. The Iban language, known under the name of "Asian language", was offered as an examination subject in the Sarawak Junior Certificate. The "Asian language" was renamed to "Iban language" in 1963. Borneo Literature Bureau (BLB) was founded by the British in 1958 to collect and document oral Iban literature. BLB published more than 60 Iban language books during its lifetime until 1973 when it was replaced by a Malaysian federal government agency Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) in 1977. After that, the publication of books in Bornean languages came to a halt.[5] The publication of the Nendak magazine, which was started by BLB in 1967 also came to a halt.[6] Jimbun Tawai, the former vice chairman of Sarawak Dayak Iban Association, called this period under Crown Colony as "golden era" of the Iban language.[7]
1977-2000s post BLB closure
After the closure of BLB, other smaller publishers continue in this niche such as the Kuching-based publishing company named Klasik. Examples of works include ensera (Iban epic story) and cherita kelulu (morality novellas). Christian churches such as the Catholic church publish prayer books that adopt certain aspects of Iban adat (culture). Thus, Christian texts bear greater significance as cultural repositories of the Iban language when to compared to other genres after the demise of BLB.[6]
State-sponsored media such as Berita Rakyat was founded in 1974 and ended in the 1990s. The magazine was started by Rajang Security Command (RASCOM) in Sibu to defeat the communists' activities in the Rajang basin. The magazine stopped publication after the cessation of Communist insurgency in Sarawak in 1990. Another magazine named Pembrita was published by the Information Department of the state government and was aimed at providing developmental news to the rural Iban populace such as exemplary longhouses, lucrative cash crops, and animal husbandry. The magazine also called on the rural Ibans to modernise their ways of farming. There were no Iban newspapers in the 1990s and early 2000s. The high cost of imported paper materials and low advertising revenues contributed to the difficulties of Iban newspaper publishing.[6]
Tun Jugah Foundation was established in 1985 after the death of Tun Jugah to record the oral history of the Iban people, producing Iban dictionaries and surveys of the rural-urban migration of the Iban people.[8][9]
Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) expanded their Iban radio broadcasts to 10 hours on Sundays and 9 hours on rest of the week by the 1980s as WaiFM[6][2] Cats FM is the first commercial radio station to broadcast in Iban opening in 1997.[6]
The Iban language was included in the primary school curriculum in 1968 and a few secondary schools in 1988. In 1968-1969, teachers' training colleges offered Iban as an elective subject. It was only in 1988, that Iban was formalised as part of the Malaysian national curriculum.[4] There are no Iban-medium schools in Sarawak.[4] In 2008, Iban was taught as an elective language subject in Malaysian Form 5 secondary schools for Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) certificate examination.[2] A survey done in Sarawak in 2008 showed that a total of 367 primary schools and 55 secondary schools have taught the Iban subjects since 1968. The number of primary schools offering the Iban language subject increased to 1,264 in 2015 while the number of secondary schools reduced to 52 in 2015. Most of the schools are located in Kapit, Sibu, Sri Aman, and Sarikei Divisions where there are significant Iban population. The Iban language subject is also offered in undergraduate programmes in two teachers' institutions in Sarawak. In Sultan Idris Education University, Perak, the Iban language is offered as a minor subject for Iban students majoring in Malay studies.[2]
In 2003, Malaysian federal authorities banned the Iban Bible (known as Bup Kudus in Iban) as its use of the word Allah overlaps with the use of Allah (Taala) as the name of the God worshipped in Islam (Islam given official status on the Federation level) which the federal government argues can "confuse" the Muslim populace in the state. The ban was lifted by the then deputy prime minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi after persistent protests.[6][10]
2010-present: emergence of vernacular mass media
Newspapers The Borneo Post and Utusan Borneo started Iban language sections in 2010[11] and 2014 respectively.[2][12] The Borneo Post stopped the Iban section in 2017.[13] A monthly Iban magazine named Pegari was also published by a small company named PEGARI Iban Production from 2012 to 2018.[2][14][15] Borneo Media Solutions, a subsidiary of PEGARI Iban Production, also published several books in Iban language.[16]
RTM opened their first Borneo-oriented channel TVi in 2011 which later became TV Okey in 2018 which includes a 30-minute Iban news slot.[17][18] TV Sarawak started the Iban language section in October 2020.[19]
Extent of use
The Iban language is allowed in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly with the special permission from the Speaker and simultaneous interpretations will be provided during the assembly sitting and when written into the Hansard.[2]
Rentap's battle cry while fighting against James Brooke in 1860s “Agi Idup, Agi Ngelaban!” (“I will fight as long I will live!”) was adopted by Sarawak Royal Ranger Regiment as their motto. The battle cry is also used in speeches and car stickers to evoke the warrior spirit of the Iban people.[2] The word "Oo-ha", an Iban call for celebration, was popularised by the former chief minister of Sarawak Adenan Satem as a form of "hello" before giving speeches in order to motivate a crowd.[2] The Chinese-predominant Sarawak United Peoples' Party used the Iban word "Sa'ati" (United) as their party slogan.[20][21] Another Chinese-predominant Sarawak Democratic Action Party has been using the Iban language to garner support from the Iban population.[22][23] Other words include "Segulai sejalai" (going together) that was selected as the slogan for Malaysian national unity,[24] and "Ngap Sayot" (literally means "eat vegetables") used by Sarawak FA football team battle cry to signify taking down opponents just like eating vegetables.[25][26][27]
Iban churches in Sarawak conduct services in the Iban language.[2]
Trades in the Sarawak bazaars are also frequently conducted in the Iban language.[2]
Phonology
Consonants
Iban has the following consonant inventory:Шаблон:Sfnp
Vowels
Iban has a six-vowel system, with five cardinal vowels plus schwa:Шаблон:Sfnp
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | |
| Mid | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Open | Шаблон:IPA link |
Vowel sounds are nasalized when preceded by a nasal consonant.Шаблон:Sfnp
Grammar
Шаблон:Refimprovesection Lexical roots can be expanded by many affixes in Iban, as exemplified here with the verb Шаблон:Lang.
- Шаблон:Lang 'chase'
- Шаблон:Lang 'chasing/playing with each other'
- Шаблон:Lang 'chasing something/someone'
- Шаблон:Lang 'to chase'
- Шаблон:Lang 'being chased by'
- Шаблон:Lang 'being chased by many'
- Шаблон:Lang 'chaser'
- Шаблон:Lang 'outrun/outpace'
There are four types of affixes in Iban, namely prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes and infixes.
| Type of noun affixes | Affix | Example of root word | Example of derived word |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prefix | pe- | Шаблон:Lang (angry) | Шаблон:Lang (hot tempered) |
| pen- | Шаблон:Lang (arrive) | Шаблон:Lang (arrival) | |
| penge- | Шаблон:Lang (love) (verb) | Шаблон:Lang (love) (noun) | |
| be- | Шаблон:Lang (property, possessions) | Шаблон:Lang (rich) | |
| bepe- | Шаблон:Lang (entertained) | Шаблон:Lang (being entertained) | |
| beke- bete | Шаблон:Lang (hang) | Шаблон:Lang (hanging in group) | |
| ke- | Шаблон:Lang (break) | Шаблон:Lang (broken pieces) | |
| m- n- me- nge- nye | Шаблон:Lang (cooked) | Шаблон:Lang (cooking) | |
| di- | Шаблон:Lang (kiss) | Шаблон:Lang (being kissed) | |
| dipe- | Шаблон:Lang (word, talk) | Шаблон:Lang (being talk about, gossiped) | |
| se- | Шаблон:Lang (tail) | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (one (person)) | |
| sepe(m)- | Шаблон:Lang (long) | Шаблон:Lang (as long as, measurement of long) | |
| te- | Шаблон:Lang (footstep) | Шаблон:Lang (accidentally stepping on something) | |
| Infix | Шаблон:Angbr | Шаблон:Lang (drip) | Шаблон:Lang (dripping) |
| Suffix | -ka | Шаблон:Lang (wear) | Шаблон:Lang (wear) (command) |
| -i | Шаблон:Lang (salt) | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (marinade) | |
| Circumfix | ng-...-kn | Шаблон:Lang (waste) | Шаблон:Lang (wasting, playing) |
| be-...-ka | Шаблон:Lang (hit, for) | Шаблон:Lang (wears) |
Other examples:
- Шаблон:Lang 'love'
- Шаблон:Lang 'was loved by'
- Шаблон:Lang 'affection'
- Шаблон:Lang 'busy'
- Шаблон:Lang 'to make someone busy'
- Шаблон:Lang 'preoccupied'
- Шаблон:Lang 'really preoccupied'
- Шаблон:Lang 'give'
- Шаблон:Lang 'giving each other' (present)
- Шаблон:LangШаблон:Clarify
- Шаблон:Lang 'gave' (past)
- Шаблон:Lang 'will be given' (future)
- Шаблон:Lang 'giver'
- Шаблон:Lang 'call'
- Шаблон:Lang 'calling each other' (present)
- Шаблон:Lang 'calling' (present)
- Шаблон:Lang 'was called' (past)
- Шаблон:Lang 'will be called' (future)
- Шаблон:Lang 'caller'
Personal pronouns
Iban has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural.Шаблон:Sfnp
| singular | dual | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | exclusive | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| inclusive | --- | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| 2nd person | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
Sample
- Шаблон:Lang 'for you'
- Шаблон:Lang 'for me'
- Шаблон:Lang 'for us'
- Шаблон:Lang 'my book'
- Шаблон:Lang 'my friend'
- Шаблон:Lang 'my father'
- Шаблон:Lang 'your look'
- Шаблон:Lang 'your beloved'
- Шаблон:Lang 'our school'
- Шаблон:Lang 'for my beloved'
- Шаблон:Lang 'for my child'
- Шаблон:Lang 'from your mother'
- Шаблон:Lang 'from my friend'
Pronouns are primarily put after subjects.
Possessive pronouns
| Iban | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | mine |
| Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | your |
| Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | his/her |
| Шаблон:Lang | ours (both of us) |
| Шаблон:Lang | belong to all of you |
| Шаблон:Lang | theirs |
Sample phases:
- Шаблон:Lang 'This shirt is mine.'
- Шаблон:Lang 'This is yours.'
- Шаблон:Lang 'That one belongs to both of us.'
Demonstrative determiners
There are three demonstrative determiners in Iban. Шаблон:Lang 'this, these' is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker, Шаблон:Lang 'that, those' is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker, and Шаблон:Lang, which is the furthest from the speaker.
| Pronoun | Iban | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | This book, these books |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | That dog, those dogs |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | That (furthest) flower(s) |
These words can also act as demonstrative pronouns where they can stands on theirs own, replacing rather than modifying a noun.
Example:
- Шаблон:Lang 'This is good.'
- Шаблон:Lang 'That's ok.'
- Шаблон:Lang 'Look at that.'
Demonstrative pronouns
In Iban, demonstrative pronouns are words that show which person or thing is being referred in relation to the location of the addressee to the speaker. There are three demonstrative pronouns in Iban depending on location to the speaker. They can only be used to refer to an addressee (human) and cannot be used to refer to inanimate objects.
| Form | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|
| Proximal | Шаблон:Lang | this person |
| Medial | Шаблон:Lang | that person |
| Distal | Шаблон:Lang | the other person (furthest) |
Examples:
- Шаблон:Lang 'Why is this person acting in such a way?'
- Шаблон:Lang 'Where is he going?' (Referring to the second closest person to the speaker)
- Шаблон:Lang 'Where is the other (person) one?' (referring to third person which is the furthest from the speaker)
Adverbs
Demonstrative adverbs
Demonstrative adverbs in Iban are closely related to the demonstrative pronouns in Iban grammar. For example, corresponding to the demonstrative pronouns are the adverbs such as Шаблон:Lang ('going here'), Шаблон:Lang ('going there') and Шаблон:Lang ('going there (farthest)') equivalent adverbs corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun this are Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.
| Form | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|
| Proximal | Шаблон:Lang | going here |
| Medial | Шаблон:Lang | going there |
| Distal | Шаблон:Lang | going there, going yonder |
Examples:
- Шаблон:Lang 'Come here (you).'
- Шаблон:Lang 'Why are you going there?' (within the sight of the speaker)
- Шаблон:Lang 'Let's go there.' (referring to location far away from speaker)
Locatives
| Form | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|
| Proximal | Шаблон:Lang | here |
| Medial | Шаблон:Lang | there |
| Distal | Шаблон:Lang | there, yonder |
Examples:
- Шаблон:Lang 'I wait for you here.'
- Шаблон:Lang 'I wait for you there.' (not far from the speaker's location)
- Шаблон:Lang 'I wait for you there.' (referring to a far place)
Manner
Iban also has a set of adverbs referring to manner. They are a combination of Шаблон:Lang ('like/as') and the abbreviated determiner forms Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.
| Form | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|
| Proximal | Шаблон:Lang | like this, this way |
| Medial | Шаблон:Lang | like that, that way |
| Distal | Шаблон:Lang | like that, that way |
Examples:
- Шаблон:Lang 'I want it to be like this.'
- Шаблон:Lang 'Why did you treat him like this?'
- Шаблон:Lang 'Try to do it like that.'
Interrogative words
Iban also has a few interrogative words: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.
- Шаблон:Lang – Who
- Шаблон:Lang – What
- Шаблон:Lang – Where (Dini and Ba ni also used to ask for specific location)
- Шаблон:Lang – Why (Шаблон:Lang also used.)
- Шаблон:Lang – When
- Шаблон:Lang – How many
- Шаблон:Lang – How
Vocabulary
The first Iban-English Dictionary was published in 1900 by Rev. William Howell, an Anglican priest based at Sabu, near Simanggang (Sri Aman) and D.J.S. Bailey, a Brooke administrative officer as A Sea Dayak Dictionary. The dictionary was important in the early development of the Iban as a written language.[28]
A Comprehensive Iban-English Dictionary, jointly published by The Dayak Cultural Foundation and The Tun Jugah Foundation in 2016, contains 31,000 entries and about 1900 pages.[28]
The Iban-Malay dictionary was first published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), in 1989. The second edition was published in 2015. It contains 11,530 entries dan 9,710 subentries.[29]
Writing system
According to Iban legend, an ancestor named Renggi devised a writing script on the skin of wood, but it was soaked in water and the writing vanished. Anguished with the tragedy, Renggi munched the script and swallowed it[30] where the script became ingrained in Renggi's brain and blood and also his descendants. Since then, the Ibans became adept at memorising oral traditions, just like exactly written in books.[31] Occasionally, the Ibans used personalised symbols as memory aids on their writing boards.[32]
The Iban language does not have a writing system of its own. Christian missionaries later adopted the Latin alphabet in an attempt to codify the language.[4] During the Crown Colony era, the Borneo Literature Bureau also worked on the written form of the Iban language.[4]
From 1947 to 1962, Dunging anak Gunggu invented an Iban syllabary known as the Dunging script.[33][30] In 2010, Dr. Bromeley Philip of Universiti Teknologi MARA, who is also a grandnephew to Dunging,[30] created digital fonts for Dunging script, named "LaserIban", available for Windows and Macintosh computers. Dr Bromeley also launched a course to promote the use of LaserIban and had transcribed several traditional folktales from Latin alphabet into Dunging script.[34] However, the Dunging script is not widely adopted.[33] As of 2011, only three people in the world mastered the Dunging script, namely Dr Bromeley himself, longhouse chief Tuai Rumah Bagat Nunui and teacher Ngambong Katoi.[35]
Dialects
Iban can be subdivided into different sub-ethnic groups, each of which speak in different dialects. The most formal, intermediate, and working dialect is the Saribas dialect, and mainly Betong and Saratok. Others such as Balau, Sebuyau, Ulu Ai, and Rejang are mutually intelligible throughout the Sarawak region. The exception is the Iban Remun/Milikin dialect, which is still understood by Ibans from other districts. In West Kalimantan, dialects such as Bugau, Seberuang, Mualang, Chengkang, Sebaru, and Dau are more disparate.
Dialect comparison
| English | Balau (Sarawak) | Mualang (Kalimantan) |
|---|---|---|
| Rooster | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Smell | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Stupid | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Twins | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Window | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Father | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Feel | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| And | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Animal | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Arrange | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang |
| Breathe | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
Sample text (Luke 2:10-11)
Mualang
- 10 Baroꞌ mlikat Tuhan Allah madah ke sidaꞌ: “Nang kitaꞌ takot! Ku madah brita bayek ari Tuhan Allah ke kitaꞌ, te nyuroh gaga ugaꞌ bansa.
- 11 Malam toꞌ de kuta Daode udah adai Penyelamat kitaꞌ, Al Maseh Raja te dedanyi Tuhan Allah, nyaꞌ mah Tuhan.
Iban
- 10 Tang ku melikat nya bejaku ngagai sida, “Anang takut! Laban aku mai ngagai kita Berita Manah ti ngasuh ati semua mensia gaga:
- 11 sehari tu, di nengeri David, Juruselamat kita udah ada, iya nya Kristus ti Tuhan!
| English | Standard Iban | Remun/Milikin |
|---|---|---|
| No | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| See | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Know | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Shirt | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Run | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Silence! | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Stupid | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| No/Did not | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Tomorrow | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Later | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Mat | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Good | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
Sample phases in Iban Remun
- Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Lang ('I did not see it.')
- Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Lang ('I don't know.')
| English | Standard Iban | Sebuyau/Kua' |
|---|---|---|
| You | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Why | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Stupid | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| No | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Later | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Tomorrow | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Know | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| To hurry | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Side dishes | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Come out | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Restless | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Untidy | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Like this | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Causes | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Shocked | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Slow | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
Examples
Numbers
| Iban | Iban Standard | English |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | One |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Two |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Three |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Four |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Five |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Six |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Seven |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Eight |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Nine |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Ten |
Family
| Iban | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Father |
| Шаблон:Lang | Mother |
| Шаблон:Lang | Grandfather |
| Шаблон:Lang | Grandmother |
| Шаблон:Lang | Uncle |
| Шаблон:Lang | Aunt |
| Шаблон:Lang | Siblings |
| Шаблон:Lang | Elder brother/Elder sister |
| Шаблон:Lang | Younger brother/sister |
| Шаблон:Lang | Grandchildren |
| Шаблон:Lang | Great grandchildren |
For extended family in Iban
| Iban | English |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Parent-in-law |
| Шаблон:Lang | Father-in-law |
| Шаблон:Lang | Mother-in-law |
| Шаблон:Lang | Stepfather or stepmother |
| Шаблон:Lang | Siblings-in-law |
| Шаблон:Lang | Brother-in-law |
| Шаблон:Lang | Sister-in-law |
| Шаблон:Lang | Great-grandfather |
| Шаблон:Lang | Great-grandmother |
| Шаблон:Lang | Nibling |
| Шаблон:Lang | Nephew |
| Шаблон:Lang | Niece |
| Шаблон:Lang | Cousin |
| Шаблон:Lang | One's parent to parents-in-law |
Example;
- Шаблон:Lang 'That is my wife's nibling.'
- Шаблон:Lang 'That is my husband's niece.'
- Шаблон:Lang 'That is my husband's parent-in-law.'
- Шаблон:Lang 'That is my husband's father-in-law.'
- Шаблон:Lang 'That is my wife's cousin.'
Days
| Iban | English/Roman |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Day before yesterday |
| Шаблон:Lang | Yesterday |
| Шаблон:Lang | Today |
| Шаблон:Lang | Tomorrow |
| Шаблон:Lang | Day after tomorrow |
| Шаблон:Lang | 3 days later |
| Шаблон:Lang | The fourth day |
Example:
- Шаблон:Lang 'We'll meet again the third day.'
- Шаблон:Lang 'I saw him two days ago.'
Months
The Iban calendar is one month ahead of the Gregorian calendar as follows:
| Iban | English/Gregorian |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | January |
| Шаблон:Lang | February |
| Шаблон:Lang | March |
| Шаблон:Lang | April |
| Шаблон:Lang | May |
| Шаблон:Lang | June |
| Шаблон:Lang | July |
| Шаблон:Lang | August |
| Шаблон:Lang | September |
| Шаблон:Lang | October |
| Шаблон:Lang | November |
| Шаблон:Lang (first month of Iban calendar) | December |
Sample phrases
| Iban | English/Roman |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | How are you? |
| Шаблон:Lang | What is your name? |
| Шаблон:Lang | How much is this? |
| Шаблон:Lang | Where is ___? |
| Шаблон:Lang | Where are you from? |
| Шаблон:Lang | I come from ___ |
| Шаблон:Lang | What is the time now? |
| Шаблон:Lang | Good evening! |
| Шаблон:Lang | Good afternoon! |
| Шаблон:Lang | Welcome! |
| Шаблон:Lang | Don't be naughty! |
| Шаблон:Lang | Couldn't make it |
| Шаблон:Lang | Hold on/Wait a second |
| Шаблон:Lang | Nevermind/it does not matter |
| Шаблон:Lang | Do you want to fight? |
| Шаблон:Lang | Going back |
| Шаблон:Lang | Let's get to know each other |
| Шаблон:Lang | Love, passion |
| Шаблон:Lang | I miss you/I am missing you |
| Шаблон:Lang | Who came/is with you? |
| Шаблон:Lang | I came / went with ___; I am with ___ |
| Шаблон:Lang | Please listen (Saratok dialect) |
| Шаблон:Lang | Silent, please |
| Шаблон:Lang | Where are you going? |
| Шаблон:Lang | Too expensive/difficult |
| Шаблон:Lang | Too difficult |
| Шаблон:Lang | Couldn't care less/what is that for! |
| Шаблон:Lang | Good morning, teacher |
| Шаблон:Lang | I don't know |
| Шаблон:Lang | Let's we drinkШаблон:Clarify |
| Шаблон:Lang | I want to go to the town tomorrow |
| Шаблон:Lang | I'm going to work |
| Шаблон:Lang | I want to go to sleep/bed |
| Шаблон:Lang | Who is being naughty? |
| Шаблон:Lang | You are pretty/beautiful (for women) |
| Шаблон:Lang | You are handsome (for men) |
| Шаблон:Lang | I will always love you |
| Шаблон:Lang | I feel like I have seen you before |
Bible translation and Sample Text
Genesis 1:1–3
Human Rights
English: Article 1 – All human beings are born free and equal in rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Malay: Perkara 1 – Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama dalam hak. Mereka dikurniakan akal dan hati nurani dan harus bertindak antara satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.
Standard Iban: Pekara 1 : Semua mensia ada meratai enggau hak ke sebaka. Sida diberi pemikir enggau ati tuchi lalu patut begulai enggau diri sama diri dalam serakup entara bala menyadi.
Balau Iban Dialect: Pekaha 1 : Semua mensia ada bebas enggau hak ti sebaka. Sida dibehi pikih enggau ati behesi alu patut begulai enggau dihi sama dihi dalam gehempung entaha bala menyadi.
Other Iban Dialect: Pekaro 1 : Semuo mensio ado bebas enggau hak ti sebako. Sida diberi pikir enggau ati tuchi lalu patut begulai enggau diri samo diri dalam serakup entaro balo menyadi.
Pikaro 1 : Simuo minsio ado bibas nggau hak ti sibako. Sida dibiri pikir enggau ati tuchi lalu patut bigulai nggau diri samo diri dalam sirakup intaro balo minyadi.
References
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book [Paperback reprint in the 1988 by Penerbit Fajar Bakti, Petaling Jaya. Шаблон:ISBN]
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Citation
- Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia / Jabatan Pelajaran Sarawak /Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum KPM 2007
External links
Шаблон:Incubator Шаблон:Wikivoyage
- Digitized books about Iban at the SOAS library
- Ator Sambiang Mass Baru: The Holy Eucharist in Iban (1980) Anglican eucharistic liturgy digitized by Richard Mammana
Шаблон:Languages of Malaysia Шаблон:Languages of Indonesia Шаблон:Languages of Brunei Шаблон:Austronesian languages
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 2,11 2,12 2,13 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 33,0 33,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Agglutinative languages
- Languages of Brunei
- Languages of Malaysia
- Languages of Indonesia
- Ibanic languages
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
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