Английская Википедия:Imperial Household Department

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox government agency The Imperial Household Department (Шаблон:Zh; Шаблон:Lang-mnc) was an institution of the Qing dynasty of China. Its primary purpose was to manage the internal affairs of the Qing imperial family and the activities of the inner palace (in which tasks it largely replaced eunuchs), but it also played an important role in Qing relations with Tibet and Mongolia, engaged in trading activities (jade, ginseng, salt, furs, etc.), managed textile factories in the Jiangnan region, and even published books.[1]

This department was also in charge of the ceremonial and spiritual activities of the Qing imperial household. These activities include the maintenance of the mausoleums of Qing emperors, polytheist worships and posthumous affairs of the royal family (the giving of temple names and posthumous names).[2]

Origins

The department was established beforeШаблон:When the Manchu-led Qing dynasty defeated the Ming dynasty in 1644, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the Shunzhi Emperor and the accession of his son, who reigned as the Kangxi Emperor.[3]

In 1654, the department was temporarily substituted by the Thirteen Yamen (十三衙門) which had similar functions. In 1661, the thirteen yamen were abolished with the re-establishment of the imperial household department.[4]

Personnel

The department was manned by booi (Manchu: booi, Шаблон:Lang-zh), or "bondservants", who were selected from the bondservants of the upper three banners.[5] Booi was sometimes synonymous with booi aha, which literally means "household person", but aha usually referred to the hereditary and legally servile people who worked in fields, whereas booi usually referred to household servants who performed domestic service.[6] The booi who operated the Imperial Household Department can be divided into roughly four groups:

  • a small booi elite;
  • the majority of the booi;
  • indentured servants of the booi;
  • the state bondservants (Manchu: sinjeku, Шаблон:Lang-zh).[7]

In total, there were three nirus of the department consist of booi. They are Cigu Niru (Chinese niru), Solho Niru (Korean niru) and Hoise Niru (Muslim niru) respectively. The demographic composition of the department was thus diverse. Manchu, Han Chinese, Korean and Muslim were cooperating to keep the department functioning. The three nirus of the imperial household department were under the inner three banners out of the Eight Banners system.

Various classes of Booi

  1. booi niru a Manchu word Шаблон:Lang-zh), meaning Neiwufu Upper Three Banner's platoon leader of about 300 men.
  2. booi guanlin a Manchu word Шаблон:Lang-zh), meaning the manager of booi doing all the domestic duties of Neiwufu.
  3. booi amban is also a Manchu word, meaning high official Шаблон:Lang-zh).
  4. Estate bannerman Шаблон:Lang-zh) are those renegade Chinese who joined the Jurchen, or original civilians-soldiers working in the fields. These people were all turned into booi aha, or field bondservants.
  5. sinjeku is another Manchu word Шаблон:Lang-zh), the lowest class of the bondservants.

Divisions

The central administration of the imperial household department was carried out by its chancery. Under the chancery, there were 7 Si (司), 3 Yuan (院) as well as numerous properties in different regions of China.[8] One Grand chancellor of senior second rank to senior first rank was set at the top of the department. To assist the work of the Grand chancellor, there were 37 bithesi (Manchu: bithesi, Шаблон:Lang-zh, Secretaries) one langzhong (senior fifth rank) and one Шаблон:Transl (senior sixth rank).[9]

Below are some of the many bureaus that were supervised by the Chancery of the Imperial Household Department (Шаблон:Lang-zh) in Beijing:

Seven Si

The Seven Si are the main functioning body of the department. Every Si (department) has several Langzhong (郎中), Yuanwailang (員外郎) and Bithesi who were officers that supervise the works of these departments.[10]

  • Privy Purse (Шаблон:Lang-zh, later Guangchusi 廣儲司), in charge of imperial revenues and expenditures. At least as early as 1727, Administrator of the Canton Customs, known to Europeans as the "Hoppo", delivered substantial revenues to the Imperial Household Department through the Privy Purse.[11]
  • Department of Works (Шаблон:Lang-zh), in charge of maintaining and repairing buildings inside the palace.
  • Department of Huntsmen (Шаблон:Lang-zh), in charge of personnel appointment and removal as well as the hunting of wild lives.
  • Department of Ceremonies (Шаблон:Lang-zh), in charge of ceremonial affairs.
  • Department of royal Ranch (Шаблон:Lang-zh), in charge of the royal ranch which provides livestock for the royal house.
  • Department of Accounting (Шаблон:Lang-zh), in charge of real estates of the imperial household.
  • Department of Prudence (Шаблон:Lang-zh), in charge of the martial law of the upper three banners which were governed by the emperor himself.

Three Yuan

  • Bureau of Imperial Gardens and Parks (Шаблон:Lang-zh), in charge of the everyday maintenance of palace gardens.
  • Imperial Armory (Шаблон:Lang-zh), in charge of the manufacture and repair of palace weapons.
  • Imperial Stables (Шаблон:Lang-zh), in charge of maintaining all the palace's horses

Other subsidiaries

By the nineteenth century, the Imperial Household Department managed the activities of more than 56 subagencies.[12][13]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Qing dynasty topics

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 大清會典事例.ver.1899.vol.1178-96.
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 大清會典事例.ver.1899.vol.1170.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ 大清會典.ver.1764
  9. ↑ General Annals of Eight Banners.vol.45
  10. ↑ 大清會典事例.ver.1899
  11. ↑ Torbert, The Ch'ing Household Department, p. 99-100.
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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