Английская Википедия:Incheon Airport Maglev

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The Incheon Airport Maglev was a maglev line in South Korea that opened on 3 February 2016 and closed on 1 September 2023. It was the world's second commercially operating unmanned urban maglev line after Japan's Linimo. The trains were lighter, cutting construction costs in half. The majority of construction was completed by November 2012.

The maglev linked Incheon International Airport Terminal 1 to Long Term Parking, Incheon Airport Administration Complex, Paradise City entertainment precinct, and Yongyu station and Leisure Complex while crossing Yeongjong Island. The line is not part of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway System. It was free of charge for all riders. It initially operated between 09:00 and 18:00. Hours had been extended to between 07:30 and 20:00. Departures were every 15 minutes from all stations. It offered a transfer to Incheon International Airport Terminal 1 station of AREX.

This maglev line specifically utilized electromagnetic suspension (EMS) and linear induction motor (LIM) propulsion. The train was one of the first commercial maglev trains since the 1980s. Two more stages were planned of Шаблон:Cvt and Шаблон:Cvt. Once completed it would have become a circular line. These lines make up a core project that the Korea Rail Network Authority managed.

Stations

Файл:Incheon Airport Maglev Station Platform.jpg

Maglev Station Platform in Incheon Airport

Файл:Incheon Airport Maglev Station Train Arrival Screen.jpg

Incheon Airport Maglev Station Train Arrival Screen

All stations are located in Jung District, Incheon.

Station number	Station name			Transfer	Distance (km)
	Romanized	Hangul	Hanja		Station	Total
M01	Incheon International Airport Terminal 1	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Linktext1터미널	Шаблон:Rint	0
M02	Long Term Parking	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Linktext		0.4
M03	Administration Complex	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Linktext		0.5	0.9
M04	Paradise City	Шаблон:Lang	파라다이스시티		0.4	1.3
M05	Water Park	Шаблон:Lang	워터파크		3	4.3
M06	Yongyu	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Linktext		1.2	5.5

History

Origins

The maglev train, nicknamed ECOBEE, was co-developed by the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (known as the KIMM which is part of the Korea University of Science and Technology) and Hyundai Rotem. It is Шаблон:Convert long, with six stations and a Шаблон:Convert operating speed (the design maximum speed is Шаблон:Convert).

This train was part of Korea's Urban Maglev Program (UMP) which started in December 2006. This program reached out to prominent companies and organizations in the railway concentrations previously mentioned. The UMP represents Korea's push for R&D in maglev systems in order to engender a magnetic levitation transportation system to replace Korea's current urban transportation means. This train system is the result of a development project started in 1989 within the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM).

The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport contributed 59% of the funds, around Шаблон:KRWConvert, with Incheon Airport Corporation spending Шаблон:KRWConvert amounting to 25%, and Incheon City paying Шаблон:KRWConvert which comes to 6%. Additionally, Шаблон:KRWConvert was spent on research. This totals over Шаблон:KRWConvert of taxpayer money spent on the shortlived project.

Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic

During the COVID pandemic the line was reduced to operate during the am & pm Rush Hours only - departing Airport Terminal 1 Station every 15 minutes from 07:30 to 09:00 and 18:00-1900. The reduced service was still operating in May 2022 but was expected to return to full-time service shortly after.

Incheon Airport Maglev COVID-19 reduced service - May 2022

COVID-19 reduced service - May 2022

Closure

At its height in 2019, the Incheon Maglev saw just 4000 passengers each day. This is only 11% of expected usage levels. During the coronavirus pandemic, this number reduced by over 90% to just 300 daily passengers on average.

The line was temporarily closed from 14 July 2022 due to maintenance and repair of the carriages not being completed on time (required every 3 years) as per the Railroad Safety Act.

Changes and potential reopening

At the National Assembly Land, Infrastructure and Transport Committee meeting on 22 August 2022, Rep. Heo Jong-sik (of Dong-gu, Incheon) called for a “plan to reduce operating costs”, as annual maintenance fees hit Шаблон:KRWConvert.

On 17 October 2022, the National Assembly Transportation Committee held an inspection of the Incheon International Airport Corporation. They received stern critiques regarding the cost; it was revealed that Incheon Maglev required Шаблон:KRWConvert of investment over the next 10 years. This is more than the cost of its initial construction.

On 16 June 2023, the Construction and Transportation Committee of Incheon City Council approved plans to convert the track from Maglev to orbital tram tracks. The City Council argued that maintenance costs could be cut by up to 35% due to the difficulty and high cost in purchasing parts for the rare Maglev trains.

A proposal to cut costs was passed at the Incheon City Planning Committee on 26 July 2023. The new plan would reduce the operating time from 13 hours to 6 hours and decrease the number of trains from 103 to 25. It was projected that these changes would cut down annual operating costs from Шаблон:KRWConvert to Шаблон:KRWConvert.

On 3 January 2024, Incheon International Airport Corporation announced that operations are expected to resume from March 2024.

Rolling stock

Hyundai Rotem manufactured the rolling stock for this line and is the entity that managed its development. The 4 trains consist of 2 carriages, namely A and B. Each carriage is Шаблон:Convert long, Шаблон:Convert wide and Шаблон:Convert high, they weigh Шаблон:Convert and have a starting acceleration and service brake of Шаблон:Convert.

Past research

Файл:Yongyu Maglev Station.jpg

Maglev Station in Yongyu

Train systems such as the Incheon Airport Maglev use air brakes and electric brakes. However, magnetic levitation trains use regenerative braking and plugging braking as opposed to normal trains using regenerative braking and air braking. Regenerative braking is used when the speed of the motor exceeds the synchronous speed. When this happens, the motor changes current flow so that the motor brakes. After this happens, the excess power is converted to power for the motor. Plugging braking is used when the supply terminals are switched, but it is criticized as a wasteful practice, because in order to switch the terminals, an external resistor needs to be implemented as a stopper for the current flow. As a result, a lot of power is squandered.Шаблон:Citation needed

With the Urban Transit Maglev (now referred to as the "Incheon Airport Maglev") in South Korea as a test model, a study was conducted on exploring the relationship between the variation of slip frequency and energy efficiency of regenerative braking. The slip frequency decreases the limit for the regenerative extinction point. After testing, researchers noticed that this decrease of the frequency led to a decrease in the conversion time of the phase current back into the system. This decreased the required energy to brake, thus accumulating more regenerated power.Шаблон:Citation needed

External links

• About Maglev Train (English)
• Maglev promotional brochure (Korean)
• Future Rail Database (Korean) "인천공항 자기부상열차"
• "Maglev Test," Korea JoongAng Daily (English) "Maglev Test"