Английская Википедия:Indian Heaven Wilderness

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Файл:Ancient Indian Racetrack at Indian Heaven.jpg

Ancient Indian racetrack at Indian Heaven

Файл:Small Lake at Indian Heaven.jpg

One of the Race Track Lakes near the Indian racetrack

Indian Heaven Wilderness is a protected area located inside the Gifford Pinchot National Forest of southwestern Washington state. The wilderness consists of Шаблон:Convert of broad, forested plateau, with meadows straddling numerous volcanic peaks and at least 150 small lakes, ponds, and marshes. The wilderness also contains the Indian Heaven volcanic field. Originally known to the Indians as "Sahalee Tyee," the area has been and remains culturally important to Native Americans. During the past 9,000 years, the Yakama, Klickitat, Cascades, Wasco, Wishram, and Umatilla tribes gathered in this area for berry picking, fishing, and hunting.

Landforms

Lava once flowed from the numerous volcanic cones that rise above the plateau, consisting mainly of overlapping shield volcanoes, spatter cones, and cinder cones, which averages Шаблон:Convert in elevation. The wilderness' highest point is Lemei Rock (5,927 ft), whose crater now contains Lake Wapiki. Other prominent volcanic peaks include Bird Mountain, Sawtooth Mountain, Gifford Peak, East Crater, and Red Mountain. Big Lava Bed is the result of the most recent volcanic activity about 8,200 years ago.

Geology

Lemei Rock is one of the many shield volcanoes topped by cinder cones and spatter cones that make up the Indian Heaven volcanic field. About 60 eruptive centers lie on the Шаблон:Convert long, N10°E-trending, Indian Heaven fissure zone. The Шаблон:Convert field has a volume of about Шаблон:Convert and forms the western part of a Шаблон:Convert Quaternary basalt field in the southern Washington Cascades, including the King Mountain fissure zone along which Mount Adams was built.

Name	Elevation		Location	Last eruption
	meters	feet	Coordinates
Big Lava Bed	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Coord	~8150 years ago
Bird Mountain	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Coord	~8,200 years ago
Crazy Hills
East Crater	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Coord	~8,200 years ago
Gifford Peak	Шаблон:Convert		~8,200 years ago
Lemei Rock	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Coord	~8,200 years ago
Lone Butte	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Coord	~8,200 years ago
Red Mountain	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Coord	~8,200 years ago
Sawtooth Mountain	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Coord	~8,200 years ago

Wildlife

Fauna

Deer and elk reside in the wilderness area until winter snows drive them lower, along with black bears attracted to the abundant ripening of fall huckleberries. Numerous bird species reside in the wilderness along with various small forest animals, such as chipmunks.

Flora

The forest conifers consist mainly of subalpine fir and Douglas fir. The area (including the Sawtooth Berry Fields) is known for its abundant huckleberries in mid-August to early September. They grow abundantly in the old, fire-scarred forest meadows burned in the past by Natives to stimulate more huckleberry production.

Recreation

The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail passes north/south through the wilderness, which is known for its many lakes and views of four nearby volcanoes: Mount Adams, Mount Hood, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Rainier. It is also known to hikers for an intense population of mosquitoes throughout the summer. Other major trails in the area are Indian Heaven Trail and the Cultus Creek Trail, which climbs up the east side of Bird Mountain, and Lemei Trail which traverses up the east side of Lemei Rock and passes by Lake Wapiki. In late fall, the huckleberry bushes provide berries as well as intense orange color in some years.Шаблон:Citation needed

In 2015, nearly 8,000 people visited the wilderness area for recreational purposes, exceeding the Forest Service's standards for solitude.

External links

• Шаблон:Commons category-inline
• Indian Heaven Wilderness U.S. Forest Service
• Indian Heaven Wilderness Wilderness.net (The University of Montana)