Английская Википедия:Incahuasi

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Шаблон:Short description

Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox mountain Incahuasi (Шаблон:IPA-es; possibly from Quechua: inka Inca, wasi house)[1][2] is a volcanic mountain in the Andes of South America. It lies on the border of the Catamarca Province of Argentina and the Atacama Region of Chile. Incahuasi has a summit elevation of Шаблон:Convert above sea level.

The volcano consists of a Шаблон:Convert caldera and two stratovolcanoes. Four pyroclastic cones located Шаблон:Convert to the northeast have produced basalt-andesite lava flows that cover an area of Шаблон:Convert.[3]

Geography and geology

Incahuasi lies on the border between Argentina and Chile,[4] close to Paso San Francisco.Шаблон:Sfn A major road crosses the border there.Шаблон:Sfn

Regional

Incahuasi is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, together with about 110 other Quaternary volcanoes, and lies in the southern sector of this zone;Шаблон:Sfn other volcanic zones in the Andes are the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone, and the Austral Volcanic Zone.Шаблон:Sfn The history of volcanic activity of most of these volcanoes is poorly understood owing to the lack of dating; only a few historical eruptions have been recorded, such as an eruption at Ojos del Salado in 1993.Шаблон:Sfn

Incahuasi is located northeast of Ojos del Salado,[4] the highest volcano in the world.Шаблон:Sfn Both volcanoes are found at the southern end of the Central Volcanic Zone.Шаблон:Sfn Together with El Fraile, Cerro El Muerto, Nevado Tres Cruces, and El Solo, they form a Шаблон:Convert volcanic chain.Шаблон:Sfn

The area is dominated by volcanoes that were active after 1.5 million years ago.Шаблон:Sfn Also located close to Incahuasi are Falso Azufre and Nevado San Francisco,Шаблон:Sfn as well as the Miocene Cerro Morocho and Cerro Ojo de Las Lozas volcanoes.Шаблон:Sfn It has been suggested that a perpendicular chain of volcanoes including Ojos del Salado may be the consequence of the Juan Fernández Ridge subducting in the Peru–Chile Trench.Шаблон:Sfn

Geological evidence suggests that volcanism in the area dates back to the Oligocene and Miocene, when the main volcanic arc was located Шаблон:Convert west in the Maricunga Belt. Between 9 and 6 million years ago, volcanic activity in the Maricunga Belt decreased and eventually ceased. Simultaneously, the back-arc experienced increased volcanic activity.Шаблон:Sfn Beginning 8.3 million years ago, there was a change in tectonic regime from an east-west compression to a north-south stretching, which led to a change in the alignments of the volcanoes.Шаблон:Sfn

Local

Incahuasi is formed by a caldera Шаблон:Convert wide. Two coalesced stratovolcanoes formed within the caldera[4] and have a diameter of Шаблон:Convert.[5] A Шаблон:Convert lava dome is located on the eastern flank.[5] The volcano has a volume of about Шаблон:Convert[6] and covers a surface area of about Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn With a height of Шаблон:Convert, Incahuasi is the 12th-highest mountain in South AmericaШаблон:Sfn and one of the world's highest volcanoes.Шаблон:Sfn

Incahuasi has two craters, a summit crater and an arcuate crater on the eastern slope that contains a lava dome.[4] The summit crater has dimensions of Шаблон:Convert[5] and is embedded within a Шаблон:Convert summit plateau.Шаблон:Sfn Subsidiary vents conversely are associated with fissure vents.[7] The edifice appears to consist of two overlapping volcanoes.[8]

The western and southwestern slopes of Incahuasi are dotted with lava domes,[4] which are more subdued than on other volcanoes in the region.Шаблон:Sfn Lava flows less than Шаблон:Convert wide and Шаблон:Convert long[5] extend down the volcano.[4] They reach the Las Coladas salar east of Incahuasi.Шаблон:Sfn Two Шаблон:Convert coulees extend north and east of the main crater.[5]

Шаблон:Convert northeast of Incahuasi, four pyroclastic cones can be found. They have covered Шаблон:Convert with lava[4] but they are probably an independent volcanic system, similar to other regional mafic volcanoes.Шаблон:Sfn On Incahuasi's eastern flank lies a major lava dome and a field of lava flows.Шаблон:Sfn Incahuasi rises over a surface with elevations of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The volcano is surrounded by a field of small volcanoes that is known as the Incahuasi field;Шаблон:Sfn it contains 19 small volcanoes with a total rock volume of Шаблон:Convert,Шаблон:Sfn which were active during the last 1 million years.Шаблон:Sfn

Composition

Like many Andean volcanoes, Incahuasi has erupted andesite containing hornblende and pyroxene,Шаблон:Sfn but also trachyandesite and trachydacite.Шаблон:Sfn Lava flows on the main stratovolcano are dacitic.[4]

The four cones northeast of the principal volcano have erupted basaltic andesite.[4] Likewise, parasitic cones have erupted magnesium-rich basaltic andesite.[9] Minerals contained in these rocks include clinopyroxene and olivine.Шаблон:Sfn

The occurrence of such basic magmas in a volcanic setting dominated by dacites appears to be a consequence of local tectonics, which involve the extension of the crust compared to the compressional regime farther west.Шаблон:Sfn Originating in the mantle, the magmas quickly ascended in faults and were contaminated by crustal material.Шаблон:Sfn The mantle itself had been modified before by crustal material added by delamination of the lower crust and subduction erosion.Шаблон:Sfn

Climate

Incahuasi does not have glaciers,Шаблон:Sfn but it does have at least temporary snowpack.[4] Even the crater does not support the development of glaciers.Шаблон:Sfn

Average precipitation at Incahuasi is about Шаблон:Convert. The volcano lies south of the so-called "Arid Diagonal", and most precipitation falls during winter.Шаблон:Sfn This aridity is caused by the rain shadow effect of the Subandean Ranges, which block moisture from the Atlantic Ocean.Шаблон:Sfn

Eruption history

One andesitic lava flow on the northwestern slope of Incahuasi has yielded two ages, one of 1.15 ± 0.5 million years ago and another of 710,000 ± 80,000 years ago.Шаблон:Sfn Based on their preservations, the lava flows appear to be of roughly comparable ages.[5] Additional ages were obtained on the main edifice, 1.57 ± 0.1 million years ago, 1.14 ± 0.37 million years ago, and 1.00 ± 0.13 million years ago.Шаблон:Sfn

Parasitic cones were active over 500,000 years ago.[9] These include the lava dome and lava flow fields (760,000 ± 90,000 and 740,000 ± 50,000 years ago, respectively) and a lava flow from the pyroclastic cones, which has been dated to 350,000 ± 30,000 years ago.Шаблон:Sfn

Volcanic activity at Incahuasi may have continued into the Holocene, considering the young appearance of its eruption products[4] such as lava flows in the summit region and on the southern slopes; the old ages obtained by radiometric dating indicate an extinct volcano, although activity at Andean volcanoes is known to occur with long rest phases between eruptions (reaching one million years).Шаблон:Sfn There are reports of fumarolic activity. The volcano is considered a potential geological hazard to Argentina[10] and Chile, where the SERNAGEOMIN hazard maps identify it as a potential threat.[11] The remoteness of the volcano means that future eruptions are unlikely to impact populated areas, however,Шаблон:Sfn other than Шаблон:Interlanguage link.[8] It was rated 27th out of 38 Argentine-Chilean volcanoes in dangerousness.[12]

Climbing history

The mountain was first climbed by Inca people. In 1912, Walter Penck climbed the mountain. Legend has it that a railway engineer named Edward Flint ascended the mountain between 1854 and 1859.[13]

Archaeology

In 1913, an Inca ceremonial structure was found on the summit of Incahuasi.Шаблон:Sfn Another archaeological site, "Fiambalá-1", lies at its foot.[14] Other Inca archaeological sites in the region appear to have had functions correlated to that of the Incahuasi site.[15]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Andean volcanoes

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  1. ↑ Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
  2. ↑ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок GVP не указан текст
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок GrosseOrihashi2014 не указан текст
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Aravena2015 не указан текст
  7. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок SeggiaroHongn1999 не указан текст
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок AmigoOrozco2012 не указан текст
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок MpodozisCornejo1995 не указан текст
  10. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок PeruccaMoreias2009 не указан текст
  11. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок SERNAGEOMIN не указан текст
  12. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок GarciaBadi2021 не указан текст
  13. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Echevarria1987 не указан текст
  14. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок OrgazRatto2015 не указан текст
  15. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок MiyanoLantos2017 не указан текст
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