Английская Википедия:Independent Television Commission

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The Independent Television Commission (ITC) licensed and regulated commercial television services in the United Kingdom (except S4C in Wales) between 1 January 1991 and 28 December 2003.

History

Файл:ITC Headquarters.png

ITC's former headquarters, now occupied by Ofcom (note the former IBA signage was removed).

The creation of ITC, by the Broadcasting Act 1990 to replace the television regulation functions of the Independent Broadcasting Authority (formed by the Sound Broadcasting Act 1972) and Cable Authority. From 1 January 1991 it regulated the existing ITV network. The 1990 Act also established the Channel Four Television Corporation to run Channel 4, regulated by the ITC. There was no fanfare, as control was passed from Channel Four Television Company Limited.

Activities

The establishing Act required the auction of Channel 3 licences for the fifteen ITV regions and nationwide breakfast time. Most of the Channel 3 licences were awarded to the incumbent ITV companies; however there were some controversial decisions:

• Carlton Television outbid Thames Television for the London Weekday licence; CPV-TV was the highest bidder, but its bid failed due to quality considerations.
• GMTV (changed to Good Morning Television as the bid name 'Sunrise Television' was already used by Sky News) outbid TV-am for the Breakfast television licence.
• TVS and TSW were deemed to have overbid for their licences, and hence their franchises were awarded to lower bidders Meridian Broadcasting and Westcountry Television, respectively.

On 1 January 1993 these new arrangements came into force, and the ITC began its job of 'light-touch regulation'. During this time, the ITC regulated the Channel 3 system as well as Channel 4. It issued licences to new satellite broadcasters and awarded the Channel 5 licence in the mid-1990s. It also regulated cable TV.

In the early 2000s, the British government, in a white paper, declared its intention to merge the ITC with the Radio Authority, Office of Telecommunications, and Radiocommunications Agency. This merger, under the Communications Act 2003, took effect on 29 December 2003. Most powers of the ITC are now exercised by the Office of Communications (Ofcom), making some powers – and the ITC itself – defunct. At this point, technical standards regulation, previously carried out in accordance with the IBA engineering "Code of Practice", seems to have disappeared from the regulatory landscape.

Technical standards are part of the licence conditions and both are set by Ofcom, this is the current technical standard issued by Ofcom; https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/62663/broadcast-TV-technical-codes.pdf

Chairman

George Russell, last chairman of IBA

• Sir George Russell (1 Jan 1991 – 31 Dec 1996)
• Sir Robin Biggam (1 Jan 1997 – 28 Dec 2003)

The ITC's co-regulators and origins

Timeline of communications regulators (1953–present)

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 id:ntl  value:rgb(0.769,0.188,0.608)
 id:ofcom  value:rgb(1,1,0.7)
 id:gpo value:rgb(1,0,0)
 id:mpt value:rgb(0,1,0)
 id:ho value:rgb(0.7,0.25,1)
 id:ra value:rgb(1,1,0)
 id:rau  value:rgb(0.894,0.890,0.129)
 id:s4c  value:rgb(0.635,0.984,0.565)
 id:iba  value:rgb(0,0.925,0.953)
 id:itc value:rgb(0.992,0.725,0.784)
 id:cable    value:rgb(0.122,0.565,0.278)
 id:taste    value:rgb(0.110,0.545,0.906)
 id:bbc    value:rgb(0.949,0.133,0.333)
 id:black  value:black
 id:avod value:orange

Period = from:1953 till:2020 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:11 start:1953 gridcolor:black ScaleMinor = unit:month increment:1 start:1953

Define $whitearr = text:"<" textcolor:white shift:(5,-4) fontsize:16

PlotData=

 align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(0,-5)

 bar: Engineering
 from: 1954   till: 1972   text:"ITA (1954–1972)" color: iba
 from: 1972   till: 1990   text:"IBA (1972-1990)" color: iba
 from: 1990   till: end   text:"NTL Broadcast/Arqiva (1990–)" color: ntl

 bar:ILR
 from: 1973   till: 1990   text:"IBA (1973–1990)" color: iba
 from: 1990   till: 2003   text:"RA (1990–2003)" color: rau
 from: 2003   till: end   text:Ofcom color: ofcom

 bar:ITV
 from: 1955   till: 1972   text:"ITA (1955–1972)" color: iba
 from: 1972   till: 1990   text:"IBA (1972–1990)" color: iba
 from: 1990   till: 2003   text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc
 from: 2003   till: end   text:Ofcom color: ofcom

 bar:Ch4
 from: 1982   till: 1990   text:"IBA (1982–1990)" color: iba
 from: 1990   till: 2003   text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc
 from: 2003   till: end   text:Ofcom color: ofcom

 bar:Ch5
 from: 1997   till: 2003   text:"ITC (1997–2003)" color: itc
 from: 2003   till: end   text:Ofcom color: ofcom

 bar:Satellite
 from: 1986   till: 1990   text:"IBA ('86–'90)" color: iba
 from: 1990   till: 2003   text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc
 from: 2003   till: end   text:Ofcom color: ofcom

 bar:Cable
 from: 1984   till: 1990   text:"CA ('84–'90)" color: cable
 from: 1990   till: 2003   text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc
 from: 2003   till: end   text:Ofcom color: ofcom

 bar: VOD
 from: 2010 till: 2015 text:"ATVOD ('10–'15)" color:avod
 from: 2015 till: end text:"Ofcom" color:ofcom

 bar:'Taste'
 from: 1988   till: 2003   text:"BSC (1990-2003)" color: taste
 from: 2003   till: end   text:Ofcom color: ofcom

 bar:Spectrum
 at:   start   align:left  $whitearr
 from: start   till: 1969   text:"General Post Office (1904-1969)" color: gpo
 from: 1969    till: 1974   text:"MPT* ('69–'74)" color: mpt
 from: 1974    till: 1990   text:"Home Office (1974–1990)" color: ho
 from: 1990    till: 2003   text:"RA (1990–2003)" color: ra
 from: 2003   till: end   text:Ofcom color: ofcom

 bar:S4C
 from: 1983   till: end   text:"Welsh Fourth Channel Authority (1983–)" color: s4c

 bar:BBC
 at:   start   align:left  $whitearr
 from: start   till: 2007 text:"BBC Board of Governors (1927–2007)" color: bbc
 from: 2007 till: 2017 text:"BBC Trust (2007–2017)" color: bbc
 from: 2017 till:end text:"Ofcom" color:ofcom

</timeline>

* Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications [1]

Alongside the ITC, two other independent bodies also dealt with complaints: the Broadcasting Complaints Commission dealt with injustices against individuals, whereas the Broadcasting Standards Council dealt with complaints about the moral content of programs, with no redress for individuals.

Historically, all of independent television (from 22 September 1955) and radio (from 8 October 1973) was governed by the IBA (Independent Broadcasting Authority) – joined by the Cable Authority in 1984. On 1 July 1985, the Home Secretary asked the IBA to review prospects for commercial DBS.

In 1988, the Broadcasting Standards Council was set up to monitor 'taste and decency' on television. In 1990, large-scale changes brought about the Radio Authority, the privatization of the IBA's engineering division as NTL, and formation of the Independent Television Commission.

Since its formation, the BBC has been primarily responsible for its own governance - initially through the Corporation's Board of Governors and since 1 January 2007 through the BBC Trust.

See also

• Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events