Английская Википедия:Ibn Shirzad

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox officeholder Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn Zakariyya ibn Shirzad (died after 946),Шаблон:Sfn commonly known as Ibn Shirzad (Шаблон:Lang-ar), was an official of the Abbasid Caliphate, serving various warlords during the Caliphate's dissolution in the 940s, and himself briefly ascending to the supreme office of Шаблон:Transl in 945.

Life

Early career

Ibn Shirzad's early life and career is virtually unknown.Шаблон:Sfn He entered service as a scribe at a young age through his father, who was in charge of the fiscal bureau overseeing the former estates of Gharib al-Khal.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn Shirzad's brother, Abu'l-Husayn Zakariyya, was employed by their father as his deputy, but Ibn Shirzad preferred to make his own mark, and joined the bureau administering the private estates of the caliph (Шаблон:Transl), where he was taught the scribal trade.Шаблон:Sfn

He is first mentioned by the 10th-century historian Miskawayh in 927, as secretary and supervisor of affairs for Gharib's son, Harun, a companion of the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn At that time, Ibn Shirzad's brother, Abu'l-Hasan Zakariyya, was a secretary to an aunt of the caliph.Шаблон:Sfn Harun lodged a complaint against Ibn Shirzad, aiming to have him thrown in prison and his wealth confiscated; but the examination of the case by the vizier, Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah, brought about not only Ibn Shirzad's acquittal, but also his entry into government service as Ibn al-Jarrah's secretary.Шаблон:Sfn

In this role, he quickly gathered an enormous fortune. As a result, the vizier Muhammad ibn al-Qasim imprisoned him in order to extort his wealth. After promising to pay 20,000 gold dinars to the treasury, Ibn Shirzad was released with the aid of Abu Ya'qub Ishaq ibn Isma'il.Шаблон:Sfn

In 933/4 Ibn Shirzad was in charge of the fiscal department responsible for paying the Turkish troops of Baghdad.Шаблон:Sfn When Caliph al-Radi (Шаблон:Reign) came to the throne, Harun ibn Gharib eyed the post of Шаблон:Transl (commander-in-chief) of the Abbasid army. Al-Radi sent Ibn Shirzad to Harun many times, hoping to dissuade him from this course, until Harun was killed.Шаблон:Sfn In 935, Ibn Shirzad became head of the bureau of alms (Шаблон:Transl) after the death of the previous incumbent.Шаблон:Sfn When Ibn Ra'iq became Шаблон:Transl and de facto ruler of Baghdad in 936, he sent Ibn Shirzad as envoy to the Baridis, a clan that ruled Basra and Ahwaz. Similar missions followed in 938 and in 939.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Iraq Ninth Century.png

Map of Iraq in the 9th–10th centuries

In June 937, Ibn Shirzad was imprisoned at the orders of Abu Abdallah al-Kufi, the secretary of the commander Bajkam, and not let free before he paid a ransom of 90,000 gold dinars.Шаблон:Sfn In 939, Ibn Shirzad mediated the appointment of the head of the Baridi clan, Abu Abdallah al-Baridi, as vizier under Bajkam as Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn Later in the same year, he served as a peace envoy between the deposed Шаблон:Transl, Ibn Ra'iq, and Bajkam.Шаблон:Sfn Bajkam appointed Ibn Shirzad as his own secretary, but he remained in office for about a year before he was arrested. Medieval historians report that his downfall was caused by his persistent attempts to secure a political marriage between Bajkam and a daughter of Abu Abdallah al-Baridi, but it is also likely that his considerable fortune played a role: before he was released, he was forced to pay no less than 150,000 dinars to Bajkam.Шаблон:Sfn

In October/November 940, Abu Abdallah al-Kufi confiscated Ibn Shirzad's properties in the name of Bajkam. However, it appears that there was some understanding, or even friendship, between the two men, for Abu Abdallah al-Kufi restored the deeds to these lands to Ibn Shirzad after Bajkam's death.Шаблон:Sfn When Bajkam sent men to kill Ibn Shirzad, the latter disguised himself as a woman and sought sanctuary in the household of caliph al-Muqtadir's aunt, where he remained until Bajkam's assassination in April 941.Шаблон:Sfn He then entered the service of the Baridis, but fled to Wasit when Yusuf ibn Wajih, the ruler of Oman laid siege to Basra in 943.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Service with Tuzun and rule as Шаблон:Transl

At Wasit, in June 943, Ibn Shirzad joined with the warlord Tuzun, who then held the position of Шаблон:Transl, and became his Шаблон:Transl (chief secretary).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Baghdad, this appointment aroused suspicion: the governor of Baghdad, Muhammad al-Tarjuman, and the vizier, Abu'l-Hasan ibn Muqla, portrayed it as part of a plot with the Baridis, directed against Caliph al-Muttaqi.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn Shirzad's own behaviour did little to dispel these fears: sent ahead of Tuzun's army to take over Baghdad in his name, he governed with scant regard for the caliph.Шаблон:Sfn This led al-Muttaqi to seek the assistance of the Hamdanid emir of Mosul, [[Nasir al-Dawla: troops under Nasir al-Dawla's cousin arrived in Bagdad and escorted the caliph north, while Ibn Shirzad once again went into hiding.Шаблон:Sfn Following the departure of the Hamdanid troops, he re-emerged and began a regime that was portrayed by medieval chroniclers as one of despotism, corruption, famine and financial mismanagement, so that a gold dinar was worth as much as a silver dirham used to.Шаблон:Sfn In the meantime, al-Muttaqi went to Raqqa, seeking the protection, first of the Hamdanids of Mosul, and then of the ruler of Egypt, al-Ikhshid.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Ikhshid entreated the caliph to follow him to Egypt, but the latter refused, swayed by the solemn oaths sworn by Tuzun and Ibn Shirzad that he would not be harmed. In the event, when al-Muttaqi was blinded and replaced by al-Mustakfi.Шаблон:Sfn

Ibn Shirzad held his position until Tuzun's death in August 945, when he succeeded him as Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn Shirzad accepted the post only reluctantly; as a bureaucrat, he lacked Tuzun's authority with both the Turkish troops, as well as the caliph.Шаблон:Sfn He at first tried to have the Hamdanid, Nasir al-Dawla, who had previously held the office, reappointed, but failed as the troops insisted that Ibn Shirzad become Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn In addition, his financial policies were unsuccessful; while forcing the tax farmers to write off debts, he presided over a rise in prices and devaluation of money.Шаблон:Sfn His position deteriorated quickly: the governor he appointed over Jibal was ousted by the Samanids, his governor of Tikrit defected to Nasir al-Dawla, and finally the governor of Wasit defected to the advancing Buyid warlord, Mu'izz al-Dawla.Шаблон:Sfn Consequently Baghdad fell with little opposition: the Turks abandoned the city and went north to join Nasir al-Dawla, while Ibn Shirzad and the caliph went into hiding.Шаблон:Sfn Re-emerging from hiding, al-Mustakfi appointed Mu'izz al-Dawla as Шаблон:Transl on 21 December 945.Шаблон:Sfn

Under the Buyids and Hamdanids

Ibn Shirzad immediately entered into Buyid service as Шаблон:Transl of the new Шаблон:Transl, now elevated de facto to a position similar to vizier.Шаблон:Sfn Following the deposition of al-Mustakfi, and the accession of Caliph al-Muti, Ibn Shirzad appears to have functioned in tandem as Шаблон:Transl of the caliph as well.Шаблон:Sfn

He remained in office until 16 March 946, when he defected to the Buyid's rival, the Hamdanid warlord Nasir al-Dawla.Шаблон:Sfn During the subsequent Hamdanid occupation of Baghdad,Шаблон:Sfn he was appointed governor of the city, but fell under suspicion of conspiring with the Turkish troops and blinded by Nasir al-Dawla soon after.Шаблон:Sfn

Sources

• Шаблон:Encyclopaedia Islamica
• Шаблон:The Life and Times of Ali ibn Isa
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book