Английская Википедия:Ignatius Ni'matallah

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox patriarch Ignatius Niʿmatallah (Шаблон:Lang-ar,^[1] Шаблон:Lang-la,Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Lang-syr)^[1]Шаблон:Refn was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1557 until his resignation in 1576.

Biography

Early life

Niʿmatallah was born at Mardin in Шаблон:Circa, and was the son of Maqdisi John and Hissin.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp He had brothers named David Shah,Шаблон:Refn Thomas, Mina, and Constantine.Шаблон:Sfnp His father John was the son of Muglah and Nūr al-Dīn, brother of Patriarch Ignatius John XIV (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfnp Through Nūr al-Dīn, Niʿmatallah was the great-grandson of Šay Allāh, son of Sa‘d al-Dīn; his paternal ancestors had moved from Bartella, near Mosul, to Mardin in the mid-14th century, and were descended from the priest Abū al-Karam, who lived in the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries.Шаблон:Sfnp At Mardin,Шаблон:Sfnp Niʿmatallah was educated in theology, history, logic, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, and geodesy, and he also studied painting and Syriac literature.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

He became a monk at the nearby monastery of Saint Ananias in 1535, and was ordained as a priest.Шаблон:Sfnp At this time, Niʿmatallah collaborated with Abdisho, Chaldean bishop of Gazarta, on the latter's copy of Bar Hebraeus' Metrical Grammar, completed 18 August 1552.Шаблон:Sfnp He was later appointed as maphrian of the East in 1555,Шаблон:Sfnp upon which he assumed the name Basil.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1557, after the death of Patriarch Ignatius Abdullah I, Niʿmatallah was elected as his successor, probably at a synod held at the monastery of Saint Ananias.Шаблон:Sfnp He was thus consecrated as patriarch of Antioch, upon which he assumed the name Ignatius and made his residence at Amida (modern Diyarbakır), but also administered the dioceses of Edessa and Damascus.Шаблон:Sfnp Niʿmatallah's brother Thomas, who had ascended as bishop of Mardin with the name Timothy in 1556, would go on to fulfil the role of his deputy.Шаблон:Sfnp

Patriarch of Antioch

As patriarch, Niʿmatallah actively pursued communion with the Roman Catholic Church, as first shown by the dispatch of the bishop John Cassa Qasha and monk Abdel to Rome in 1560 or 1561–1562 with a letter expressing his desire to establish communion between the two churches.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp This was met with success in that the embassy returned to Niʿmatallah with letters that welcomed him and the church into communion with the Roman Catholic Church.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1562, Niʿmatallah underwent a pilgrimage to Jerusalem with his brother Thomas, and whilst en route they visited the monastery of Saint Moses the Abyssinian near Al-Nabek in Syria.Шаблон:Sfnp

Niʿmatallah maintained contact with the papacy in subsequent years and sent messengers to Pope Pius IV in 1562–1565, but this was met by demands for the patriarch to make an explicit declaration of faith.Шаблон:Sfnp Further efforts at strengthening the union between the patriarch and pope was frayed by issues in communication as four messengers sent by Niʿmatallah to Rome failed to reach their destination.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Refn In a letter dated 28 February 1565, Pope Pius IV informed Niʿmatallah of the decrees of the Council of Trent and also of the appointment of Giovanni Battista Abissino as bishop of the Ethiopians in Cyprus, who was to act as intermediary between Rome and the eastern churches.Шаблон:Sfnp He enjoyed greater success in internal affairs, as he restored unity within the church amidst the ongoing schism between the rival patriarchates of Antioch and Tur Abdin in 1572 after he had brought the latter under his authority.Шаблон:Sfnp Niʿmatallah served as patriarch of Antioch until 1576, in which year he abdicated or was forced to abdicate under controversial circumstances.Шаблон:Sfnp Whilst in office, he consecrated nineteen bishops.Шаблон:Sfnp

On the one hand, it is argued that Niʿmatallah was forced to resign as patriarch and convert to Islam on threat of death by the Ottoman authorities as a consequence of his contacts with the Roman Catholic Church.Шаблон:Sfnp Whereas others assert that, whilst at Amida, Niʿmatallah had gained the favour of the city's governor, and was appointed as his private physician, ostensibly on account of his expertise in Islamic medicine.Шаблон:Sfnp This earned him the enmity of local Muslims, who resented a Christian holding such a position of power at the governor's court,Шаблон:Sfnp and a number of Muslim notables wished to have the patriarch executed.Шаблон:Sfnp As a result, on 10 March 1576,Шаблон:Sfnp the governor placed his own turban atop Niʿmatallah's head, and announced that this act signified his conversion to Islam, to the delight of his Muslim courtiers.Шаблон:Sfnp

In order to save himself from the Muslims' wrath, Niʿmatallah opted not to deny the governor's announcement of his conversion,Шаблон:Sfnp but in doing so traded enemies as he then became the object of his former co-religionists' fury.Шаблон:Sfnp Fearing for his life, Niʿmatallah abdicated on 28 March 1576,Шаблон:Sfnp arranged for his brother David to succeed him as patriarch, and fled in secret with a large collection of Arabic manuscripts in his possession to a monastery near Sivas.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Niʿmatallah thus entered into exile with his companions,Шаблон:Refn fleeing to Venice, likely via Cyprus or Rhodes, during which he noted in an elementary mathematical text:Шаблон:Sfnp^[2] Шаблон:Quote

Exile to Italy

Niʿmatallah's arrival at Venice is placed in October or November 1576.Шаблон:Sfnp Here, Niʿmatallah, with no knowledge of Italian or Latin, made the acquaintance of Paolo Orsini, a former Turkish soldier and convert to Christianity, who then acted as his interpreter.Шаблон:Sfnp As attested in Niʿmatallah's letter to his former co-religionists (MS Orientali 458), he and his party were joined by a former Syriac Orthodox clergyman named Moses, identified as Moses of Mardin, who had been excommunicated and fled from Egypt to Venice, but was acquitted by the former patriarch.Шаблон:Sfnp They were forced to remain at Venice for eleven months due to plague until their eventual departure on 3 December 1577, prior to which Niʿmatallah received a letter of recommendation from Giovanni Grimani, patriarch of Aquileia, dated 7 November 1577, addressed to Cardinal Gugliemo Sirleto.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp The letter, in which he was praised for his piety and wisdom, has been interpreted to suggest Niʿmatallah had fled to the west with no documents nor letters of recommendation from European consuls in the east.Шаблон:Sfnp

Their journey to Rome by way of Florence lasted nineteen days.Шаблон:Refn Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Niʿmatallah's group also consisted of three deacons, including ‘Abdannur and the son of the brother of deacon Barsauma, and ‘Abd Alih son of Amir Aziz, whilst two companions, namely a certain Kaspar and Ne‘me remained at Venice, to sell their possessions and train as an apprentice craftsman, respectively.Шаблон:Sfnp Issues arose amongst the group as ‘Abd Alih was caught stealing repeatedly, for which he was cast out and eventually executed at Rome for the murder of a Persian merchant, and similarly Moses was dismissed for his 'wickedness', to which he responded by slandering the group.Шаблон:Sfnp

Soon after his arrival in Rome, Niʿmatallah seems to have met with Leonard Abel, whose work on the theological and ritual differences between the Syriac Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, named Opiniones et Articuli aliquot, quos revelavit R.mus Neemet Alla Jacobinor(um) Patriarcha, in quibus natio illa in p(raesentiar(um) versatur, was likely produced at this time.Шаблон:Sfnp Niʿmatallah also caught the attention of Cardinal Giulio Antonio Santorio, and he attended an audience with Santorio on 20 January 1578.Шаблон:Sfnp Niʿmatallah was interviewed about his intentions in Rome by Santorio with three other experts, including Leonard Abel, who subsequently entered into the former patriarch's service as his procurator.Шаблон:Sfnp As protector of the College of the Neophytes, Santorio was concerned with the relationship between the papacy and the eastern churches, and after having deemed Niʿmatallah suitable, arranged financial support and lodgings for him.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp With Santorio's support, Niʿmatallah was received by Pope Gregory XIII on 30 January.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

Eastern missions

Gregory was initially reluctant to deal with Niʿmatallah as he preferred to continue negotiations on the establishment of a union between the Roman Catholic Church and the Syriac Orthodox Church with the latter's incumbent patriarch, Ignatius David II Shah, Niʿmatallah's brother and successor, with whom he had had some success in his correspondence.Шаблон:Sfnp

Amidst Yeshaq's rebellion against the Ethiopian Emperor Sarsa Dengel, Niʿmatallah wrote to both rebel and emperor in an effort to achieve peace between the two and also to induce their submission to the Roman Catholic Church.Шаблон:Sfnp In his letter to Sarsa Dengel, he mentioned that he had sent letters twice beforehand and also noted his unsuccessful attempt to arrange a meeting with Coptic Pope John XIV of Alexandria at Jerusalem in early 1575 to discuss the issue, but this had been prevented from taking place by 'men of the Devil'.Шаблон:Sfnp Ultimately, nothing came of Niʿmatallah's efforts as Yeshaq was defeated and killed on 21 December 1578, and Sarsa Dengel showed little interest in conversion to Catholicism.Шаблон:Sfnp

Niʿmatallah's presence in Rome encouraged Santorio to propose a mission to the eastern churches to the pope in April 1581,Шаблон:Sfnp and Niʿmatallah also proposed the despatch of a bishop to Syria during an audience with Pope Gregory in May 1582.Шаблон:Sfnp Leonard Abel was thus appointed titular bishop of Sidon on 19 August 1582 and nuncio in Syriae, Mesopotamiae, Assiriae, et Aegypti ac aliis Orientibus regionibus on 30 October 1582.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Abel left for the east on 12 March 1583 and arrived at Aleppo by July,Шаблон:Sfnp accompanied by the Jesuits Leonardo de Sant Angelo, Ignatius de las Casas, and Juan Francisco Lanci.Шаблон:Sfnp

Confident in the success of the mission, a pallium was brought to be conferred on Ignatius David II Shah upon confirmation of union, however, the patriarch refused to meet with Abel as the monks of the monastery at which he resided, near Amida, opposed the meeting.Шаблон:Sfnp Eventually, Abel met with a patriarchal delegate at the monastery of Mar 'Abiahi near Gargar, and Niʿmatallah's letter and several documents on the subject of the Council of Chalcedon were conveyed to the delegate.Шаблон:Sfnp Negotiations went poorly as the delegate responded with outrage to the Catholic condemnation of Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, the suggestion of the adoption of the Gregorian calendar was rejected, and the meeting was ended prematurely after rumours spread that Abel had brought weapons and funds to start an insurrection.Шаблон:Sfnp

Concurrent with the Jesuit Giovanni Battista Eliano's mission to the Coptic church, which had left for Egypt in September 1582, Niʿmatallah was granted authority to organise a mission of his own to Pope John XIV of Alexandria to negotiate union, and thus the Ethiopian priest Giovanni Maria Abissino, also known as Kefla Maryam, and the Florentine merchant Giovanni Battista Vecchietti were sent to Alexandria with Giovanni Battista Britti and arrived in July 1584.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp

Calendar reform

As a renowned scholar and theologian, Niʿmatallah was recruited by Pope Gregory XIII to join the papal commission on calendar reform, and he began work on 17 July 1579; his participation in the commission is also interpreted to reflect his perceived future usefulness in the promulgation of the new calendar amongst the eastern churches.Шаблон:Sfnp The commission, formed with the purpose of the correction of the Julian calendar so to fulfil the demand for reform as implied by the last session of the Council of Trent on 4 December 1563, had operated since 1575 or as early as 1572, and had issued its proposals in the Compendium novae rationis restituendi Kalendarium (Compendium of a New Way of Restoring the Calendar) in 1577.Шаблон:Sfnp

Niʿmatallah worked on his treatise in response to the commission's compendium, which was eventually completed at some point between the end of 1579 and the beginning of 1580.Шаблон:Sfnp A Latin translation was prepared by Leonard Abel with a preface dedicated to Pope Gregory XIII, dated 12 March 1580.Шаблон:Sfnp Niʿmatallah signed the commission's final report alongside his colleagues on 14 September 1580 in Syriac and Arabic with a Latin translation of his signature provided by Leonard Abel.Шаблон:Sfnp The Gregorian calendar was decreed in the papal bull Inter gravissimas on 24 February 1582.Шаблон:Sfnp

Medici Press

In 1578,Шаблон:Sfnp an agreement was struck between Cardinal Ferdinando de Medici and Niʿmatallah whereby the former patriarch exchanged his collection of manuscripts for a monthly stipend of twenty-five scudi and free access to the collection for the rest of his life.Шаблон:Sfnp The historian George Saliba suggests that Niʿmatallah had encountered Medici during his journey from Venice to Rome or more likely at his destination,Шаблон:Sfnp whereas the historians Pier Giorgio Borbone and Margherita Farina have noted there is no evidence of such a meeting and argue it is unlikely the former patriarch and cardinal met in person.Шаблон:Sfnp

Medici, following his appointment as Cardinal Protector of Antioch, Alexandria, and Ethiopia by Pope Gregory XIII in 1584, committed himself to the global expansion of Catholicism, and in doing so provided the funds for the Medici Oriental Press, founded at Rome on 6 March 1584 with the pope's support.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp In its foundation act, signed by Medici on 1 May 1584, it is attested that Giovanni Battista Raimondi had proposed the creation of a new printing press after consulting Niʿmatallah.Шаблон:Sfnp The Medici Press was founded with the intention of printing biblical texts in Arabic and other languages for the purpose of the promotion of Catholicism amongst Muslims and eastern Christians.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp Raimondi held the position of director and curator of the new printing press from its foundation to his death in 1614.Шаблон:Sfnp

Later life and death

Niʿmatallah corresponded with the French scholar Joseph Justus Scaliger in two long letters, which served as Scaliger's source of information on the Chinese zodiac and the Syrian calendar, amongst other subjects.Шаблон:Sfnp In De emendatione temporum, Scaliger noted his appreciation for his correspondence with Niʿmatallah in several instances,Шаблон:Sfnp and quoted from his letter.Шаблон:Sfnp Scaliger also received a Syriac Apocalypse (MS Heb. Scaligeri 18 at Leiden in the Netherlands), transcribed by Gasparo Indiano, from Niʿmatallah.Шаблон:Sfnp He met with Michel de Montaigne on 13 March 1581, and gave him a medical remedy.Шаблон:Sfnp

Niʿmatallah is last mentioned in Santorio's diaries in February 1586,Шаблон:Sfnp and he died on 29 May 1587 at Bracciano, as indicated in a manuscript by Giovanni Battista Raimondi.Шаблон:Sfnp Niʿmatallah's death is placed in 1590 by eastern sources.Шаблон:Sfnp

Works

Miscellanea

At Rome, he prepared a text on the ceremonies and rituals of the Syriac Orthodox Church, in which he translated the Liturgy of Saint James into Arabic and compiled a list of the church's anaphoras, which was then translated by Paolo Orsini (Шаблон:Lang-la) into Latin in collaboration with Antony Trancosa, who provided theological and liturgical support, dated 13 December 1578.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp The manuscript, named Caeremoniae communes ad omnes missas quibus Chaldaei utunturet missa S.Iacobi fratris domini et primi episc. Ierosolymitani, ex lingua chaldea in arabicam per R. Dom. Ignatium patriarcham Antiochenum, nominee quondam fratrem Naaman ord. S. Antonii et civem Mardinensem, et inde in Latinam conversae per doctorem Antonium Trancosam theologum Ill.mi et R.mi D Card. D. Iacobi Boncompagni, interprete Paulo Ursino, iussu Ill.mi et R.mi D. Card. S. Severinae, was written with the intention of polemical use against Protestants, and is now kept in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Rome.Шаблон:Sfnp

In 1577–1578, he prepared a report on the Chaldean Catholic Church, in which he claimed to have received his information first-hand from Abdisho of Gazarta himself at the time that the latter had sought refuge with him, and that he had been asked to act as a mediator between the Chaldeans and Nestorians.Шаблон:Sfnp

Niʿmatallah made a painting of the Virgin Mary, which he engifted with a small piece of the True Cross to the Syriac Orthodox Church, both of which are still kept at the Church of Saint Mary at Diyarbakır.Шаблон:Sfnp

Calendar reform

Niʿmatallah's treatise in response to the Compendium novae rationis restituendi Kalendarium of 1577 was written in Garshuni in a small book (210x150mm, 55 folios) and consisted of twenty-two sections in which he extolled his criticism of the proposed reforms, followed by calendric tables and a perpetual calendar (MS Orientali 301).Шаблон:Sfnp He worked on the treatise from 17 July 1579 until some point between the end of the year and the beginning of 1580,Шаблон:Sfnp and now forms part of the collection of the Laurentian Library at Florence.Шаблон:Sfnp Leonard Abel's Latin translation, dated 12 March 1580, is kept in the Vatican Archives (MS Fondo Bolognetti 315).Шаблон:Sfnp In his criticism, he reportedly added Bar Hebraeus as an ecclesiastical authority in addition to earlier authorities, namely the Didascalia Apostolorum, Eusebius of Caesarea, and Gregory of Nyssa.Шаблон:Sfnp

Niʿmatallah wrote a letter addressed to the Syriac Orthodox Church entitled On the investigation of the chronōn kanōn or the 532-year cycle, in which he detailed his belief in the necessity of calendar reform and stressed the role he had played in achieving the completion of the Gregorian calendar.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp His argument for the method by which the date of Easter should be calculated made use of citations of the First Council of Nicaea, Eusebius of Caesarea, and Bar Hebraeus' Ascent of the Mind.Шаблон:Sfnp Whilst the piece's author is not provided in the manuscript, it was attributed to Niʿmatallah by the historian Aphrem Barsoum, who possessed a copy of the letter;Шаблон:Sfnp additional copies are also appended to the manuscripts Yale Syriac 7 and Berlin Sachau 81.Шаблон:Sfnp

Collection

Niʿmatallah's collection consisted of over one hundred manuscripts, and was acquired by Ferdinando de Medici in 1586.Шаблон:Sfnp A catalogue was compiled by Marco Dobelo in c. 1610, a copy of which came into the possession of the English astronomer John Bainbridge by December 1632.Шаблон:Sfnp It contained a compendium of Apollonius' Conics in Arabic by Al-Isfahani that included books V–VII that had been lost in the original Greek.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sfnp He also possessed a copy of a 13th-century Persian Diatessaron, dated 21 November 1547 (MS Or. 81).Шаблон:Sfnp A copy of the first part of the Ecclesiastical History of Bar Hebraeus (MS Or. 366) formed part of the collection and is noted in the list of Niʿmatallah's books (MS Cl. III 102).Шаблон:Sfnp

Episcopal succession

As patriarch, Niʿmatallah ordained the following bishops:

Iyawannis, bishop of the monastery of Saint Malke (1560)Шаблон:Sfnp
Ghazal, archbishop of Siirt (1570)Шаблон:Sfnp

References

Notes Шаблон:Reflist Citations Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:Succession box

Шаблон:Succession box Шаблон:S-end Шаблон:Maphrians and Metropolitans of the East Шаблон:Patriarchs of the Syriac Orthodox Church Шаблон:Authority control

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web

[Syriaca-1] 1,0 ^1,1 Шаблон:Cite web

[2] Шаблон:Cite web

[1]

[2]

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты	Обмен криптовалют - www.bestchange.ru Криптовалютная биржа CoinEx Криптовалютная биржа Binance HIVE OS - операционная система для майнинга e4pool - Мультивалютный пул для майнинга.
Магазины	AliExpress — глобальная виртуальная (в Интернете) торговая площадка, предоставляющая возможность покупать товары производителей из КНР; computeruniverse.net - Интернет-магазин компьютеров(Промо код 5 Евро на первую покупку:FWWC3ZKQ);
Хостинг	DigitalOcean - американский провайдер облачных инфраструктур, с главным офисом в Нью-Йорке и с центрами обработки данных по всему миру;
Разное	Викиум - Онлайн-тренажер для мозга Like Центр - Центр поддержки и развития предпринимательства. Gamersbay - лучший магазин по бустингу для World of Warcraft. Ноотропы OmniMind N°1 - Усиливает мозговую активность. Повышает мотивацию. Улучшает память. Санкт-Петербургская школа телевидения - это федеральная сеть образовательных центров, которая имеет филиалы в 37 городах России. Lingualeo.com — интерактивный онлайн-сервис для изучения и практики английского языка в увлекательной игровой форме. Junyschool (Джунискул) – международная школа программирования и дизайна для детей и подростков от 5 до 17 лет, где ученики осваивают компьютерную грамотность, развивают алгоритмическое и креативное мышление, изучают основы программирования и компьютерной графики, создают собственные проекты: игры, сайты, программы, приложения, анимации, 3D-модели, монтируют видео. Умназия - Интерактивные онлайн-курсы и тренажеры для развития мышления детей 6-13 лет SkillBox - это один из лидеров российского рынка онлайн-образования. Среди партнеров Skillbox ведущий разработчик сервисного дизайна AIC, медиа-компания Yoola, первое и самое крупное русскоязычное аналитическое агентство Tagline, онлайн-школа дизайна и иллюстрации Bang! Bang! Education, оператор PR-рынка PACO, студия рисования Draw&Go, агентство performance-маркетинга Ingate, scrum-студия Sibirix, имидж-лаборатория Персона. «Нетология» — это университет по подготовке и дополнительному обучению специалистов в области интернет-маркетинга, управления проектами и продуктами, дизайна, Data Science и разработки. В рамках Нетологии студенты получают ценные теоретические знания от лучших экспертов Рунета, выполняют практические задания на отработку полученных навыков, общаются с экспертами и единомышленниками. Познакомиться со всеми продуктами подробнее можно на сайте https://netology.ru, линейка курсов и профессий постоянно обновляется. StudyBay Brazil – это онлайн биржа для португалоговорящих студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт. Автор24 — самая большая в России площадка по написанию учебных работ: контрольные и курсовые работы, дипломы, рефераты, решение задач, отчеты по практике, а так же любой другой вид работы. Сервис сотрудничает с более 70 000 авторов. Более 1 000 000 работ уже выполнено. StudyBay – это онлайн биржа для англоязычных студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт.

Английская Википедия:Ignatius Ni'matallah

Содержание

Biography

Early life

Patriarch of Antioch

Exile to Italy

Eastern missions

Calendar reform

Medici Press

Later life and death

Works

Miscellanea

Calendar reform

Collection

Episcopal succession

References

Bibliography

Навигация

Действия на странице

Действия на странице

Персональные инструменты

Навигация

Поиск

Инструменты