Английская Википедия:Ikbal (title)
Шаблон:Short description Ikbal (Шаблон:Lang-ota) was the title given to the imperial consort of the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who came below the rank of kadın.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Etymology
The word Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) is an Arabic word, which means good fortune,[1] or lucky.[2] Historians have translated it either 'fortunate one' or 'favorite'.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Ranks and titles
An Шаблон:Lang was a titled consort, and recognised as such by the sultan.[3] The number of Шаблон:Langs varied. They were ranked as Шаблон:Lang ('senior Шаблон:Lang, senior favourite, senior fortunate one'), Шаблон:Lang ('second Шаблон:Lang, second favourite, second fortunate one'), Шаблон:Lang ('third Шаблон:Lang, third favourite, third fortunate one'), Шаблон:Lang ('fourth Шаблон:Lang, fourth favourite, fourth fortunate one'), and so on,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn according to the order in which they had caught the sultan's eye,Шаблон:Sfn and elevated to that position.Шаблон:Sfn
The Шаблон:Langs usually held the prefix titles of Шаблон:Lang[4] ('honest, virtuous'),[5] and Шаблон:Lang[4] ('the virtuous'),[6] and the suffix titles of Шаблон:Lang,[4][7] Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Sfn[8] and Шаблон:Lang.[9][10]
Status
Eighteenth century
The rank first appeared toward the end of the seventeenth century,Шаблон:Sfn during the reign of Sultan Mustafa II (reigned 1695 — 1703).Шаблон:Sfn Two eighteenth century sultans Mahmud I (reigned 1730 — 1754), and Mustafa III (reigned 1757 — 1773), also had Шаблон:Langs.Шаблон:Sfn
However, in the eighteenth century, the Шаблон:Langs held the title kalfa which means 'assistant master, mistress'.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This suggests that at that time they were eligible for both kinds of high level harem career.Шаблон:Sfn They also appeared in the list of cariyes, which did not include the sultan's Шаблон:Lang, or the Шаблон:Lang, or Шаблон:Lang, emphasizes their identity as part of the household rather than family in the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century the term Шаблон:Lang appears to have been used exclusively for members of the household staff.Шаблон:Sfn
In the eighteenth century, the Шаблон:Langs had personal servants,Шаблон:Sfn and were paid 250 Шаблон:Lang every three months.Шаблон:Sfn
Nineteenth century
This tradition of taking Шаблон:Langs continued until the nineteenth century.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Langs were chosen from among the Шаблон:Langs.Шаблон:Sfn Each Шаблон:Lang had her "night turn" (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn Their stipendШаблон:Sfn was 20,000 Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn They had personal servants.Шаблон:Sfn As clothing reflected a woman's positions in the harem hierarchy, the Шаблон:Langs wore rich fabrics and in winter they wore stuffed dresses,Шаблон:Sfn which was indicative of their high status.Шаблон:Sfn
Each Шаблон:Lang resided in her own apartment,Шаблон:Sfn or sometimes isolated kiosks.[11] In the nineteenth century, they had two rooms on the second floor of the palace, one facing the Bosphorus Strait and serving as a saloon, and the other facing the palace gardens and serving as a bedroom.Шаблон:Sfn The sultans came to visit an Шаблон:Lang namely if she was sick or if she had children.Шаблон:Sfn
Although previously it was thought that after an Шаблон:Lang became pregnant she was promoted to the rank of Шаблон:Lang, this was not the case.Шаблон:Sfn She could only take the position of the Шаблон:Langs if one of the Шаблон:Langs had died[12] or was divorced.[7] If a vacancy arose among the Шаблон:Langs, the senior Шаблон:Lang was moved up to Шаблон:Lang status.Шаблон:Sfn Upon the death of a sultan, any of his Шаблон:Langs who had either not borne a child or who had borne a child who had then died, was married to a statesman. The others retired to the Old Palace.Шаблон:Sfn
The Шаблон:Langs were subjected to the same law of inheritance as the other women in the harem. However, they were usually buried in places of honour.Шаблон:Sfn
Honorific
Imperial consorts who were traditionally addressed as Шаблон:Lang include:
- Nükhetsezâ Hanım (1827–1850), wife of sultan Abdulmejid I
- Navekmisal Hanım (1827–1854), wife of sultan Abdulmejid I
- Şayeste Hanım (1836–1912), wife of sultan Abdulmejid I
- Serfiraz Hanım (1837–1905), wife of sultan Abdulmejid I
- Müşfika Kadın (1867–1961), wife of sultan Abdul Hamid II
- Peyveste Hanım (1873–1943), wife of sultan Abdul Hamid II
- Fatma Pesend Hanım (1876–1928), wife of sultan Abdul Hamid II
- Behice Hanım (1882–1969), wife of sultan Abdul Hamid II
- Nevvare Hanım (1901–1992), wife of sultan Mehmed VI
- Nevzad Hanım (1902–1992), wife of sultan Mehmed VI
See also
References
Sources
