Английская Википедия:Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex
Шаблон:Infobox body of water The Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex (Шаблон:Lang-pt) is a stretch of interconnected coastal estuaries and lagoons that extends southwest from Iguape in the south of São Paulo past Cananéia, São Paulo to Paranaguá, Paraná. It includes the Mar Pequeno in São Paulo, between Ilha Comprida and the mainland, and Paranaguá Bay in Paraná.
Location
The Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex lies between Шаблон:Coord (Barra do Una, SP) and Шаблон:Coord (Morretes, PR) along the southeast São Paulo coast and the north Paraná coast. The complex covers an area of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The region is within the Vale do Ribeira, the poorest part of São Paulo.Шаблон:Sfn The population grew by 27.18% from 1960 to 1980, but fell by 2.17% between 1980 and 1989.Шаблон:Sfn As of 1994 the human population was 153,164 inhabitants.Шаблон:Sfn
Altitudes range from Шаблон:Convert. To the north the complex is bordered by the Juréia Massif and the Serra da Canavieira.Шаблон:Sfn In the south, Paranaguá Bay extends about Шаблон:Convert inland, and has depths up to Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Convert Paranaguá Bay is an estuarine system rather than an estuary, connecting to the sea through three tidal channels and interconnected with the Iguape-Cananéia Bay system to the north.Шаблон:Sfn Tidal amplitude is about Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn
Environment
The system includes many islands, barrier islands and river deltas, and is the most important ecosystem of the south coast of Brazil.Шаблон:Sfn Mean annual temperatures are above Шаблон:Convert. Annual rainfall is over Шаблон:Convert. The greatest rainfall is in the summer, from December to February. Vegetation includes Atlantic Forest and extensive mangroves, as well as beaches and coastal dunes. The hillsides are covered by dense rainforest. The coastal strip has pioneer formations of marine influence on the sand banks, and mangroves of arboreal fluviomarine influence.Шаблон:Sfn
The environment is well preserved and is home to rich and diverse fauna of birds, mammals fish, molluscs and crustaceans. The complex is an important habitat for marine species. Locally endangered species include great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), tufted capuchin (Sapajus apella), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) and South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris).Шаблон:Sfn
Conservation
Since 1980 the IUCN has considered the Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary region to be one of high global importance for nature conservation.Шаблон:Sfn The estuary-lagoon complex, and the Vale do Ribeira as a whole, have a coordinated approach to environmental management, with a number of conservation units of different types. Some are within the Southeast Atlantic Forest World Heritage Site.Шаблон:Sfn The main environmental threats come from inefficient handling of chemical products in the port of Paranaguá, tourism-related real estate speculation in the beach areas, dumping of toxic agricultural waste and heavy metals into the Ribeira de Iguape River, which flows into the estuary, and lack of adequate sewage infrastructure.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The coastal communities are interested in maintaining the environment on which they depend for a living. They have been involved in regional conservation initiatives such as the planning and zoning process for the Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe Environmental Protection Area. Some communities have claimed responsibility for managing natural resources or protected areas.Шаблон:Sfn Implementation in 2002 of the Шаблон:Convert Mandira Extractive Reserve, whose inhabitants are mainly involved in collecting mangrove oysters (Crassostrea brasiliana), was a positive example of sustainable development. With recognition and help in marketing, the people of the reserve became proud of their environmental conservation work and the quality of their products, and are seen as leaders in the region.Шаблон:Sfn
Conservation units covering parts of the complex include the Guará Area of Relevant Ecological Interest, Chaúas Ecological Station, Ilha Comprida Environmental Protection Area, Mandira Extractive Reserve, Taquari Extractive Reserve, Lagamar de Cananéia State Park, Itapanhapima Sustainable Development Reserve, Ilha do Cardoso State Park, Ilha do Tumba Extractive Reserve, Superagui National Park, Ilha do Mel Ecological Station, Ilha do Mel State Park, Guaraqueçaba Ecological Station and Sebuí Private Natural Heritage Reserve.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
Sources
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