Шаблон:Nihongo are historic Japanese distance markers akin to milestones. Comprising a pair of earthen mounds (tsukaorzuka) covered in trees and flanking the road, they denoted the distance in ri (Шаблон:Convert) to Nihonbashi, the "Bridge of Japan", erected in Edo in 1603.[3]Ichirizuka were encountered and described by Engelbert Kaempfer, c.1690: "serving as a milestone are two hills, facing each other, which are raised up on both sides of the road, and planted with one or more trees."[4][note 1]
The Tokugawa shogunate established ichirizuka on the major roads in 1604, enabling calculation both of distance travelled and of the charge for transportation by kago or palanquin.[5] These mounds, to be maintained by "post stations and local villages", were one component of the developing road infrastructure, which also included bridges and ferries; post stations (both shukuba, and the more informal ai no shuku); and tea-houses (chaya).[6] However, the main aim was "official mobility, not recreational travelling": the movement of farmers and women was discouraged, and a system of passports and Шаблон:Nihongo maintained.[6] By marking the distance from Edo rather than Kyoto,
establishing a symbolic point of origin for all movements, the Tokugawa made of mile markers what they would later make of checkpoints: powerful reminders of the government's geopolitical ubiquity and efficacious tools in its appropriation of space.[3]
Ichirizuka were important enough to be found on the well-known "Proportional Map of the Tokaido" by printmaker Hishikawa Moronobu (d. 1694).[7] A traditional poem allegorically compares the ichirizuka that mark distance to the Kadomatsu marking the years of a person's life.[8]
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![[1]](http://www.HiroshigeII.net/images/TokaidoEki/46L.jpg){kind=link}