Английская Википедия:Ibn Arfa' Ra's

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox Ibn Arfa' Ra's (Шаблон:Lang-ar – Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Transliteration), flourished second half of the twelfth century, was a Maghrebi poet and alchemist. He is the author of an Arabic collection ([[Diwan (poetry)|Шаблон:Transliteration]]) of alchemical poems called the Шаблон:Transliteration ('Shards of Gold').Шаблон:Efn

Traditionally he was identified with a certain Ibn al-Naqirāt, a religious scholar living in Fez (Morocco) who died Шаблон:Circa. However, this identification is probably spurious. If so, virtually nothing is known about Ibn Arfa' Ra's's life. Probably born in Al-Andalus, perhaps in Granada, it is likely that he spent most of his life in Almohad Morocco. At some point he likely traveled to the Islamic East, where he may also have settled.

Ibn Arfa' Ra's wrote a commentary on his own work Шаблон:Transliteration under the name Шаблон:Transliteration ('Solution to the Problems of the Шаблон:Transliteration').Шаблон:Efn He also wrote some alchemical poems in the [[Muwashshah|Шаблон:Transliteration]] genre (strophic verse) and a number of short prose works on alchemy. Two works on magic have also been attributed to him, but these are probably spurious.

Identity

Most traditional authors of Arabic biographical dictionaries identify Ibn Arfa' Ra's with a religious scholar called Ibn al-Naqirāt,Шаблон:Efn whose fuller name was Шаблон:Transliteration. The fullest version of Ibn Arfa' Ra's's name, as may be reconstructed from the earliest manuscripts, is Шаблон:Transliteration. Since both names share the major part Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa al-Anṣārī, they are close enough to raise the possibility that the two figures were indeed identical. However, neither Ibn al-Naqirāt's longer Шаблон:Transliteration (the part of his name indicating lineage) "son of Ali son of Musa son of Muhammad son of Khalaf", nor his [[Nisba (onomastics)|Шаблон:Transliteration]]s (names referring to a place of origin) al-Sālimī (Medinaceli) or al-Jayyānī (Jaén) ever occur in the alchemical manuscripts. The biographical dictionaries in their entries on Ibn al-Naqirāt never actually mention the nickname (Шаблон:Transliteration) Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs, nor the honorific Burhān al-Dīn, both of which often feature prominently in the alchemical manuscripts.

Файл:Ibn arfa ras manuscript (cropped).JPG

The author's name in a manuscript of the Шаблон:Transliteration, shown here as Шаблон:Transliteration.

If Ibn Arfa' Ra's is identical with Ibn al-Naqirāt, some basic facts of his life are known. Ibn al-Abbar (died 1260) in his biographical dictionary Шаблон:Transliteration mentions that Ibn al-Naqirāt was born in 1121 or Шаблон:Nowrap and that he died after 1196 or Шаблон:Nowrap, and that he was born in Al-Andalus but later moved to Fez (Morocco) where he became a [[Khatib|Шаблон:Transliteration]] (Islamic preacher). According to the broader biographical tradition, Ibn al-Naqirāt was an expert in [[Qira'at|Шаблон:Transliteration]] (variant readings of the Quran) as well as in the jurisprudence and hadith of the Maliki school, preaching in the renowned Qarawiyyin mosque.

However, the divergence between the names in the biographical dictionaries and those given in the manuscripts of the alchemical works attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, as well as certain details in reports relating to the two figures given by Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) and Leo Africanus (Шаблон:Circa), suggest that Ibn al-Abbar may have conflated the alchemist Ibn Arfa' Ra's with the religious scholar Ibn al-Naqirāt. In this case, very little remains that can be said about the life of Ibn Arfa' Ra's. Like Ibn al-Naqirāt, he originated in Al-Andalus, perhaps in Granada, and later settled elsewhere. Although the fact that he was sometimes called al-Maghribī indicates that he may also have settled in Morocco, the alchemical manuscripts make no mention of Fez or any other specific place. Alternatively, the Шаблон:Transliteration al-Maghribī may indicate that he left the Maghreb (the Islamic West, the region west of Egypt) and settled in the Mashreq (the Islamic East). In any case, it is clear that he spent a major part of his life in the West, most likely in Morocco.

If the identification of Ibn Arfa' Ra's with Ibn al-Naqirāt is given up, the period in which he lived becomes very uncertain. Since Ibn al-Abbar knew of his works in the middle of the thirteenth century and some of the earliest commentaries on his work date from that period, Ibn Arfa' Ra's must have lived before Шаблон:Circa, but a Шаблон:Lang is much harder to establish. The fact that Ibn Arfa' Ra's cites al-Mas'udi (died 957) may provide the earliest date for which there is hard evidence, although the lack of any mention of him by the alchemist poet al-Tughra'i (died 1121) makes it most likely that Ibn Arfa' Ra's lived in the twelfth century.

Works

Файл:Ibn arfa ras manuscript.JPG

First page of a manuscript of the Шаблон:Transliteration

Шаблон:Transliteration

Ibn Arfa' Ra's's most enduring work is a [[Diwan (poetry)|Шаблон:Transliteration]] of alchemical poems called the Шаблон:Transliteration ('Shards of Gold').Шаблон:Efn These poems, which all together comprise about 1400 lines, are arranged by the letter they use to rhyme, thus covering the entire Arabic alphabet. A large number of commentaries on the work were written by other Islamo-Arabic alchemists, among them commentaries by al-Irbilī (died 1257) and al-Sīmāwī (Шаблон:Fl.), as well as five commentaries by al-Jildakī (written Шаблон:Circa) alone.

The Шаблон:Transliteration ranks among the first works to feature exegesis of the Quran ([[Tafsir|Шаблон:Transliteration]]) in an alchemical context.

Other works

Ibn Arfa' Ra's wrote a commentary on his own alchemical Шаблон:Transliteration, called the Шаблон:Transliteration ('Solution to the Problems of the Шаблон:Transliteration').Шаблон:Efn

There are also some alchemical poems by Ibn Arfa' Ra's which are written in [[Muwashshah|Шаблон:Transliteration]], a genre of Arabic poetry that uses strophic verse. These were not included in the Шаблон:Transliteration because poems of the Шаблон:Transliteration genre are usually excluded from [[Diwan (poetry)|Шаблон:Transliteration]] collections.

A number of short prose works have been attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, but these have not yet been investigated:

• Шаблон:Transliteration
• Шаблон:Transliteration
• Шаблон:Transliteration

A work on magic called Шаблон:Transliteration ('Spiritual Medicine through the Merciful Quran') has been attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, but this attribution is clearly spurious since the work heavily borrows from thirteenth–fourteenth century works on magic like those written by pseudo-al-Būnī and Ibn Sabʿīn. The case of Шаблон:Transliteration, another work on letter magic attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, is less certain, but the fact that its author holds magic in higher regard than alchemy suggests that it was not written by a devoted alchemist like Ibn Arfa' Ra's.

There is also a commentary on Ibn al-Fāriḍ's (1181–1235) wine poem which may have been authored by Ibn Arfa' Ra's, although this would necessitate placing Ibn Arfa' Ra's's lifetime in the thirteenth century rather than the twelfth, which is not very likely.

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Шаблон:Cite book (non-critical edition of the Шаблон:Transliteration)
• Шаблон:Cite book (critical edition of the Шаблон:Transliteration)

Шаблон:Harvnb and Шаблон:Harvnb reported that Svetlana Dolgusheva is working on a critical edition, German translation, and commentary of the Шаблон:Transliteration.

Secondary sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal

External links

• Zwischen Religion und Alchemie: Der Gelehrte Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs (gest. 593/1197) als Modell für eine integrative arabische Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte (research project at the University of Tübingen on Ibn Arfa' Ra's)