Английская Википедия:Immigration to Colombia

The largest concentration of foreign immigrants in Colombia is in Barranquilla, which was the main entrance port into Colombia, it also received the name "Puerta de Oro de Colombia" (Colombia's golden gate)

Immigration to Colombia during the early 19th and late 20th Century, is what makes it one of the most diverse countries in the world, above other countries in the Latin region.^[1] Colombia inherited from the Spanish Empire harsh rules against immigration, first in the Viceroyalty of New Granada and later in the Colombian Republic. The Constituent Assembly of Colombia and the subsequent reforms to the national constitution were much more open to the immigrants and the economic aperture. However naturalization of foreigners, with the exception of those children of Colombians born abroad, it is still difficult to acquire due 'Jus soli' law is not allowed by the government, and only 'Jus sanguinis' law is accepted. Immigration in Colombia is managed by the "Migración Colombia" agency.

Colombia is experiencing large waves of immigration from other Latin American countries, Europe, East Asia, and North America over the past 5 years.^[2]^[3] due to improvements in quality of life, security, and economic opportunities.^[4]

History

Colonial period

Шаблон:More citations needed European immigration in Colombia began in 1510 with the colonization of San Sebastián de Urabá. In 1526, settlers founded Santa Marta, the oldest Spanish city still in existence in Colombia. Many Spaniards began their explorations searching for gold, while others Spaniards established themselves as leaders of the native social organizations, teaching natives the Christian faith and the ways of their civilization. Catholic priests would provide education for Native Americans that otherwise was unavailable. Within 100 years after the first Spanish settlement, nearly 95 percent of all Native Americans in Colombia had died.^[5] The majority of the deaths of Native Americans were the cause of diseases such as measles and smallpox, which were spread by European settlers.

European (Spanish and French colonist) settlement focused mainly in the Andean highlands and Lebanese for the Caribbean coast, but little European settlement took place in the Choco region of the Pacific coast and the Amazonian plains. Out of all Spanish nationalities, the Castilians and the Basques were the most represented. Over time, Europeans intermarried often with the Amerindian peoples (i.e. the Chibchas), and to produce a mixed-race population which are the majority of people in Colombia today. Шаблон:Citation needed

European immigration

Шаблон:See also

Colombia was one of the early focus of Basque immigration.^[6]^[7] Between 1540 and 1559, 8.9 percent of the residents of Colombia were of Basque origin. It has been suggested that the present-day incidence of business entrepreneurship in the region of Antioquia is attributable to the Basque immigration and Basque character traits.^[8] Few Colombians of distant Basque descent are aware of their Basque ethnic heritage.^[8] In Bogotá, there is a small colony of thirty to forty families who emigrated as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War or because of different opportunities.^[8] Basque priests were the ones that introduced handball into Colombia.^[9] Basque immigrants in Colombia were devoted to teaching and public administration.^[9] In the first years of the Andean multinational company, Basque sailors navigated as captains and pilots on the majority of the ships until the country was able to train its own crews.^[9] In December 1941 the United States government estimated that there were 10,000 Germans living in Colombia.^[10] There were some Nazi agitators in Colombia, such as Barranquilla businessman Emil Prufurt.^[10] Colombia invited Germans who were on the U.S. blacklist to leave. However, most German inhabitants arrived in the late 19th century as farmers and professionals. One such entrepreneur was Leo Siegfried Kopp, the founder of the brewery Bavaria.^[10] SCADTA, a Colombian-German air transport corporation which was established by German expatriates in 1919, was the first commercial airline in the western hemisphere.^[11]

Arab immigration

Шаблон:Main Many Colombians have origins in the Western Asian countries of Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Palestine, It is estimated that Arab Colombians represent 3.2 million people. Many moved to Colombia to escape the repression of the Turkish Ottoman Empire and/or financial hardships. When they were first processed in Colombia's ports, they were classified as "Turks" or "Turcos" in Spanish. It is estimated that Colombia has a Lebanese population of 700,000 direct descendants and 1,500,000 who have partial ancestry. Meanwhile, the Palestine population is estimated between 100,000 and 120,000. Most Syrian-Lebanese immigrants established themselves in the Caribbean Region of Colombia in the towns of Santa Marta, Santa Cruz de Lorica, Fundación, Aracataca, Ayapel, Calamar, Ciénaga, Cereté, Montería, Cartagena and Barranquilla near the basin of the Magdalena River, in La Guajira Department, notably in Maicao and in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina in but also large populations in the interior of the country such as Bogotá and Cali. Many Arab-Colombians adapted their names and surnames to the Spanish language to assimilate more quickly in their communities. Some Colombian surnames of Arab origin include: Guerra (originally Harb), Domínguez (Ñeca), Durán (Doura), Lara (Larach), Cristo (Salibe), among other surnames.

Consequently, there were other immigrants from the Western Asia, including a number of Armenian, Turkish, Georgian and Cypriot immigrants who arrived in the country during the early 20th century.

East Asian immigration

The Eastern Asian communities in Colombia were not very numerous compared to Brazil or Peru, but still some groups of thousands of migrants arrived from the 20th century with the Japanese and Koreans until the 21st century with the Chinese.^[12] It is estimated that the first groups of Asian immigrants arrived in Buenaventura and Barranquilla between 1910-1940^[13] Many Chinese have immigrated to Colombia in recent decades.^[14]

Immigration by origin

Шаблон:Sources needed

Africa

Afro-Colombians

Enslaved Africans began being trafficked to Colombia by the beginning of the 16th century. Cartagena de Indias was the main port of entry of slaves into the country during the colonial period and during its highest boom it turned out to be the most lucrative business in the city, trafficking over 1 million enslaved beings through its port.^[15] Slavery wouldn't be abolished in Colombia until 1851; although by this point enslaved beings only accounted for 0.76% of the population, since most Afro Colombians were free people of colour.^[16]

According to the 2018 national census, 9.34% of Colombians are of full or parcial Black African ancestry, with the largest concentration in the department of Chocó, where they represent 82.1% of the population.^[17]^[18] However, external sources estimates Afro-Colombians are between 15% and 26% of total population.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25] Genetic research shows Subsaharan African admixture in general Colombian population ranges between 0.5% and 20%.^[26]^[27]^[28]

Western Asia and North Africa

Many Arab immigrants have arrived in Colombia from Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Palestine. The Arabs settled mostly in the northern coast, in cities such as Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, and Maicao. Gradually they began to settle inland too (except for Antioquia). Many Colombians of Arab descent derive their origins from Catholics/Maronites from Lebanon or Syria.

Due to the Arab Spring, many Arabs arrived in Colombia seeking political asylum, particularly from Syria.^[29]

Chinese and other East Asians

The city of Cali has the largest Asian community because of its proximity to the Pacific Coast;Шаблон:Citation needed they also live around the nation in other cities such as Barranquilla, Bucaramanga, Bogotá and Medellín. The DANE says the Chinese population is growing 10% every year. In recent years, particularly Chinese restaurants have experienced a surge and have become popular businesses in nearly every Colombian city. Шаблон:Citation needed

There is a large gap in knowledge of the Chinese diaspora in Colombia in the period from the beginning of the 20th century until 1970–1980. The century began with the political upheavals in China that led to the creation of two political factions among the Chinese in and outside China, and eventually caused the communist revolution and the founding of the two separate Chinese states, one on the mainland and one in Taiwan. The effect for the Chinese diaspora was the creation not only of political but also more differentiation between migrants and distinguished by locality of origin, language, and history of migration. Thus, until today, in terms of organization, they are, on the one hand, the "Overseas Chinese Association", founded by Chinese who migrated to Colombia in the 1980s, and on the other, the Chinese Cultural Centre in Bogotá, founded in 1988 by a Taiwanese government institution (Zhang 1991).

Moreover, it is known that in 1970 there were over 6,000 Chinese living in Colombia, which means that they kept coming to this country. It can be assumed that the anti-immigrant atmosphere in many countries was the major cause of continued Chinese immigration to Colombia. The migration did not come from China, because during the first three decades of the People's Republic of China, emigration was severely restricted. In fact, it is known that in the early 20th century, due to xenophobia in the United States, a large number of Chinese migrated to Colombia. Restrepo (2001) states that at that time various groups of immigrants settled in Barranquilla. Шаблон:Citation needed

The end of Chinese anti-immigration laws in the United States during the 1980s allowed many Chinese to emigrate from Colombia to the United States. Шаблон:Citation needed As a result, of the 5,600 people of Chinese origin reported in 1982 (Poston and Yu 1990) in the 1990s were only 3,400, most of whom live in Bogota, Barranquilla, Cali, Cartagena, Medellin, Santa Marta, Manizales, Cucuta, and Pereira. All these movements flow of people around the world support the notion that the "Chinese diaspora" is far from staying in a country, take an identity, or "assimilate". Political, economic, social, and personal issues contributed to the circulation of the Chinese movement between various locations. These factors also have an important influence in the forms of residence and, more recently, in human trafficking.^[30]

North American

Шаблон:Main About 3,000 North Americans arrived in Barranquilla during the late 19th century. By 1958, American immigrants comprised 10% of all immigrants living in Colombia. There are now 60,000^[31] United States citizens living in Colombia, many of whom are Colombian emigrants to the United States who chose to return to Colombia. Шаблон:Citation needed The barrios El Prado, Paraiso, and some others were created by Americans, also schools and universities were built by American architects such as the Universidad del Norte, the American School and many more.

When enumerated by citizenship, many Americans are from families that emigrated to the United States and then repatriated.Шаблон:Citation needed

Jewish

Шаблон:Main Early Jewish settlers were converted Jews, known as Marranos, from Spain. In the years prior to World War II, there was a second wave of Jewish immigrants fleeing persecution from the Nazis. Most Colombian Jews live in Bogotá, Medellín, Cali and Barranquilla where are Jewish schools such as: Colegio Colombo Hebreo,^[32] Theodo Hertlz,^[33] Colegio Hebreo Unión.^[34]

As of the 21st century, approximately 8,000 practicing Jews live in Colombia. Most of them are concentrated in Bogotá, with about 3,500 members, and Cali, with about 1,000 members. Others communities are also found in Barranquilla and Medellín. Very few Jews practice religious observance; among those who do, the majority are Orthodox. German Jewish communities in Bogota and Cali also preserve much of their traditions.

Roma

The Roma came during colonial times, often forced by the Spanish to move to South America. Roma people also came during World War I and World War II. Most of them settled in the metropolitan area of Barranquilla.Шаблон:Citation needed

Spanish

Spanish immigration in what is now Colombia was massive and continuous throughout the colonial period. Spanish descendants, a majority of which mixed to varying degrees with indigenous peoples over the centuries, form the bulk of the Colombian population. After a brief period in which it stopped abruptly following independence, immigration slowly resumed albeit at a much lower level. In the 20th century there was another wave of Spanish immigrants fleeing persecution from the Franquistas during and after the Spanish Civil War. Migration also spiked as a result of economic hardships in Spain during the 50s. Due to high unemployment in Spain, several hundreds of Spaniards have immigrated to Colombia for better working prospects in recent years (2008 onwards). Furthermore, several thousands of Colombians who emigrated to Spain from 1990 to 2010 (about 280,000 people) now return to Colombia, and sometimes have dual citizenship.

Italians

Шаблон:Main

Italian immigration in Colombia has had place in the XIX and XX centuries.^[3] The Italian immigrant population in Colombia, is mostly located in cities such as Cartagena, Barranquilla, Santa Marta, Montería, Cali, Medellin and Bogotá. The Italians have left some imprint in Colombian Spanish^[35] and gastronomy. The Italian government estimated in 2018 that around 2 million Colombians have Italian ancestry.^[36]

Germans

Particularly in the 19th century, but also in the 20th century.^[37] Many Colombians of German heritage arrived in Colombia via Venezuela, where 19th-century German settlements have existed. They traditionally settled as farmers or professional workers in the states of Boyacá and Santander, but also in Cali, Bogotá and Barranquilla. One famous German immigrant of the 19th century was German-Jewish entrepreneur Leo Siegfried Kopp who founded the brewery Bavaria. Other German groups arrived in Colombia later: after World War I (many opticians and other professional businesses in Bogotá were founded by German immigrants in the 1910s), and after World War II, some of them Nazis or on the black list. Many of them changed their surnames for common surnames of the region.

Russians

In the 19th and 20th centuries many Russians went to Antioquia and Risaralda, escaping from communism and the Soviet government. The former USSR (1917-1991) included other nations like Lithuania and Ukraine.^[38]^[39]

Irish

During the independence of Colombia, More than 8.000 Irish soldiers fought to give independence to the country, many were recruited from Dublin, London and other cities to fight with Simón Bolívar's troops to liberate Colombia from Spain. Subsequently, post-independence Irish immigrants continued to arrive, especially to the departments of Antioquia, Caldas and Risaralda.^[40] In the first half of 20th century, Irish people arrived in Colombia for a new life and as missionaries to expand the Catholic faith in the country. In the last years of the 20th century and first years of 21st century, some Irish people came to Colombia. Some came to work in the many multinational companies but a few of them were involved with terrorist groups like the FARC.^[41]

French

Шаблон:More citations needed There is an important French community in Colombia, mainly concentrated in the coastal cities of Barranquilla, Cartagena, and Santa Marta, as well as in Bogotá.^[42] French immigration began in a regular pattern during the 18th and 19th century and highly influenced the country's economic and political systems (the Betancourt family is of French descent) and entertainment industry. Another example is Atanasio Girardot who was a Colombian revolutionary leader. Some WWII refugees from France came to Colombia, but often for a temporary time. Nowadays, Colombia has also become a cheap tourist or retirement destination for French citizens. Contrary to common perceptions, the frequent Colombian surname Betancourt does not signal French descent but rather descent from the Canary Islands (Spain), where it is common since the islands were conquered and submitted by Frenchman Juan de Betancourt for the Spanish crown in the 16th century. French surnames such as Lafaurie, Chaux, Lamouroux, Betancourt and many more are frequently deeply rooted in Colombian society.^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]

Venezuelans

The Venezuelan population in Colombia is estimated at 2,250,000, due to political instability, corruption and crime in Venezuela. Large populations of Venezuelans are found in Bogotá, Cali, Medellín, Bucaramanga, Barranquilla, Cartagena and Cúcuta. Previously Colombians had emigrated to Venezuela due to political unrest. However, during the last decade the trend has reversed and Venezuelans increasingly immigrate to Colombia.Шаблон:Citation needed A Venezuelan refugee crisis began in 2014; as of 2021, about 1.7 million Venezuelans displaced by the crisis are currently in Colombia, most of whom are either undocumented or are on temporary visas.^[47]

Ecuadorians

The history of Colombia and Ecuador is strongly related. Many people of South Colombia (specially, the Nariño, Putumayo and Cauca Departments) share traditions with the Ecuadorian people. This has led to migration between both countries. Many Ecuadorians have come to the major cities of Colombia (Bogotá, Medellin, Cali, Bucaramanga) as merchants.Шаблон:Citation needed

Numbers of people by nationality in Colombia based on 2019 official figures

Place	Country	2019
1	Шаблон:VEN	2.000.094
2	Шаблон:USA	801.294
3	Шаблон:ESP	367.816
4	Шаблон:ECU	191.537
5	Шаблон:CHL	120.626
6	Шаблон:CAN	74.595
7	Шаблон:PAN	44.952
8	Шаблон:ITA	40.769
9	Шаблон:FRA	29.983
10	Шаблон:AUS	27.835
11	Шаблон:UK	26.877
12	Шаблон:DEU	23.583
13	Шаблон:NLD	22.450
14	Шаблон:MEX	22.317
15	Шаблон:CRI	21.583
16	Шаблон:CHE	15.844
Source: MIGRACION COLOMBIA (2019)^[48]

Number of people with permanent Colombian residence by nationality

Note: only people that have lived in Colombia for at least 5 years can acquire permanent residence.

Place	Country	2013
1	Шаблон:VEN	5.338
2	Шаблон:USA	3.693
3	Шаблон:ESP	2.370
4	Шаблон:MEX	1.711
5	Шаблон:CHN	1.428
6	Шаблон:ARG	1.117
7	Шаблон:PER	1.056
8	Шаблон:DEU	1.006
9	Шаблон:BRA	915
10	Шаблон:ECU	885
11	Шаблон:FRA	884
12	Шаблон:IND	858
13	Шаблон:POR	800
14	Шаблон:ITA	747
15	Шаблон:CUB	695
16	Шаблон:NIC	651
17	Шаблон:NoflagRest of the world	6.338
Source: OAS (2013)^[49]

Number of people living in Colombia by Nationality 2017 - 2020


Place	Country	Population		2020^[50]
Place	Country	2017	2019	2020^[50]
1	Шаблон:VEN	48,714	1,048,714	1,780,486
2	Шаблон:USA	20,140	20,140	20,810
3	Шаблон:ECU	15,212	15,212	19,180
4	Шаблон:ESP	7,086	7,086	17,122
5	Шаблон:PER	5,391	5,391	5,680
6	Шаблон:ARG	3,419	3,419	5,719
7	Шаблон:MEX	3,050	3,050	5,641
8	Шаблон:ITA	3,001	3,001	3,225
9	Шаблон:DEU	2,523	2,523	2,156
10	Шаблон:BRA	2,496	2,496	4,685
11	Шаблон:PAN	2,208	2,208	3,123
12	Шаблон:FRA	2,203	2,203	3,180
13	Шаблон:CHN	2,176	2,176	1,584
14	Шаблон:CHL	2,162	2,162	4,732
15	Шаблон:CUB	1,945	1,945	2,534
16	Шаблон:GBR	1,322	1,322	1,686
17	Шаблон:LBN	1,253	1,253
18	Шаблон:CRI	1,128	1,128	1,828
19	Шаблон:CAN	1,051	1,051	1,715
20	Шаблон:BOL	874	874	1,129
21	Шаблон:JPN	771	771	689
22	Шаблон:CHE	725	725	782
23	Шаблон:RUS	719	719	646
24	Шаблон:NIC	611	611
25	Шаблон:ISR	500	500
26	Шаблон:GTM	490	490	857
27	Шаблон:BEL	464	464
28	Шаблон:URY	464	464	662
29	Шаблон:DOM	410	410	1,046
30	Шаблон:SLV	409	409	782
31	Шаблон:HND	376	376	690
32	Шаблон:NLD	376	376	635
33	Шаблон:KOR	292	292
34	Шаблон:POL	272	272
35	Шаблон:UKR	241	241
36	Шаблон:ROU	236	236
37	Шаблон:AUS	234	234
38	Шаблон:PRY	231	231
39	Шаблон:AUT	222	222
40	Шаблон:VUT	221	221
41	Шаблон:PRK	213	213
42	Шаблон:SWE	194	194
43	Шаблон:JOR	190	190
44	Шаблон:IND	153	153
45	Шаблон:HUN	149	149
46	Шаблон:EGY	149	149
47	Шаблон:SYR	145	145
48	Шаблон:IRL	139	139
49	Шаблон:IRN	125	125
50	Шаблон:GRC	124	124
51	Шаблон:HTI	122	122
52	Шаблон:AFG	122	122
53	Шаблон:PRT	121	121
54	Шаблон:PHL	102	102
	Шаблон:EQG	100	100
	Шаблон:MDV	90	90

Country	2017
Шаблон:JAM	63
Шаблон:TTO	39
Шаблон:PUR	50
Шаблон:LCA	38
Шаблон:BRB	30
Шаблон:ATG	20
Шаблон:SKN	10
Шаблон:BLZ	20
Шаблон:CUW	40
Шаблон:ABW	20
Total	7.348
Source: MacroDatos (2017)^[51]

South America

Country	2017
Шаблон:GUY	20
Шаблон:SUR	35
Total	79.098
Source: MacroDatos (2017)^[51]

Europe

Country	2017
Шаблон:LUX	23
Шаблон:CZE	41
Шаблон:SVN	30
Шаблон:HRV	60
Шаблон:ALB	52
Шаблон:BUL	90
Шаблон:LTU	48
Шаблон:LVA	20
Шаблон:EST	22
Шаблон:FIN	50
Шаблон:NOR	87
Шаблон:AND	49
Шаблон:MLT	30
Шаблон:ISL	30
Шаблон:SVK	80
Шаблон:SRB	85
Шаблон:GEO	30
Шаблон:CYP	30
Шаблон:BIH	40
Шаблон:MKD	20
Шаблон:SMR	30
Total	21.104
Source: MacroDatos (2017)^[51]

Asia

Country	2017
Шаблон:TUR	50
Шаблон:ARM	40
Шаблон:IRQ	23
Шаблон:SAU	74
Шаблон:ARE	42
Шаблон:PAK	43
Шаблон:IDN	88
Шаблон:BAN	50
Шаблон:SRI	30
Шаблон:TLS	30
Шаблон:YEM	30
Шаблон:MNG	70
Шаблон:THA	74
Шаблон:HKG	70
Шаблон:VNM	74
Total	6.660
Source: MacroDatos (2017)^[51]

Africa

Country	2017
Шаблон:DZA	26
Шаблон:MAR	74
Шаблон:NGA	49
Шаблон:AGO	56
Шаблон:ZAF	56
Шаблон:MLI	40
Шаблон:SEN	35
Шаблон:CMR	30
Шаблон:DRC	20
Шаблон:CPV	40
Шаблон:SLE	35
Шаблон:GIN	30
Шаблон:GHA	38
Шаблон:GMB	30
Шаблон:SOM	60
Шаблон:ETH	40
Шаблон:ERI	30
Шаблон:CIV	40
Шаблон:LBR	28
Шаблон:COG	50
Total	928
Source: MacroDatos (2017)^[51]

Oceania

Country	2017
Шаблон:AUS	234
Шаблон:VUT	221
Шаблон:NZL	54
Total	509
Source: MacroDatos (2017)^[51]

Total 138,920

References

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