Английская Википедия:Ibiza
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:About Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox islands
Ibiza (Шаблон:IPA-es), in Шаблон:Lang-ca (Шаблон:IPA; see below), is a Spanish island in the Mediterranean Sea off the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. It is Шаблон:Convert from the city of Valencia. It is the third largest of the Balearic Islands in area, but the second-largest by population. Its largest settlements are Ibiza Town (Шаблон:Lang-ca, or simply Шаблон:Lang), Santa Eulària des Riu, and Sant Antoni de Portmany. Its highest point, called Sa Talaiassa (or Sa Talaia), is Шаблон:Convert above sea level.
Ibiza is well known for its nightlife and electronic dance music club scene in the summer, which attract large numbers of tourists. The island's government and the Spanish Tourist Office have worked toward promoting more family-oriented tourism.[1][2]
Ibiza is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[3] Ibiza and the nearby island of Formentera to its south are called the Pine Islands, or "Pityuses".
Names
In British English, the name is usually pronounced in an approximation of the Peninsular Spanish variant (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell).[4] In American English the pronunciation is closer to the Latin American Spanish variant (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell,[5] Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell,[6][7][8] and so forth) and never pronounces the first syllable as a homophone of “eye”.
Phoenician colonists called the island Ibossim or Iboshim (cf. Hebrew אִי־בּוֹשֵׂם, "Fragrance Island), likely due the abundance of aromatic plants on the island. Other speculation is (Шаблон:Lang-phn, Шаблон:Sc,Шаблон:Sfnp "Dedicated to Bes").[9][10] It was later known to Romans as Шаблон:Lang.
Its name in Spanish is Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-es). The Catalan name is Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA).
The Greeks called the two islands of Ibiza and Formentera the Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, probably meaning "Pine-Covered Islands").[11] The Catalan name Шаблон:Lang and the Spanish name Шаблон:Lang retain this Greek root.
In the 18th and 19th centuries the island was known to the British and especially to the Royal Navy as Ivica, possibly from an older Spanish orthography with Шаблон:Angbr.[12]
History
In 654 BC, Phoenician settlers founded a port on Ibiza. With the decline of Phoenicia after the Assyrian invasions, Ibiza came under the control of Carthage, also a former Phoenician colony. The island produced dye, salt, fish sauce (garum) and wool.
A shrine with offerings to the goddess Tanit was established in the cave at Es Cuieram, and the rest of the Balearic Islands entered Eivissa's commercial orbit after 400 BC. Ibiza was a major trading post along the Mediterranean routes. Ibiza began establishing its own trading stations along the nearby Balearic island of Majorca, such as Na Guardis, and "Na Galera" where numerous Balearic mercenaries hired on, no doubt as slingers,Шаблон:Efn to fight for Carthage.
During the Second Punic War, the island was assaulted by the two Scipio brothers (Publius and Gnaeus) in 217 BC but remained loyal to Carthage. With the Carthaginian military failing on the Iberian mainland, Ibiza was last used, 205 B.C, by the fleeing Carthaginian general Mago to gather supplies and men before sailing to Menorca and then to Liguria. Ibiza negotiated a favorable treaty (Foedus) with the Romans, which spared Ibiza from further destruction and allowed it to continue its Carthaginian-Punic institutions, traditions and even coinage well into the Empire days, when it became an official Roman municipality.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and a brief period of first Vandal and then Byzantine rule, the island was conquered by the Muslims in 902, the few remaining locals converted to Islam and Berber settlers came in. Under Islamic rule, Ibiza (Yabisah) came in close contact with the city of Dénia—the closest port in the nearby Iberian peninsula, located in the Valencian Community—and the two areas were administered jointly by the Taifa of Dénia for some time (11th century).
Ibiza, together with the islands of Formentera and Menorca, were invaded by the Norwegian King Sigurd I of Norway in the spring of 1110 on his crusade to Jerusalem. The king had previously conquered the cities of Sintra, Lisbon and Alcácer do Sal and given them over to Christian rulers, in an effort to weaken the Muslim grip on the Iberian peninsula. King Sigurd continued to Sicily where he visited King Roger II of Sicily.[13]
The island was conquered for the Crown of Aragon in 1235.[14] The local Muslim population was deported, as was the case with neighboring Majorca and elsewhere, and Christians arrived from Girona. The island maintained its own self-government in several forms until 1715, when King Philip V of Spain abolished the local government's autonomy. The arrival of democracy in the late 1970s led to the Statute of Autonomy of the Balearic Islands. Today, the island is part of the Balearic Autonomous Community, along with Majorca, Menorca and Formentera.
World Heritage Site
Though primarily known for its party scene, large portions of the island are registered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[15]
A notable example includes the Renaissance walls of the old town of Ibiza City, which were awarded UNESCO World Heritage Status in 1999. They are one of the world's few Renaissance walls that were not demolished, and part of the medieval wall is still visible. There are some Ibizan cultural sites, such as the remains of the first Phoenician settlement at Sa Caleta. Other sites are still under threat from the developers, such as Ses Feixes Wetlands, but this site has now been recognised as a threatened environment, and it is expected that steps will be taken to preserve this wetland. The oceanic plant Posidonia oceanica is also part of UNESCO's World Heritage.
Geography
-
Penjats Island is the southernmost islet of Ibiza
Ibiza is a rock island covering an area of Шаблон:Convert, almost one-sixth the size of Majorca, but over five times larger than Mykonos in the Greek Isles, or 10 times larger than Manhattan in New York City.
Ibiza is the larger of a group of the western Balearic archipelago called the Pityusic Islands (Pitiusas) or "Pine Islands" composed of itself and Formentera. The Balearic island chain includes over 50 islands, many of which are uninhabited. The highest point of the island is Sa Talaiassa, also known as Sa Talaia or Sa Talaia de Sant Josep at Шаблон:Convert.
Administration
Ibiza is administratively part of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands, whose capital is Palma, on the island of Majorca. Ibiza comprises five of the region's 67 municipalities:
| Map | Municipality | Area in square km |
Population 1 Nov 2011 |
Population 1 Jan 2021 |
Population 1 Jan 2023[16] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Municipios de Ibiza.svg | Sant Josep de sa Talaia (Spanish: San José) | 159.4 | 24,079 | 29,015 | 30,340 |
| Sant Antoni de Portmany (San Antonio Abad) | 126.8 | 21,915 | 27,582 | 28,551 | |
| Sant Joan de Labritja (San Juan Bautista) | 121.7 | 5,351 | 6,610 | 6,809 | |
| Santa Eulària des Riu (Santa Eulalia del Río) | 153.6 | 33,699 | 40,413 | 41,608 | |
| Vila d'Eivissa (Ibiza) | 11.1 | 48,550 | 50,566 | 51,872 | |
| Totals | 572.6 | 133,594 | 154,186 | 159,180 |
At the 2001 census these municipalities had a total population of 88,076 inhabitants, which had risen to an officially estimated total of 159,180 at the start of 2023,[17] and have a land area of Шаблон:Convert.
The island's self-government institution is the Ibiza Island Council (Consell Insular d'Eivissa). Prior to its split in 2007, Formentera was part of the council.[18]
Insular government
Elections are held every four years concurrently with local elections. From 1983 to 2007, councilors were indirectly elected from the results of the election to Parliament of the Balearic Islands for the constituencies of Ibiza and Formentera (then forming a single Island council, with Ibiza sending 12 councilors and Formentera a single one). Since 2007, however, separate direct elections are held to elect the Island Council of Ibiza, which has kept 13 as the number of seats (despite sending 12 to the Balearic Parliament).
Results of the elections to the former Island Council of Ibiza and Formentera
| Файл:Former Coat of Arms of Ibiza and Formentera Islands.svg Island Councilors of the Island Council of Ibiza and Formentera between 1978 and 2007 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Hidden begin
Шаблон:Colbegin Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Colend Шаблон:Hidden end | ||||||
| Election | Distribution | President | ||||
| 1979[19] |
|
Cosme Vidal Juan (ICIF–CD, CP) | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | |||
| 1983 |
|
style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | ||||
| 1987 |
|
Antoni Marí (PP) | rowspan="3" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | |||
| 1991 |
| |||||
| 1995 |
| |||||
| 1999 |
|
Pilar Costa (Pacte Progressista) | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | |||
| 2003 |
|
Pere Palau (PP) | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | |||
| Шаблон:Smaller | ||||||
Results of the elections to the Island Council of Ibiza
| Файл:Escut del Consell Insular d'Eivissa.svg Island Councilors of the Island Council of Ibiza since 2007 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Hidden begin
Шаблон:Colbegin Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Colend Шаблон:Hidden end | |||||||
| Election | Distribution | President | |||||
| 2007 |
|
Xico Tarrés (PSOE–ExC) | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | ||||
| 2011 |
|
Vicent Serra (PP) | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | ||||
| 2015 |
|
Vicente Torres (PSIB–PSOE) | style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | ||||
| 2019 |
|
Vicente Marí (PP) | rowspan="2" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;"| | ||||
| 2023 |
| ||||||
Climate
Ibiza has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh), bordering on a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). The average annual temperature of Ibiza is Шаблон:Convert, being warm and mild throughout the whole year. Ibiza lies at the same latitude as Atlantic City, yet it is much warmer for its location in the Mediterranean Basin. The climate of Ibiza is typically warm, sunny and dry, with low variation between highs and lows. The sunshine hours of Ibiza are 2700-2800 per year, while the yearly rain amount goes from Шаблон:Convert. The average high temperature is Шаблон:Convert, while the average low is Шаблон:Convert. Winters are slightly rainy and mild, from November to April normally the whole island turns green for the seasonal rains. Summers are hot and fairly humid, but with very little rainfall. The few rainy days are often accompanied by thunderstorms. During the coldest month, January, the average high temperature is Шаблон:Convert, while the average low is Шаблон:Convert. In the warmest month, August, the average high temperature is Шаблон:Convert, while the low is Шаблон:Convert. Extreme temperatures are rare for the influence of the sea. The average temperature of the sea in Ibiza is Шаблон:Convert[20] and beach weather usually lasts 7 months, from May to November. The highest temperature ever recorded on Ibiza Airport is Шаблон:Convert on 13 August 2022.
| Climate data for Ibiza | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
14.5 (58.0) |
16.3 (61.4) |
19.1 (66.3) |
22.5 (72.6) |
25.1 (77.1) |
26.2 (79.1) |
25.2 (77.4) |
22.7 (72.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
16.6 (61.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
| Mean daily daylight hours | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 12.2 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5.4 |
| Source #1: seatemperature.org[21] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: Weather Atlas[22] | |||||||||||||
People
Demographically, Ibiza displays a very peculiar configuration, as census agencies diverge on exact figures. According to the 2001 national census, Ibiza had 88,076 inhabitants (against 76,000 in 1991, 64,000 in 1981, 45,000 in 1971, and 38,000 in 1961). However, by the 2011 national census, this had grown to 133,594, and at the Census of 2021 had reached 154,186. This rapid growth stems from the amnesty which incorporated a number of unregistered foreign migrants. In terms of origin, about 55 percent of island residents were born in Ibiza; 35 percent are domestic migrants from mainland Spain (mostly working-class families from Andalusia, and the remainder from Catalonia, Valencia and Castile); and the remaining 10 to 15 per cent are foreign, dual and multi-national citizens of the EU and abroad (Govern de les Illes Balears – IBAE 1996). In decreasing order, the most commonly visiting foreigners are German, British, Latin American, French, Italian and Dutch.
The Spanish composer and music theorist Miguel Roig-Francolí was born in Ibiza,[23] as was the politician and Spain's former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Abel Matutes.[24] Notable former residents of Ibiza include: Spandau Ballet's Steve Norman, English punk musician Sid Vicious,[25] comic actor Terry-Thomas,[26] Hungarian master forger Elmyr de Hory,[27] American authors Cormac McCarthy and Clifford Irving.[28]
Language
Eivissenc is the native dialect of Catalan that is spoken on Ibiza and nearby Formentera. Catalan shares co-official status with Spanish. Additionally, because of the influence of tourism and immigrants living in or maintaining residences on the island, other languages, like English, French, German and Italian, are widely spoken.[29]
Tourism
Nightlife
Ibiza is considered to be a popular tourist destination, especially due to its well-known and at times riotous nightclub-based nightlife centred on two areas: Ibiza Town, the island's capital on the southern shore and Sant Antoni to the west. Ibiza has garnered the reputation as the "Party Capital of the world".[30][31]
Nightlife in Ibiza has undergone several changes since the island's opening to international tourism in the late 1950s. Origins of today's club culture may be traced back to hippie gatherings held during the 1960s and 1970s.Шаблон:Citation needed During these, people of various nationalities sharing the hippie ethos would regroup, talk, play music and occasionally take recreational drugs. These would most often happen on beaches during the day, with nude bathing a common sight, and in rented country estates in the evenings or at nights. Apart from this confidential scene, which nevertheless attracted many foreigners to the island, local venues during the 1960s consisted mostly of bars, which would be the meeting points for Ibicencos, ex-pats, seafarers and tourists. The Estrella bar on the port and La Tierra in the old city of Eivissa were favourites.[32]
During the 1970s, a decade that saw the emergence of the contemporary nightclub, several venues opened and made a lasting impact on Ibiza's nightlife.Шаблон:Citation needed Three of these original clubs are still in operation today: Pacha, Amnesia and Es Paradís.Шаблон:Clarify These four clubs mainly defined nightlife on the White Island, which has evolved and developed from several distinctive elements: open-air parties (Es Paradis, Privilege, Amnesia), held in isolated places, eventually old fincas (Pacha, Amnesia), that mixed in nudity and costume party (Es Paradis, Privilege, Pacha) and enabled people from various backgrounds to blend (all). The hippie ethos served as a common factor that infused all these venues and catalyzed the experience of a certain kind of freedom, accentuated by the holiday nature of most of the stays on the White Island.Шаблон:Cn
During the 1980s, the music played in these clubs gained in reputation and became known as Balearic beat, a precursor of the British acid house scene. As rave parties blossomed all over Europe, a DJ-driven club culture took hold of Ibizenca nightlife. It was at that time that Space opened, thanks to Pepe Rosello, which found a niche in the after-hour parties.[33] The club would close at 18:00 and open again at 07:00, when all the other clubs were still closed, enabling party-goers to flock from the other clubs to Space and continue dancing in broad daylight.[33]
At the end of the 1990s, the after-hour parties took firm root on the island. In 1999, the Circoloco parties made their debut at DC10, with some of the original elements of Ibiza nightlife at the forefront.Шаблон:Citation needed
In recent years, during the summer, top producers and DJs in dance music come to the island and play at the various clubs, in between touring to other international destinations. Some of the most famous DJs run their own weekly nights around the island. Many of these DJs use Ibiza as an outlet for presenting new songs within the house, trance and techno genres of electronic dance music. The island has achieved fame as a cultural centre for house and trance in particular, with its name often being used as a partial metonym for the particular flavour of electronic music originating there, much like Goa in India.Шаблон:Citation needed
Since 2005, the live music event Ibiza Rocks has changed perceptions of the Ibiza party landscape.[34] Bands such as Arctic Monkeys, Kasabian, The Prodigy and the Kaiser Chiefs have played in the courtyard of the Ibiza Rocks Hotel.[35]
The season now traditionally begins at the end of April, where Opening Parties take place at Ibiza's clubs over the course of a three-week period. Opening Parties normally coincide with the culmination of the International Music Summit, a three-day conference which has taken place on the island every year since 2008. The first clubs that host opening parties are normally Ushuaïa, Hï, Amnesia, and Pacha.[36] The very first parties take place at the end of April, starting with the Hï and Ushuaïa Opening Parties, and the last parties occur around mid-October, usually being the Amnesia and Pacha Closing Parties. [37]
Other
The island's government is in the process of making policy changesШаблон:When to encourage a more family-friendly and quieter tourism scene. These include rules such as the closing of all nightclubs by 06:00 at the latest and requiring all new hotels to be 5-star.[38] The administration wants to attract a more international mixture of tourists.[39]Шаблон:ClarifyШаблон:Update-inline
The island's tourism is not always characterized by its nightlife. Visitors can take a hot-air balloon ride, surf, visit the Cave Can Mark, or go to Cap Blanc's Aquarium.[40]
Development
Since the early days of mass tourism on the island, there have been a large number of development projects ranging from successful ventures, such as the super clubs at Space and Privilege, to failed development projects, such as Josep Lluís Sert's abandoned hotel complex at Cala D'en Serra,[41] the half-completed and now demolished "Idea" nightclub in Sant Antoni,[42]
and the ruins of a huge restaurant/nightclub in the hills near Sant Josep called "Festival Club" that only operated for three summer seasons in the early 1970s.[43] The transient nature of club-oriented tourism is most obvious in these ruins scattered all over the island. Local artist Irene de Andrès has tackled the difficult issue of the impact of mass tourism on the island local landscapes, both natural and cultural, in an ongoing project called "Donde nada ocurre" (Where nothing happens).[44] In 2013, Ibiza property prices generally remained above market value, and many of the development projects on the island have now been completed or continue, as well as some new projects announced at the end of 2012. Since 2009, Ibiza has received an increase in the number of tourists every year, with nearly 6 million people travelling through Ibiza Airport in 2012. The summer season has become concentrated between June and September, focusing on the "clubbing calendar"[45] which is currently booming. In recent years, the luxury market has dramatically improved, with new restaurants, clubs, and improvements to the marina in Ibiza Town.[46]
Ibiza's increased popularity has led to problems with potable water shortages and overrun infrastructure.[47] This has led to the imposition of a "Sustainable Tourism Tax" which went into effect on 1 July 2016.[48] Minister of Tourism Vincente Torres stated in an interview in 2016 that the government has instituted a moratorium on building in certain areas. He said that with almost 100,000 legal tourist beds and about 132,000 inhabitants on the island's Шаблон:Convert not much more tourism can be supported.[48]
Transport
Ibiza has its own airport, which has many international flights during the summer tourist season, especially from the European Union and the United Kingdom.
There are also ferries from the harbour of Sant Antoni and Ibiza Town to Barcelona, Majorca, Dénia, and Valencia. There are also ferries to Formentera leaving Sant Antoni Harbour (normally every Wednesday), and daily from Ibiza Town, Santa Eulària, and Figueretes–Platja d'en Bossa.[49]
Several public buses also travel between Sant Antoni and Ibiza Town, every 15 minutes in summer and every half-hour in winter. In addition, there are buses from Sant Antoni to Cala Bassa, Cala Conta and Cala Tarida, and to the airport. From Ibiza there are buses to the Platja d'en Bossa, Ses Salines, the airport and Santa Eulària.[50]
In popular culture
A number of novels and other books have been written using Ibiza as the setting, including "The White Island" by Stephen Armstrong, Joshua Then and Now by Mordecai Richler, Soma Blues by Robert Sheckley,[51] Vacation in Ibiza by Lawrence Schimel,[52] A Short Life on a Sunny Isle: An Alphonse Dantan Mystery by Hannah Blank,[53] They Are Ruining Ibiza by A. C. Greene,[54] and The Python Project by Victor Canning.[55] Books including Ibiza Bohemia,[56] which was published by Assouline, have explored the island itself with both photography and text, while other such as Memes Eivissencs have registered the traditions of their residents and their history in social media.
The third track on Prefab Sprout's 1990 album Jordan: The Comeback is 'Machine Gun Ibiza'.[57] It is also mentioned in David Bowie's 1971 track 'Life on Mars?', "See the mice in their million hordes, from Ibiza to the Norfolk Broads."[58]
In Monty Python's Flying Circus, the opening sketch of Episode 33 features the pilot Biggles. His secretary teasingly calls him "Señor Biggles", and Biggles protests, saying, "I've never even been to Spain." The secretary responds, " You went to Ibiza last year." Biggles counters, "That's still not grounds for calling me señor, or Don Beeg-les for that matter."[59]
Vengaboys' 1999 single "We're Going to Ibiza" reached number one on the singles chart in United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The song saw a resurgence in Austria in 2019 due to the Ibiza affair.
The island is shown as the home of notorious art forger, Elmyr de Hory, in the 1973 docudrama F for Fake by Orson Welles.
The fourth track off of The Prodigy’s sixth studio album The Day Is My Enemy is titled Ibiza. The song has fast rapping and electronic beats. The rapping is performed by the band’s frontman Keith Flint (died 2019).
In popular music, American singer-songwriter Mike Posner released "I Took a Pill in Ibiza" (alternatively known as "In Ibiza", or its clean title "I Took a Plane to Ibiza") in April 2015, as single on his Vevo account and in the exclusive The Truth EP; it was later released on At Night, Alone in May 2016. Originally an acoustic guitar-based folk pop song, it was remixed by the Norwegian duo SeeB as a tropical house dance pop song, and released digitally as a single in the United States on 24 July 2015. "I Took a Pill in Ibiza" peaked at #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S.,[60] and reached #1 on seventeen other charts. Tourism officials in Ibiza were reportedly "annoyed" by the song's apparent reinforcement of drug culture associated with Ibiza in the past, and Tourism Director Vicent Ferrer subsequently invited Posner to witness the island's culture and how it contrasts with the party "typecast".[61]
Gallery
-
Las Puertas de Can Soleil
-
Cala d'en Serra
-
Platges de Comte
-
Cova de Can Marçà
-
Time and Space sculpture
-
Pukka Up boat party
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Ushuaïa Ibiza
-
Ibiza Rocks day club
Explanatory notes
References
Citations
General and cited references
External links
- Consell Insular d'Eivissa (local government) Шаблон:In lang
- Official tourism portal of Ibiza – Consell Insular d'Eivissa
- ↑ Ibiza renews its party spirit Шаблон:Webarchive, Luke Bainbridge, 27 June 2010 (The Guardian)
- ↑ Inside the police crackdown on Ibizas endless party culture Шаблон:Webarchive Michelle Lhooqe, 13 November 2015 (Vice TV website)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:OED
- ↑ Random House dictionary
- ↑ American Heritage Dictionary
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Antoni Ordinas Garau, Jaume Binimelis Sebastián: Singularidades toponímicas de las islas Pitiusas Шаблон:Webarchive(In Spanish)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Abulafia, David. The rise of Aragon-Catalonia. na, 1999. pp. 5
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid.
- ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid, 2024.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ https://ibdigital.uib.es/greenstone/sites/localsite/collect/mayurqa/index/assoc/Mayurqa_/2021v03p/107.dir/Mayurqa_2021v03p107.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Enciclopèdia d'Eivissa i Formentera. "Roig-Francoli Costa, Miguel Angel" Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Who's Who at NATO. "Abel Matutes" Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Bounder! The Biography of Terry-Thomas Шаблон:Webarchive by Graham McCann, serialised in The Times
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 33,0 33,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ https://www.ibicasa.com/en/articulo.php?id=399&edicion=73 Шаблон:Bare URL inline
- ↑ 48,0 48,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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