Английская Википедия:Iemoto
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title
Шаблон:Nihongo3 is a Japanese term used to refer to the founder or current Grand Master of a certain school of traditional Japanese art. It is used synonymously with the term Шаблон:Nihongo when it refers to the family or house that the iemoto is head of and represents.
The word Шаблон:Transliteration is also used to describe a system of familial generations in traditional Japanese arts such as tea ceremony (including Шаблон:Transliteration), Шаблон:Transliteration, Noh, calligraphy, traditional Japanese dance, traditional Japanese music, the Japanese art of incense appreciation (Шаблон:Transliteration), and Japanese martial arts. Шаблон:Transliteration and Go once used the Шаблон:Transliteration system as well. The Шаблон:Transliteration system is characterized by a hierarchical structure and the supreme authority of the Шаблон:Transliteration, who has inherited the secret traditions of the school from the previous Шаблон:Transliteration.
Titles
An Шаблон:Transliteration may be addressed by the title Шаблон:Transliteration or Шаблон:Transliteration, or by the title Шаблон:Nihongo or Шаблон:Nihongo. In English, Шаблон:Transliteration is often translated as "Grand Master". The Шаблон:Transliteration's main roles are to lead the school and protect its traditions, to be the final authority on matters concerning the school, to issue or approve licenses and certificates and, in some cases, to instruct the most advanced practitioners.
The title of Шаблон:Transliteration in most cases is hereditary. It is commonly transmitted by direct line, or by adoption. Once the "successor-to-be" is officially recognized, that successor-to-be may appropriate the title of Шаблон:Nihongo3. By tradition, the title of Шаблон:Transliteration is also passed down along with a hereditary name. In the Urasenke tradition of tea ceremony, for example, the Шаблон:Transliteration carries the name "Sōshitsu". There can only be one Шаблон:Transliteration at the head of one school at a time, which sometimes leads to the creation of new "houses" or "lines" by those wishing to be Шаблон:Transliteration themselves.
Structure
Officially recognized teachers of the traditional arts that hold the position of Шаблон:Transliteration obtain a license to teach from the former Шаблон:Transliteration, signifying the Шаблон:Transliteration's trust that the so-licensed person is capable and qualified to faithfully pass on the school's teachings. Students must also acquire licenses or certificates at various stages in their study. Depending on the school, such certificates either give the student permission to study at a particular level or affirm that the student has achieved a given level of mastery. Recipients must pay for these certificates which, at the highest level, may cost several million yen. It is also the Шаблон:Transliteration who authorises, selects and bestows ceremonial names for advanced practitioners.
History
As far back as the Heian period (794–1185), there were Шаблон:Transliteration-like family lines that were responsible for passing down the secret traditions and orthodox teachings of their particular school of art, but the first appearance of the word Шаблон:Transliteration in extant records dates to the end of the 17th century, where it is used in reference to families entitled to have their sons become priests at great temples. Its use in the sense that it is used today, in the realm of traditional Japanese arts, starts to appear in documents in the middle of the 18th century.[1]
The system of Шаблон:Transliteration is a manifestation of the Шаблон:Nihongo or "household" and Шаблон:Nihongo or "extended kin" pattern of relationships in Japanese society.[2] The concept of the Шаблон:Nihongo was developed further by the historian Matsunosuke Nishiyama in the post-war period to describe the social structures associated with exclusive family control and networks of instructors, a characteristic of the feudal era whose influence on traditional arts is still felt today.
Famous families and schools
Go
Шаблон:Main There were originally four main schools of Go players: Hon'inbō, Hayashi, Inoue and Yasui, alongside three minor schools: Sakaguchi, Hattori and Mizutani.
Early in the 17th century, the then best player in Japan, Hon'inbō Sansa, was made head of a newly founded Go academy (the Шаблон:Nihongo, which developed the level of playing greatly, and introduced the martial arts style system of ranking players. The government discontinued its support for the Go academies in 1868 as a result of the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate.
In honour of the Hon'inbō school, whose players consistently dominated the other schools during their history, one of the most prestigious Japanese Go championships is called the "Honinbo" tournament.
Шаблон:Transliteration
The three main schools of Japanese flower arrangement, or Шаблон:Transliteration, are Ikenobō, Ohara, and Sōgetsu.
According to the organization Шаблон:Transliteration Network,[3] there currently are 138 registered schools of small and large size (Шаблон:As of).
Traditional Japanese dance
There are about 200 schools of traditional Japanese dance. The five most famous are the Hanayagi-ryū, Fujima-ryū, Wakayagi-ryū, Nishikawa-ryū, and Bandō-ryū.
Incense appreciation
The two main schools of Шаблон:Nihongo are the Shino-ryū and the Nijō-ryū.
Tea
Criticism and opposition
The Шаблон:Transliteration system has been described as rigid, expensive, nepotistic, authoritarian and undemocratic. Some groups have chosen to reject the Шаблон:Transliteration system. In the realm of the Japanese tea ceremony, Sensho Tanaka created the Шаблон:Nihongo in 1898 to systematize teaching Шаблон:Transliteration in a more democratic way outside the rigidity of the Шаблон:Transliteration system.[4] Hiroaki Kikuoka, a Шаблон:Transliteration player, created a presidential system for his group.[5] Шаблон:Transliteration player Michiyo Yagi has rejected both the Шаблон:Transliteration system and the traditional style of her instrument, choosing to strike chords.[6]
See also
References
External links
- Ohara Шаблон:Transliteration school official site (Wayback Machine copy)
- Sōgetsu Шаблон:Transliteration school official site (Wayback Machine copy)
- Wakayagi-ryū Japanese classical dance Шаблон:Transliteration's official site
- Шаблон:Transliteration: the heart of Japan
Шаблон:Go (game) Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ "Iemoto" entry by Francis L. K. Hsu in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ A Summary of the Dai Nihon Chado Gakkai Шаблон:Webarchive Dai Nihon Chado Gakkai official web site (English)
- ↑ Janet Pocorobba, "Hiroaki Kikuoka", Metropolis
- ↑ Japanese Classical Music, NPR, August 24, 2003
