Английская Википедия:Inanna of Zabalam

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox deity Inanna of Zabalam (also Supālītum,Шаблон:Sfn Sugallītu,Шаблон:Sfn Nin-ZabalamШаблон:Sfn) was a hypostasis of the Mesopotamian goddess Inanna associated with the city of Zabalam. It has been proposed that she was initially a separate deity, perhaps known under the name Nin-UM, who came to be absorbed by the goddess of Uruk at some point in the prehistory of Mesopotamia and lost her unknown original character in the process, though in certain contexts she nonetheless could still be treated as distinct. She was regarded as the mother of Shara, the god of Umma, a city located near Zabalam.

The worship of Inanna of Zabalam is already attested in the early texts from the Uruk period, which makes her one of the oldest tutelary goddesses of specific cities known from Mesopotamian sources. Her temple was known under the ceremonial name Gigunna. It is attested in sources from Early Dynastic, Sargonic and Ur III periods, and from various literary texts. Later on, she came to be associated with the city of Larsa. An inscription of king Warad-Sin mentions the construction of a temple dedicated to her, the Ekalamtanigurru, possibly identical with the older sanctuary. She is also attested in various religious texts and in theophoric names from Larsa. Further cities where she was worshiped in the Old Babylonian period include Nippur, Uruk, Isin, Kisurra and Babylon. It is presumed that her main cult center, Zabalam, was eventually abandoned, though she is still mentioned in documents from the reign of the First Sealand dynasty and references to various temples dedicated to her occur in the Canonical Temple List from the subsequent Kassite period.

Origin and names

Inanna of Zabalam is among the oldest attested examples of distinct manifestations of deities tied to specific geographical locations.Шаблон:Sfn She was the tutelary goddess of the city of Zabalam,Шаблон:Sfn also known as Sugal in Akkadian (modern Tell Ibzeikh in Iraq).Шаблон:Sfn It is agreed that while to a degree the local manifestations of Inanna shared a "common essence," they also could have distinct, unique traits, and interpretations presenting them as facets of one goddess or as distinct figures could coexist.Шаблон:Sfn For example, in the Weidner god list, Inanna of Zabalam occurs separately from Inanna herself and Dumuzi, alongside other local manifestations, which might indicate in this context she was not strictly viewed as a hypostasis, but rather as a separate local goddess.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Joan Goodnick Westenholz, the original character of the tutelary goddess of Zabalam was lost prior to the beginning of recorded history in a process in which "her selfhood was swallowed up by that of Inana of Uruk."Шаблон:Sfn While it is presumed that many cities adopted the cult of Inanna from Uruk in the Uruk period already, in Zabalam the introduction of the Urukean goddess might have resulted in such a situation due to the geographic proximity of both cities.Шаблон:Sfn Westenholz suggests her original name might have been Nin-UM, attested in the zame hymns from the Early Dynastic period.Шаблон:Sfn Antoine Cavigneaux and Manfred Krebernik in the corresponding entry in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie maintain more caution, and refer to Nin-UM neutrally as a deity, rather than specifically a goddess, though they accept the name might refer to a hypostasis of Inanna in all contexts it is attested in.Шаблон:Sfn The meaning of the name Nin-UM is unknown, and a connection with the month name ne-UM from the local calendar of Ur has been ruled out.Шаблон:Sfn

Inanna of Zabalam could be referred to with the name Supālītum (Supallītu), derived from the Akkadian spelling of the toponym, and through a folk etymology connected with the word supālu (sāpalu), "juniper."Шаблон:Sfn It was commonly used in Babylonian lexical texts.Шаблон:Sfn It occurs in the god list An = Anum as explanation of dInanna-su-balaki (tablet IV, line 134).Шаблон:Sfn A second similar name was Sugallītu (Šugallītu; "she of Zabalam"), whose spelling might have been influenced by the term Esugal, referring to a ziggurat dedicated to Ishtar located in the city of Akkad,Шаблон:Sfn or alternatively by the word sukkallu.Шаблон:Sfn The latter name could be written logographically as dZU.GAL or dSU.GAL.Шаблон:Sfn A further possible name, dZA-BA-AD, perhaps to be read as DIĜIR Zabalam, "the goddess of Zabalam," has been identified on an exercise tablet from Susa.Шаблон:Sfn Texts from Umma from the Ur III period also use the epithet Nin-Zabalam, "lady of Zabalam," especially when referring to the worship of this goddess in the settlement A-ka-sal4ki.Шаблон:Sfn

Associations with other deities

The god Shara, commonly referred to simply as a son of Inanna in modern literature aimed at general audiences,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn was specifically regarded as the son of the goddess of Zabalam.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The translation of the only passage mentioning his father is uncertain.Шаблон:Sfn Julia M. Asher-Greve suggests this tradition was a secondary development, and Shara was only assigned to Inanna as a son to make it possible to refer to her with the epithet ama, mother, though she also notes it was seemingly not related to motherhood, but rather to senior position in the pantheon and authority over specific cities.Шаблон:Sfn Manuel Molina instead assumes that it reflected the close relation between their respective cult centers.Шаблон:Sfn

An inscription of Warad-Sin refers to Inanna of Zabalam as a daughter of Suen.Шаблон:Sfn The circle of deities associated with her also included Apiriĝmaḫ, as well as two goddesses attested in an analogous role in Uruk, Ninshubur and Nanaya.Шаблон:Sfn

In the Zame hymns, Nin-UM, possibly identical with Inanna of Zabalam, appears in association with the god Ištaran.Шаблон:Sfn She is also equated with Inanna-kur,Шаблон:Sfn an early hypostasis of Inanna known already from sources from the Uruk period.Шаблон:Sfn However, the latter also maintained an independent identity and could be instead linked with dMen, a deity presumed to be a deified crown.Шаблон:Sfn

Worship

Early history

The oldest evidence for the existence of Zabalam and for the worship of its tutelary goddess comes from the Uruk III period (c. 3100 – 2900 BCE).Шаблон:Sfn The name of the city was written in cuneiform logographically as MUŠ3.UNUG, following a typical early pattern in which the combination of the name of a local deity, in this case, Inanna (MUŠ3) and the sign "sanctuary" (UNUG) was used to render the name of city.Шаблон:Sfn Analogously, Larsa was rendered as UTU. UNUG and Ur - NANNAx.UNUG.Шаблон:Sfn Later on the sign ZA was added as a phonetic indicator, though the writing continued to be variable until the Old Babylonian period.Шаблон:Sfn The only other female tutelary deities of specific cities known from comparably early sources as Inanna of Zabalam are Inanna of Uruk, Nanshe, Ezina and Nisaba.Шаблон:Sfn

Third millennium BCE

Inanna of Zabalam belonged to the local pantheon of the state (later province) of Umma,Шаблон:Sfn though as noted by Manuel Molina, her cult likely had "supraregional" significance already in the late Uruk period.Шаблон:Sfn In the Early Dynastic period she appears in the zame hymns, and one of the strophes directly identifies her with Nin-UM, her possible earlier name.Шаблон:Sfn

Literary texts such as Inanna's Descent and the hymn Inanna F indicate that Inanna's temple in Zabalam was known as Gigunna (Gi-gun4ki-na).Шаблон:Sfn In the Sargonic period, it was rebuilt by Naram-Sin or Shar-Kali-Sharri.Шаблон:Sfn However, only remnants of a later Old Babylonian structure have been found during excavations, last of which took part in 2001–2002 on behalf of State Board of Antiquities and Heritage of Iraq, but further research on the site is not possible due to extensive looting in the aftermath of the Iraq War rendering it "almost completely destroyed and virtually irrecoverable to archaeology."Шаблон:Sfn The temple was seemingly the center of economic activity of the city.Шаблон:Sfn Most of the documents which presumably originated in Zabalam come from the temple's archive, though provenance is often difficult to establish due to the entire area surrounding ancient Umma and Zabalam being affected by looting.Шаблон:Sfn

According to textual sources in the Ur III period the temple was nominally maintained by the governor of Umma, though the city of Zabalam was effectively under direct control of the royal family due to its religious and economic significance for the state.Шаблон:Sfn Queen Abi-simti was known for her devotion to Inanna of Zabalam, despite not originating in this city.Шаблон:Sfn However, she did own a house there, and it is possible that an estate of the royal family was located nearby.Шаблон:Sfn Texts from Umma from the same period indicate that Inanna of Zabalam ("Nin-Zabalam") was also worshiped in the settlement A-ka-sal4ki, and mention a gudu4 priest and a herdsman in her service.Шаблон:Sfn

Second millennium BCE

Inanna of Zabalam retained her religious importance after the fall of the Third Dynasty of Ur, during the successive periods of the reigns of dynasties of Isin, Larsa and Babylon.Шаблон:Sfn She came to be strongly associated with the second of these three cities.Шаблон:Sfn A year formula of Warad-Sin of Larsa mentions the construction of a temple dedicated to her,Шаблон:Sfn the Ekalamtanigurru, "house which inspires dread in the land," according to Andrew R. George possibly to be identified with the earlier structure in Zabalam rebuilt by Shar-Kali-Shari.Шаблон:Sfn In the city of Larsa, she and a local manifestation of Inanna, "Queen-of-Larsa," were worshiped separately from each other.Шаблон:Sfn Her cult involved maḫḫûm (prophetic "ecstatics"), who are otherwise sparsely attested in southern Mesopotamia, and more commonly occur in texts from the west.Шаблон:Sfn Apparently both men and women could fulfill this function.Шаблон:Sfn Under the name Šugallītu, Inanna of Zabalam also appears in a greeting formula in a letter from this city (alongside Shamash), in a wisdom text mentioning offerings made to her, and in theophoric names such as Ubar-Šugallītu, Warad-Šugallītu, Šugallītu-gamil (in all cases the spellings used are logographic) and Kuk-Šugallītum (the theonym is spelled syllabically; the first element is Elamite).Шаблон:Sfn

Inanna of Zabalam was also worshiped in Nippur,Шаблон:Sfn Isin and Uruk.Шаблон:Sfn There are also references to the worship of "Inanna-Zabalam of Uruk" in Larsa.Шаблон:Sfn She additionally seemingly came to be viewed as one of the tutelary deities of the city Umma.Шаблон:Sfn Earlier this role belonged only to Shara and Ninura.Шаблон:Sfn A loan document mentions a month named after her, ITI na-ab-ri-ì (from nabrium, a type of festival) ša su-ga-li-ti-im.Шаблон:Sfn It comes from the early Old Babylonian period, though its point of origin is difficult to ascertain, and various features of the text might point at the influence of traditions of Mari or the Diyala area.Шаблон:Sfn According to Witold Tyborowski, it might have been a variant name of a month in the local calendar of Kisurra.Шаблон:Sfn The theophoric element Sugallitum can be found in a single name from this city, Amat-Sugallitum.Шаблон:Sfn

In Zabalam itself, Hammurabi of Babylon built a temple named Ezikalamma ("house - the life of the land"), as indicated by inscribed bricks found during excavations.Шаблон:Sfn References to the goddess of Zabalam also occur in sources from the capital of his kingdom.Шаблон:Sfn A priest of Sugallîtum is attested in a text from this city from the late Old Babylonian period, in which he acts as a witness.Шаблон:Sfn It has been suggested that his presence in Babylon was the result of the arrival of refugees from Larsa.Шаблон:Sfn

After the Old Babylonian period, Zabalam was likely abandoned.Шаблон:Sfn However, the archives of the First Sealand dynasty still contain references to offerings made to dINANA NIN-SU.GAL, "Inanna-lady-of-Zabalam."Шаблон:Sfn According to Manfred Krebernik, a reference to dŠu-gal-li-tum also occurs in an incantation postdating the Old Babylonian period in an enumeration of various names of Ishtar.Шаблон:Sfn In the Canonical Temple List, most likely composed in the Kassite period,Шаблон:Sfn cult centers of Inanna of Zabalam (referred to as Supālītum) are listed in a separate short section.Шаблон:Sfn They include the Etemennigurru (location unknown; entry 319),Шаблон:Sfn the Esusuĝarra ("house where meals are set out"), likely in Uruk (entry 320),Шаблон:Sfn the E.AN-kum in an unknown location (entry 321),Шаблон:Sfn and the Egigunna in Muru (entry 322).Шаблон:Sfn In a lamentation, the Esiguz, "house of goat hair," located in Guabba, is associated with her.Шаблон:Sfn

References

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