Английская Википедия:Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom
Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom were diplomatic missions that were intermittently sent by the Yuan, Ming and Qing emperors to Shuri, Okinawa, in the Ryukyu Islands. These diplomatic contacts were within the Sinocentric system of bilateral and multinational relationships in the Sinosphere.
Some missions were sent to perform investiture ceremonies for the King of Ryukyu, formally acknowledging him as King on behalf of the Chinese Imperial Court, and as a tributary subordinate.
The envoys in Shuri
Shuri was the royal capital of the Ryukyu Kingdom. It is today part of the city of Naha, Okinawa.
Upon the accession of a new king, the news was generally communicated to the Chinese capital, along with a petition for the investiture, by a formal Ryukyuan tribute mission. Following the 1609 invasion of Ryukyu, beginning with the succession of Shō Hō, the Satsuma Domain also had to be notified and asked for approval and confirmation of the new king.[1]
Chinese envoys would then be dispatched - sometimes quite quickly, sometimes not until over a decade later - arriving in ships called Шаблон:Nihongo in Okinawan. The mission would usually consist of two official envoy ships, separate crafts carrying the chief envoy and his deputy, as some uncertainty accompanied the journey;[2] these would be accompanied by a number of merchant ships. During Japan's Edo period, an agent from Satsuma known as a Шаблон:Nihongo would be sent down to Ryukyu to supervise the exchanges and interactions between Chinese and Ryukyuan officials, albeit from somewhat of a distance, given the policy of hiding Satsuma's involvement in Ryukyu from the Chinese.[3]
Envoys generally stayed in Ryukyu for four to eight months,[4] and were extensively entertained by the Ryukyuan royal court. A number of structures built for this purpose, including the Ryūtan pond and the Hokuden (North Hall) of Shuri Castle, can still be seen today on the castle grounds. The total Chinese entourage generally numbered between 300 and 800 people, and hosting and entertaining the Chinese envoys was an extremely expensive endeavor for the Ryukyuan court.[2]
A "Шаблон:Nihongo" oversaw these entertainments; kumi odori, a traditional form of Ryukyuan dance-drama, was first created and performed for entertaining an investiture envoy and his fellows, in 1719.[5]
Timeline of missions
King Satto became, in 1372, the first Ryukyuan king to submit to Chinese suzerainty.[6] Beginning with the investiture of Satto's successor, Bunei, in 1404,[7] twenty-two such missions traveled to Ryukyu in total,[4] the last in 1866, for the investiture of Shō Tai.[8]
| Year | Emperor of China | Chinese envoys | Ryūkyū king | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1373 | Jianwen | Yang Zai Шаблон:Lang[9][10] | Satto | mission purpose is to bring islands into Sinitic system.[9] |
| 1404 | Yongle | Shi Zhong Шаблон:Lang[9][10] | Bunei | investiture (cefeng) mission confirms Bunei as king in Ryukyu.[7] |
| 1415 | Yongle | Chen Xiuro [9]Шаблон:Lang | Shō Shishō | |
| 1427 | Xuande | Chai Shan Шаблон:Lang; Ruan Jian [9][11] |
Shō Hashi | |
| 1443 | Zhengtong | Yu Bian Шаблон:Lang; Liu Xun Шаблон:Lang[9][12] |
Shō Chū | |
| 1448 | Zhengtong | Chen Chuan Шаблон:Lang; Wan Xiang Шаблон:Lang[9][12] |
Shō Shitatsu | |
| 1452 | Jingtai | Qiao Yi Шаблон:Lang; Tong Shouhong Шаблон:Lang[9][12] |
Shō Kinpuku | |
| 1456 | Jingtai | Yan Cheng Шаблон:Lang; Liu Jian Шаблон:Lang[9][12] |
Shō Taikyū | |
| 1464 | Chenghua | Pang Rong Шаблон:Lang; Cai Zhe Шаблон:Lang[9][12] |
Shō Toku | |
| 1472 | Hongzhi | Guang Rong Шаблон:Lang;[9][13] Han Wen Шаблон:Lang [13][14] |
Shō En | installation of the new king.[14] |
| 1479 | Hongzhi | Dong Min Шаблон:Lang; Zhang Xiang Шаблон:Lang[9][13] |
Shō Shin | |
| 1534 | Jiajing | Chen Kan Шаблон:Lang ; Gao Cheng Шаблон:Lang[9][15] |
Shō Sei | mission encompassed a retinue of over 200 persons travelling in two ships which were specially constructed for this diplomatic purpose. The ambassador recorded details of the voyage and the reception the Chinese encountered in Shuri, the capital of the kingdom. This book, Shi Liu-ch'iu lu (Шаблон:Zh), still exists in transcription Chinese, Japanese and Korean versions.[16] |
| 1561 | Jiajing | Guo Rulin Шаблон:Lang; Li Jichun Шаблон:Lang[9][15] |
Shō Gen | |
| 1576 | Wanli | Shō Ei | Hseieh Chieh was a member of the 1576 mission to the Ryukyu Islands. He published an account of his experiences.[17] | |
| 1579 | Wanli | Xiao Chongye Шаблон:Lang; Hseieh Chieh Шаблон:Lang[9][15] |
Shō Ei | |
| 1606 | Wanli | Xia Ziyang Шаблон:Lang; Wang Shizhen Шаблон:Lang[9][15] |
Shō Nei | |
| 1633 | Chongzhen | Du Sance Шаблон:Lang; Yang Lun Шаблон:Lang[9][18] |
Shō Hō | investitutre of king |
| 1663 | Kangxi | Zhang Xueli Шаблон:Lang; Wang Gai Шаблон:Lang[18] |
Shō Shitsu | investitutre of king |
| 1683 | Kangxi | Wang Ji Шаблон:Lang; Lin Linchang Шаблон:Lang[18] |
Shō Tei | investitutre of king. |
| 1719 | Kangxi | Haibao Шаблон:Lang; Xu Baoguang Шаблон:Lang[19] |
Shō Kei | Kumi odori, a new form of dance-drama, created by Tamagusuku Chōkun for the entertainment of the Chinese envoys, is first performed for the envoys for the investiture of King Shō Kei.[5] |
| 1757 | Qianlong | Quan Kui Шаблон:Lang; Chou Huang Шаблон:Lang, [20] |
Shō Boku | Chou Huang compiles the Ryūkyū-koku shiryaku (Шаблон:Zh), an account of Ryukyuan history and customs based on the records and reports of earlier Chinese envoys, Ryukyuan records, and Chou's own observations[20] |
| 1800 | Jiaqing | Zhao Wenkai Шаблон:Lang; Li Dingyuan Шаблон:Lang[21] |
Shō On | investitutre of king. |
| 1808 | Jiaqing | Qikun Шаблон:Lang; Fei Xizhang Шаблон:Lang[22] |
Shō Kō | investitutre of king. |
| 1838 | Daoguang | Lin Hongnian Шаблон:Lang; Gao Renjian Шаблон:Lang[23] |
Shō Iku | investitutre of king. |
| 1866 | Tongzhi | Zhao Xin Шаблон:Lang; Yu Guangjia Шаблон:Lang[24] |
Shō Tai | final investiture mission confirms Shō Tai as King of Ryukyu.[8] |
In the late 19th century, the Sinocentric tributary state system was superseded by the Westphalian multi-state system.[25]
See also
- Ryukyuan missions to Edo
- Ryukyuan missions to Imperial China
- Foreign relations of Imperial China
- Ryukyuan missions to Joseon
- Joseon missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom
- Kōchi Chōjō
- Rin Seikō
Notes
References
- Goodrich, Luther Carrington and Zhaoying Fang. (1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 (明代名人傳), Vol. I; Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 (明代名人傳), Vol. II. New York: Columbia University Press. Шаблон:ISBN; Шаблон:ISBN; OCLC 1622199
- Kang, David C. (2010). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute. New York : Columbia University Press. Шаблон:ISBN / Шаблон:ISBN; OCLC 562768984
- Kerr, George H. (1965). Okinawa, the History of an Island People. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co. OCLC 39242121
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Шаблон:ISBN; OCLC 48943301
- Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations: Irredentism and the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Шаблон:ISBN Шаблон:ISBN; OCLC 170955369
- Chūzan Seifu (ja:中山世譜)
Further reading
- Mizuno, Norihito. (2003). China in Tokugawa Foreign Relations: The Tokugawa Bakufu’s Perception of and Attitudes toward Ming-Qing China, p. 109. excerpt from Japan and Its East Asian Neighbors: Japan's Perception of China and Korea and the Making of Foreign Policy from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century, Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 2004, as cited in Tsutsui, William M. (2009). A Companion to Japanese History, p. 83.
- Toby, Ronald P. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Шаблон:ISBN
- Yoda, Yoshiie. (1996). The Foundations of Japan's Modernization: a comparison with China's Path towards Modernization. Leiden: Brill. Шаблон:ISBN; OCLC 246732011
- ↑ Kerr, George. (2000). Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Kerr, Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ Matsuda, Mitsugu. The Government of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609-1872. Gushikawa: Yui Publishing, Co., 2001. pp46-47.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 "Sappôshi." Okinawa konpakuto jiten (沖縄コンパクト事典, "Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia"). 1 March 2003. Accessed 7 November 2009.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Foley, Kathy. "Kumi Odori's Historical Context and Performance Practice." in Ryukyu Geino: The Legacy of Kin Ryosho. Jimpu Kai USA Kin Ryosho Ryukyu Geino Kenkyusho Hawaii Shibu, 2008. pp45-56.
- ↑ Kerr, Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Shinzato, Keiji et al. Okinawa ken no rekishi (沖縄県の歴史, "History of Okinawa Prefecture"). Tokyo: Yamakawa Publishers, 1996. Appendix: Chronology.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Kerr, Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ 9,00 9,01 9,02 9,03 9,04 9,05 9,06 9,07 9,08 9,09 9,10 9,11 9,12 9,13 9,14 9,15 9,16 Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Chūzan Seifu, vol 3.
- ↑ Chūzan Seifu, vol 4.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 Chūzan Seifu, vol 5.
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Chūzan Seifu, vol 6.
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Goodrich, L. Carrington et al. (1976). Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 Chūzan Seifu, vol 7.
- ↑ Goodrich, Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ Goodrich, Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 Chūzan Seifu, vol 8.
- ↑ Chūzan Seifu, vol 9.
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Hirata, Tsugumasa (trans.). Chou, Huang. Ryûkyû-koku shiryaku. Tokyo: San-ichi Shobô, 1977. pp. 1-2.
- ↑ Chūzan Seifu, vol 10.
- ↑ Chūzan Seifu, vol 11.
- ↑ Chūzan Seifu, vol 12.
- ↑ Chūzan Seifu, vol 13.
- ↑ Kang, David C. (2010). Шаблон:Google books
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