Английская Википедия:Ilocano language

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox language

Файл:WIKITONGUES- June speaking Ilocano.webm
An Ilocano speaker, recorded in the United States.

Ilocano (also Ilokano; Шаблон:IPAc-en;[1] Ilocano: Шаблон:Lang) is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines, primarily by Ilocano people and as a lingua franca by the Igorot people and also by the native settlers of Cagayan Valley. It is the third most-spoken native language in the country.

As an Austronesian language, it is related to Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian), Tetum, Chamorro, Fijian, Māori, Hawaiian, Samoan, Tahitian, Paiwan, and Malagasy. It is closely related to some of the other Austronesian languages of Northern Luzon, and has slight mutual intelligibility with the Balangao language and the eastern dialects of the Bontoc language.Шаблон:Dubious[2]

The Ilokano people had their indigenous writing system and script known as kur-itan. There have been proposals to revive the kur-itan script by teaching it in Ilokano-majority public and private schools in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur.[3]

Classification

Ilocano, like all Philippine languages, is an Austronesian language, a very expansive language family believed to originate in Taiwan.[4][5] Ilocano comprises its own branch within the Philippine Cordilleran language subfamily. It is spoken as a first language by seven million people.[6]

A lingua franca of Northern Luzon and many parts of Central Luzon, it is spoken as a secondary language by more than two million people who are native speakers of Ibanag, Ivatan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and other local languages.[7]

Geographic distribution

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Ilocanodistribution.jpg
Ilokano-speaking density per province. Enlarge picture to see percent distribution.
Файл:Phillanguages.jpg
Area where Ilocano is the majority language.

The language is spoken in the Ilocos Region, the Babuyan Islands, the Cordillera Administrative Region, Cagayan Valley, northern parts of Central Luzon (precisely Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, and Aurora, as well as south central Zambales[8][9] and southeast Bataan),[10][11]Шаблон:Bcn Batanes, some areas in Mindoro, and scattered areas in Mindanao (particularly the Soccsksargen region).[12] The language is also spoken in the United States, with Hawaii and California having the largest number of speakers,[13] and in Canada.[14] It is the most spoken non-English language in Hawaii, spoken by 17% of those speaking languages other than English at home (25.4% of the population).[15]

In September 2012, the province of La Union passed an ordinance recognizing Ilocano (Iloko) as an official provincial language, alongside Filipino, the national language, and English, a co-official language nationwide.[16] It is the first province in the Philippines to pass an ordinance protecting and revitalizing a native language, although there are other languages spoken in La Union, including Pangasinan, Kankanaey, and Ibaloi.[16]

Writing system

Файл:Ilocanodoctrine.JPG
Our Father prayer from Doctrina Cristiana, 1621. Written in Ilocano using Baybayin script.

Modern alphabet

The modern Ilokano alphabet consists of 28 letters:[17]

Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, NGng, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, and Zz

Pre-colonial

Pre-colonial Ilocano people of all classes wrote in a syllabic system known as Baybayin prior to European arrival. They used a system that is termed as an abugida, or an alphasyllabary. It was similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. The Ilocano version, however, was the first to designate coda consonants with a diacritic mark – a cross or virama – shown in the Doctrina Cristiana of 1621, one of the earliest surviving Ilokano publications. Before the addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants. The reader, on the other hand, had to guess whether a consonant not succeeding a vowel is read or not, for it is not written. Vowel apostrophes interchange between e or i, and o or u. Due to this, the vowels e and i are interchangeable, and letters o and u, for instance, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang ('shop-assistant').

Modern

Файл:Book of Mormon - Iloko.jpg
Ilocano version of the Book of Mormon, written with the Tagalog system, as can be seen by the use of the letter K

In recent times, there have been two systems in use: the Spanish system and the Tagalog system. In the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the other hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Most older generations of Ilocanos use the Spanish system.

In the system based on that of Tagalog there is more of a phoneme-to-letter correspondence, which better reflects the actual pronunciation of the word.Шаблон:Efn The letters ng constitute a digraph and count as a single letter, following n in alphabetization. As a result, Шаблон:Lang ('humility') appears before Шаблон:Lang ('to chew') in newer dictionaries. Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilocano phonology. Words of English origin may or may not conform to this orthography. A prime example using this system is the weekly magazine Bannawag.

Samples of the two systems

The following are two versions of the Lord's Prayer. The one on the left is written using Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system. Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-2

Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Col-2

Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:LangШаблон:Col-end

Comparison between the two systems

Rules Spanish-based Tagalog-based Translation
c → k tocac tukak frog
ci, ce → si, se acero asero steel
ch → ts coche lugan car
f → p1 familia pamilia family
gui, gue → gi, ge daguiti dagiti the
ge, gi → he, hi2 página pahina page
ll → li caballo kabalio horse
ñ → ni baño kasilyas bathroom
ñg, ng̃ → ng ñgioat, ng̃ioat ngiwat mouth
Vo(V) → Vw(V) aoan

aldao

awan

aldaw

nothing

day

qui, que → ki, ke iquit ikit aunt
v → b voces boses voice
z → s zapatos sapatos shoe

Notes

1. In Ilocano phonology, the labiodental fricative sound /Шаблон:IPA/ does not exist. Its approximate sound is /Шаблон:IPA/. Therefore, in words of Spanish or English origin, /Шаблон:IPA/ becomes /Шаблон:IPA/. In particular (yet not always the case), last names beginning with /Шаблон:IPA/ are often said with /Шаблон:IPA/, for example Fernández /per.'nan.des/.2. The sound /Шаблон:IPA/ only occurs in loanwords, and in the negative variant haan.

Ilocano and education

With the implementation by the Spanish of the Bilingual Education System of 1897, Ilocano, together with the other seven major languages (those that have at least a million speakers), was allowed to be used as a medium of instruction until the second grade. It is recognized by the Commission on the Filipino Language as one of the major languages of the Philippines.[18] Constitutionally, Ilocano is an auxiliary official language in the regions where it is spoken and serves as auxiliary media of instruction therein.[19]

In 2009, the Department of Education instituted Department Order No. 74, s. 2009 stipulating that "mother tongue-based multilingual education" would be implemented. In 2012, Department Order No. 16, s. 2012 stipulated that the mother tongue-based multilingual system was to be implemented for Kindergarten to Grade 3 Effective School Year 2012–2013.[20] Ilocano is used in public schools mostly in the Ilocos Region and the Cordilleras. It is the primary medium of instruction from Kindergarten to Grade 3 (except for the Filipino and English subjects) and is also a separate subject from Grade 1 to Grade 3. Thereafter, English and Filipino are introduced as mediums of instruction.

Literature

Шаблон:Main

Файл:10 commandments in Ilokano.JPG
The Ten Commandments in Ilocano.

Ilocano animistic past offers a rich background in folklore, mythology and superstition (see Religion in the Philippines). There are many stories of good and malevolent spirits and beings. Its creation mythology centers on the giants Aran and her husband Angalo, and Namarsua (the Creator).

The epic story Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang) is undoubtedly one of the few indigenous stories from the Philippines that survived colonialism, although much of it is now acculturated and shows many foreign elements in the retelling. It reflects values important to traditional Ilokano society; it is a hero's journey steeped in courage, loyalty, pragmatism, honor, and ancestral and familial bonds.

Ilocano culture revolves around life rituals, festivities, and oral history. These were celebrated in songs (Шаблон:Lang), dances (Шаблон:Lang), poems (Шаблон:Lang), riddles (Шаблон:Lang), proverbs (Шаблон:Lang), literary verbal jousts called Шаблон:Lang (named after the writer Pedro Bucaneg, and is the equivalent of the Balagtasan of the Tagalogs), and epic stories.

Phonology

Segmental

Vowels

Modern Ilocano has two dialects, which are differentiated only by the way the letter e is pronounced. In the Amianan (Northern) dialect, there exist only five vowels while the older Abagatan (Southern) dialect employs six.

Reduplicate vowels are not slurred together, but voiced separately with an intervening glottal stop:

The letter in bold is the graphic (written) representation of the vowel.

Ilokano vowel chart[21]
Front Central Back
Close i Шаблон:IPA u/o Шаблон:IPA

e Шаблон:IPA

Mid e Шаблон:IPA o Шаблон:IPA
Open a Шаблон:IPA

For a better rendition of vowel distribution, please refer to the IPA Vowel Chart.

Unstressed /a/ is pronounced Шаблон:IPA in all positions except final syllables, like Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('cannot be') but Шаблон:Lang ('mouth') is pronounced Шаблон:IPA. Unstressed /a/ in final-syllables is mostly pronounced Шаблон:IPA across word boundaries.

Although the modern (Tagalog) writing system is largely phonetic, there are some notable conventions.

O/U and I/E

In native morphemes, the close back rounded vowel Шаблон:IPA is written differently depending on the syllable. If the vowel occurs in the ultima of the morpheme, it is written o; elsewhere, u.

Example:

Instances such as Шаблон:Lang, 'You will manage to find it, to need it', are still consistent. Note that Шаблон:Lang is, in fact, three morphemes: Шаблон:Lang (verb base), Шаблон:Lang (pronoun) and Шаблон:Lang (future particle). An exception to this rule, however, is Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('west'). Also, u in final stressed syllables can be pronounced [o], like Шаблон:IPA for Шаблон:Lang ('water').

The two vowels are not highly differentiated in native words due to fact that Шаблон:IPA was an allophone of Шаблон:IPA in the history of the language. In words of foreign origin, notably Spanish, they are phonemic.

Example: Шаблон:Lang 'use'; Шаблон:Lang 'bear'

Unlike u and o, i and e are not allophones, but i in final stressed syllables in words ending in consonants can be Шаблон:IPA, like Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('child').

The two closed vowels become glides when followed by another vowel. The close back rounded vowel Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA before another vowel; and the close front unrounded vowel Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA.

Example: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'money'; Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'bitter melon'

In addition, dental/alveolar consonants become palatalized before Шаблон:IPA. (See Consonants below).

Unstressed /i/ and /u/ are pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA except in final syllables, like Шаблон:Lang ('beauty') Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang ('fear') Шаблон:IPA but Шаблон:Lang ('other side') and Шаблон:Lang ('grace/blessing') are pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. Unstressed /i/ and /u/ in final syllables are mostly pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA across word boundaries.

Pronunciation of Шаблон:Angbr

The letter Шаблон:Angbr represents two vowels in the non-nuclear dialects (areas outside the Ilocos provinces) Шаблон:IPA in words of foreign origin and Шаблон:IPA in native words, and only one in the nuclear dialects of the Ilocos provinces, Шаблон:IPA.

Realization of Шаблон:Angbr
Word Gloss Origin Nuclear Non-nuclear
Шаблон:Lang 'assign' Native Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Lang 'elephant' Spanish Шаблон:IPA

Diphthongs

Diphthongs are combination of a vowel and /i/ or /u/. In the orthography, the secondary vowels (underlying /i/ or /u/) are written with their corresponding glide, y or w, respectively. Of all the possible combinations, only /aj/ or /ej/, /iw/, /aw/ and /uj/ occur. In the orthography, vowels in sequence such as uo and ai, do not coalesce into a diphthong, rather, they are pronounced with an intervening glottal stop, for example, Шаблон:Lang 'hair' Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang 'sew' Шаблон:IPA.

Diphthongs
Diphthong Orthography Example
/au/ aw (for native words) / au (for spanish loanwords) Шаблон:Lang 'senile', Шаблон:Lang ‘authority’
/iu/ iw Шаблон:Lang 'home sick'
/ai/ ay (for native words) / ai (for spanish loanwords) Шаблон:Lang 'one', Шаблон:Lang ‘dance’
/ei/Шаблон:Efn ey Шаблон:Lang 'there' (regional variant; standard Шаблон:Lang)
/oi/, /ui/Шаблон:Efn oy, uy Шаблон:Lang 'pig'

The diphthong Шаблон:IPA is a variant of Шаблон:IPA in native words. Other occurrences are in words of Spanish and English origin. Examples are Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA (from Spanish Шаблон:Lang, 'queen') and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('trainer'). The diphthongs Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA may be interchanged since Шаблон:IPA is an allophone of Шаблон:IPA in final syllables. Thus, Шаблон:Lang ('fire') may be pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang ('pig') may be pronounced Шаблон:IPA.

As for the diphthong Шаблон:IPA, the general rule is to use /aw/ for native words while /au/ will be used for spanish loanword such as the words ’’autoridad, autonomia, automatiko’’. The same rule goes to the diphthong Шаблон:IPA.

Consonants

Bilabial Dental/
Alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Stops Voiceless p t k (#Шаблон:EfnШаблон:IPA linkШаблон:Efn Шаблон:IPA) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn
Voiced b d g
Affricates Voiceless (ts, tiV) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn
Voiced (diV) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn
Fricatives s (siV) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn h
Nasals m n (niV) [nʲ]Шаблон:Efn ng Шаблон:IPA
Laterals l (liV) [lʲ]Шаблон:Efn
Flaps r Шаблон:IPA
Trills (rr Шаблон:IPA)
Semivowels (w, CuV) Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn (y, CiV) [j]Шаблон:Efn

All consonantal phonemes except Шаблон:IPA may be a syllable onset or coda. The phoneme Шаблон:IPA is a borrowed sound (except in the negative variant haan) and rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish word Шаблон:Lang 'clock' would have been heard as Шаблон:IPA, the final Шаблон:IPA is dropped resulting in Шаблон:IPA. However, this word also may have entered the Ilokano lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced Шаблон:IPA, with the j pronounced as in French, resulting in Шаблон:IPA in Ilokano. As a result, both Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA occur.

The glottal stop Шаблон:IPA is not permissible as coda; it can only occur as onset. Even as an onset, the glottal stop disappears in affixation. Take, for example, the root Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, 'use'. When prefixed with ag-, the expected form is Шаблон:IPA. But, the actual form is Шаблон:IPA; the glottal stop disappears. In a reduplicated form, the glottal stop returns and participates in the template, CVC, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA. Glottal stop Шаблон:IPA sometimes occurs non-phonemically in coda in words ending in vowels, but only before a pause.

Stops are pronounced without aspiration. When they occur as coda, they are not released, for example, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'answer', 'response'.

Ilokano is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from Шаблон:IPA-Шаблон:IPA allophony, as Шаблон:IPA in many cases is derived from a Proto-Austronesian *R; compare Шаблон:Lang (Tagalog) and Шаблон:Lang (Ilokano) 'new'.

The language marginally has a trill Шаблон:IPA which is spelled as rr, for example, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'to enter'. Trill Шаблон:IPA is sometimes an allophone of Шаблон:IPA in word-initial position, syllable-final, and word-final positions, spelled as single Шаблон:Angbr, for example, ruar 'outside' [[[:Шаблон:IPA]]] ~ [[[:Шаблон:IPA]]]. It is only pronounced flap Шаблон:IPA in affixation and across word boundaries, especially when vowel-ending word precedes word-initial Шаблон:Angbr. But it is different in proper names of foreign origin, mostly Spanish, like Serrano, which is correctly pronounced Шаблон:IPA. Some speakers, however, pronounce Serrano as Шаблон:IPA.

Prosody

Primary stress

The placement of primary stress is lexical in Ilocano. This results in minimal pairs such as Шаблон:IPA ('wood') and Шаблон:IPA ('you' (plural or polite)) or Шаблон:IPA ('class, type, kind') and Шаблон:IPA ('see'). In written Ilokano the reader must rely on context, thus Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr. Primary stress can fall only on either the penult or the ultima of the root, as seen in the previous examples.

While stress is unpredictable in Ilokano, there are notable patterns that can determine where stress will fall depending on the structures of the penult, the ultima and the origin of the word.[7]

  • Foreign words – the stress of foreign (mostly Spanish) words adopted into Ilokano fall on the same syllable as the original.Шаблон:Efn
Ilocano Gloss Comment
Шаблон:Lang doctor Spanish origin
Шаблон:Lang (to) drive Spanish origin ('I drive')
Шаблон:Lang (to) record English origin (verb)
agtárget to target English origin (verb)
  • CVC.'CV(C)# but 'CVŋ.kV(C)# – in words with a closed penult, stress falls on the ultima, except for instances of Шаблон:IPA where it is the penult.
Ilocano Gloss Comment
Шаблон:Lang there is/are Closed penult
Шаблон:Lang feces Closed penult
Шаблон:Lang (a type of delicacy) -ŋ.k sequence
  • 'C(j/w)V# – in words whose ultima is a glide plus a vowel, stress falls on the ultima.
Ilocano Gloss Comment
Шаблон:Lang ghost Consonant–glide–vowel
Шаблон:Lang to involve (someone or something) Consonant–glide–vowel
Шаблон:Lang creation Consonant–glide–vowel
  • C.'CV:.ʔVC# – in words where VʔV and V is the same vowel for the penult and ultima, the stress falls on the penult.
Ilocano Gloss Comment
Шаблон:Lang fermented fish or shrimp paste Vowel–glottal–vowel
Шаблон:Lang idiot Vowel–glottal–vowel
Шаблон:Lang thorn, spine, fish bone Vowel–glottal–vowel

Secondary stress

Secondary stress occurs in the following environments:

  • Syllables whose coda is the onset of the next, i.e., the syllable before a geminate.
Ilocano Gloss Comment
Шаблон:Lang ability to see Syllable before geminate
Шаблон:Lang judgement, decision Syllable before geminate
Шаблон:Lang children Syllable before geminate
  • Reduplicated consonant-vowel sequence resulting from morphology or lexicon.
Ilocano Gloss Comment
Шаблон:Lang speaks, is speaking Reduplicate CV
Шаблон:Lang ghost, spirit Reduplicate CV
Шаблон:Lang sews, is sewing Reduplicate CV

Vowel length

Vowel length coincides with stressed syllables (primary or secondary) and only on open syllables except for ultimas, for example, Шаблон:IPA 'tree' versus Шаблон:IPA (second person plural ergative pronoun).

Stress shift

As primary stress can fall only on the penult or the ultima, suffixation causes a shift in stress one syllable to the right. The vowel of open penults that result lengthen as a consequence.

Stem Suffix Result Gloss
Шаблон:IPA (heat) Шаблон:IPA (Goal focus) Шаблон:IPA to warm/heat (something)
Шаблон:IPA (clean) Шаблон:IPA (Directional focus) Шаблон:IPA to clean (something)

Grammar

Шаблон:Expand section Шаблон:Main

Ilocano is typified by a predicate-initial structure. Verbs and adjectives occur in the first position of the sentence, then the rest of the sentence follows.

Ilocano uses a highly complex list of affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes and enclitics) and reduplications to indicate a wide array of grammatical categories. Learning simple root words and corresponding affixes goes a long way in forming cohesive sentences.[22]

Lexicon

Borrowings

Foreign accretion comes largely from Spanish, followed by English and smatterings of much older accretion from Hokkien (Min Nan), Arabic and Sanskrit.[23][24][25]

Examples of Borrowing
Word Source Original meaning Ilocano meaning
arak Arabic drink similar to sake generic alcoholic drink (more specifically, wine)
Шаблон:Lang Sanskrit deed (see Buddhism) spirit
Шаблон:Lang Hokkien to deliver goods to deliver/Chinese merchant
Шаблон:Lang English to bulldoze to bulldoze
Шаблон:Lang Spanish Шаблон:Lang ('quarter', a kind of copper coin) money
Шаблон:Lang Spanish greeting: Шаблон:Lang ('How are you?') How are you?
poder Spanish power power, care
talier Spanish taller (workshop) mechanic shop

Common expressions

Ilokano shows a T-V distinction.

English Ilocano
Yes Шаблон:Lang
No Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang (variant)

How are you? Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang (polite and plural)

Good day Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang (polite and plural)

Good morning Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang (polite and plural)

Good afternoon Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang (polite and plural)

Good evening Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang (polite and plural)

What is your name? Шаблон:Lang (often contracted to Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang)

Шаблон:Lang

Where's the bathroom? Шаблон:Lang
I do not understand Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang

I love you Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang

I'm sorry. Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang

Thank you. Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang

Goodbye Шаблон:Lang (Till then)
Шаблон:Lang (Okay. Continue.)
Шаблон:Lang (I'm going)
Шаблон:Lang (We are going)

Шаблон:Lang (You stay)
Шаблон:Lang (You stay (pl.))

I/me Шаблон:Lang

Numbers, days, months

Numbers

Шаблон:Main

Ilocano uses two number systems, one native and the other derived from Spanish.

Numbers
0 Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang (lit. 'none')		 Шаблон:Lang
0.25 (1/4) Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
0.50 (1/2) Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
1 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
2 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
3 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
4 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
5 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
6 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
7 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
8 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
9 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
10 Шаблон:Lang (lit. 'a group of ten') Шаблон:Lang
11 Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
12 Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
20 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
30 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
50 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
100 Шаблон:Lang (lit. 'a group of one hundred') Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang
1,000 Шаблон:Lang (lit. 'a group of one thousand'), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
10,000 Шаблон:Lang (lit. 'a group of ten thousand'), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
1,000,000 Шаблон:Lang (lit. 'a group of one million') Шаблон:Lang
1,000,000,000 Шаблон:Lang (American English, 'billion') Шаблон:Lang (US-influenced), Шаблон:Lang

Ilocano uses a mixture of native and Spanish numbers. Traditionally Ilocano numbers are used for quantities and Spanish numbers for time or days and references. Examples:

Spanish:

Шаблон:Lang
'How old are you (in years)?' (Lit. 'How many years do you have?')
Шаблон:Lang
'Twenty one.'
Шаблон:Lang
'Open your Bibles to the book of John chapter three verse sixteen.'

Ilocano:

Шаблон:Lang
'How many kilos of rice do you want?'
Шаблон:Lang
'Ten only.'
Шаблон:Lang
'He has two fish.' (lit. 'There are two fish with him.')

Days of the week

Days of the week are directly borrowed from Spanish.

Days of the Week
Monday Шаблон:Lang
Tuesday Шаблон:Lang
Wednesday Шаблон:Lang
Thursday Шаблон:Lang
Friday Шаблон:Lang
Saturday Шаблон:Lang
Sunday Шаблон:Lang

Months

Like the days of the week, the names of the months are taken from Spanish.

Months
January Шаблон:Lang July Шаблон:Lang
February Шаблон:Lang August Шаблон:Lang
March Шаблон:Lang September Шаблон:Lang
April Шаблон:Lang October Шаблон:Lang
May Шаблон:Lang November Шаблон:Lang
June Шаблон:Lang December Шаблон:Lang

Units of time

The names of the units of time are either native or are derived from Spanish. The first entries in the following table are native; the second entries are Spanish derived.

Units of time
second Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
minute Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
hour Шаблон:Lang
day Шаблон:Lang
week Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang (lit. 'Sunday'), Шаблон:Lang (rare)
month Шаблон:Lang
year Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang

To mention time, Ilocanos use a mixture of Spanish and Ilocano:

1:00 a.m. Шаблон:Lang (one in the morning)
2:30 p.m. Шаблон:Lang, in Spanish: Шаблон:Lang (half past two in the afternoon)
6:00 p.m Шаблон:Lang (six in the evening)
7:00 p.m Шаблон:Lang (seven in the evening)
12:00 noon Шаблон:Lang (twelve noon)

More Ilocano words

Note: adjacent vowels are pronounced separately, and are not slurred together, as in ba-ak, or in la-ingШаблон:Cn

Шаблон:Colbegin

Шаблон:Colend

Also of note is the yo-yo, probably named after the Ilocano word Шаблон:Lang.[26]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Noteslist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:InterWiki Шаблон:Wikivoyage

Шаблон:Philippine languages Шаблон:Austronesian languages Шаблон:Languages of the Philippines

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Lewis (2013). Ethnologue Languages of the World. Retrieved from:http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ebk
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок speakers не указан текст
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Harvp
  8. ↑ Zambales Province, Home Province of Subic Bay and Mt. Pinatubo
  9. ↑ History of Iba
  10. ↑ Profile of Bataan in Visit My Philippines website
  11. ↑ Discovering Bataan in phinder.ph
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок launionofficiallanguage не указан текст
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Шаблон:Webarchive, thecorpusjuris.com (Article XIV, Section 7)
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp
  23. ↑ Gelade, George P. (1993). Ilokano English Dictionary. CICM Missionaries/Progressive Printing Palace, Quezon City, Philippines. 719pp.
  24. ↑ Vanoverbergh, Morice (1956). Iloko-English Dictionary:Rev. Andres Carro's Vocabulario Iloco-Español. Catholic School Press, Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Baguio, Philippines. 370pp.
  25. ↑ Vanoverbergh, Morice (1968). English-Iloko Thesaurus. Catholic School Press, Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Baguio, Philippines. 365pp.
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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