Английская Википедия:In Ekker series, French nuclear tests

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Шаблон:Infobox nuclear weapons test

In Ekker was a series of 13 underground nuclear tests and five atmospheric nuclear tests by France between November 1961 and February 1966.[1] The bombs were detonated at the Oasis Military Experiments Centre near In Ekker, French Algeria at the Tan Afella in the Hoggar Mountains, by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command. At the beginning of the test series, the area was controlled by France as part of French Algeria, which was in the midst of its war of independence. While Algeria won its independence in 1962, the tests were controversially allowed to continue until 1966 as part of the peace treaty.[2]

The series saw the explosion of the first AN-11/21 bombs and was followed by the 1966–1970 series. The tests remain controversial for their continued impact on the region.[2]

Codenames

The 13 underground operations were named after jewel stones, while the 5 AN-11/21 bombs tests were designated as Pollen I, Pollen Rose, Pollen Rouge, Pollen Safran and Pollen Jonquille.

List of tests

CodenameШаблон:Efn Date time (UTC) Location Elevation Altitude Delivery Purpose Device Yield FalloutШаблон:Efn
Agate 1961-11-07 – 11:29:59.9 Shaft E1 North – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,400 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel
  • Measurement procedures
  • Study of mechanical effects
 S1 5.0 kt After 8 hours: 0.040 mGy/h (Drilling T11')
Béryl 1962-05-01 – 10:00:00.5 Shaft E2 – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,580 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel S2Шаблон:Efn >30.0 kt After few minutes:Шаблон:Efn 0.001 to 3.000 Gy/h

After 1 hour: 7.000 Gy/h (7.0 km)

After 1 day: 0.100 mGy/h (150.0 km)

Émeraude
(Georgette) 		1963-03-18 – 10:02:00.4 Shaft E3 South – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,540 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel 10.0 kt After 8 hours: 0.400 mGy/h (Drilling T32)
Améthyste 1963-03-30 – 09:59:00.3 Shaft E3 Bis – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,220 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel
  • Reuse of plutonium
  • Test of new neutron detection devices
 P1 0.85 kt After 20 minutes:Шаблон:Efn 0.200 Gy/h (1.0 km)

After 1 day: 0.700 Gy/h (1.0 km)

Rubis 1963-10-20 – 13:00:00.1 Shaft E5 – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,510 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel 68.0 kt After 1 hour:Шаблон:Efn 1.000 Gy/h (1.0 km)

After 5 hours: 0.100 mGy/h (? km)

After 14 hours: 0.002 mGy/h (150.0 km)

Opale
(Michèle) 		1964-02-14 – 11:00:00.3 Shaft E1 South – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,380 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel 3.7 kt After 6 hours: 0.050 mGy/h (Drilling T12)
Pollen I 1964-05-08 – ??:??:??.? Shooting range – CEMO
Tan Ataram, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		940 m 0 m Surface *Assessment of plutonium contamination during a simulated accident AN-11 N/A
Topaze 1964-06-15 – 13:40:00.4 Shaft E6-1 – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,410 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel *Test of a new plutonium prototype A1 >1.0 kt After 6 hours: 0.050 mGy/h (Drilling T12)
Turquoise 1964-11-28 – 10:30:00.0 Shaft E4 – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,760 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel H2 5 kt None
Pollen Rose 1964-12-31 – 06:28:??.? Shooting range – CEMO
Tan Ataram, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		940 m +1 m Tower *Assessment of plutonium contamination during a simulated accident AN-11 N/A Contaminated area of 0.550 km2
Saphir
(Monique) 		1965-02-27 – 11:30:00.0 Shaft E7 – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,830 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel B1 117 kt Leak of noble gases (Drilling T71)
Jade 1965-05-30 – 11:00:00.0 Shaft E1-3 – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,460 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel *Axial prototype A2 0.6 kt After 2 hours:Шаблон:Efn 0.010 Gy/h (Drilling T31)

After 4 hours: 0.020 Gy/h (Entrance)

After 2 weeks: E1 explosion, leak of noble gases

Corindon 1965-10-01 – 10:00:00.0 Shaft E6-1 – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,500 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel
  • Non spherical device
  • Study of thermonuclear devices' ignition conditions
 A3 >4 kt After 15 minutes: 3.200 mGy/h (Drilling T62)

After 11 hours: 1.8 mGy/h (Entrance)

Pollen Rouge 1965-11-01 – 21:53:??.? Shooting range – CEMO
Tan Ataram, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		940 m +15 m Tower
  • Assessment of plutonium contamination during a simulated accident
 AN-11 N/A Contaminated area of 2.100 km2
Tourmaline 1965-12-01 – 10:30:00.1 Shaft E3 North – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,600 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel
  • Study of MSBS missiles' ignition conditions
  • Spherical fission plutonium device boosted with tritium
 G3 10 kt After 1 day: 0.200 mGy/h (Drilling T31)
Pollen Safran 1966-01-10 – 02:06:??.? Shooting range – CEMO
Tan Ataram, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		940 m +15 m Tower
  • Assessment of plutonium contamination during a simulated accident
 AN-21 N/A Contaminated area of 5.600 km2
Grenat
(Carmen) 		1966-02-16 – 11:00:00.0 Shaft E4-2 North – CEMO
Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		1,760 m 0 mШаблон:Efn Tunnel
  • Same purposes as Tourmaline, under different conditions
 G'3 13 kt After 2 hours: 0.005 Gy/h (Drilling T42)
Pollen Jonquille 1966-03-09 – 22:12:??.? Shooting range – CEMO
Tan Ataram, In Ekker, French Algeria
Шаблон:Coord 		940 m +1 m Tower
  • Assessment of plutonium contamination during a simulated accident
 AN-21 N/A Contaminated area of 2.750 km2
References : [3][4][5][6][7]

See also

Шаблон:GeoGroup

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Nuclear weapons tests of France

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
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Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite tech report
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite tech report
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite tech report
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite tech report
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite tech report
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