Английская Википедия:Indo-European vocabulary

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Шаблон:Short description The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants.

Notes

The following conventions are used:

• Cognates are in general given in the oldest well-documented language of each family, although forms in modern languages are given for families in which the older stages of the languages are poorly documented or do not differ significantly from the modern languages. In addition, modern English forms are given for comparison purposes.
• Nouns are given in their nominative case, with the genitive case supplied in parentheses when its stem differs from that of the nominative. (For some languages, especially Sanskrit, the basic stem is given in place of the nominative.)
• Verbs are given in their "dictionary form". The exact form given depends on the specific language:
  • For the Germanic languages and for Welsh, the infinitive is given.
  • For Latin, the Baltic languages, and the Slavic languages, the first-person singular present indicative is given, with the infinitive supplied in parentheses.
  • For Greek, Old Irish, Armenian and Albanian (modern), only the first-person singular present indicative is given.
  • For Sanskrit, Avestan, Old Persian, Parthian, the third-person singular present indicative is given. Where useful Sanskrit root forms are provided using the symbol √.
  • For Tocharian, the stem is given.
  • For Hittite, either the third-person singular present indicative or the stem is given.
• In place of Latin, an Oscan or Umbrian cognate is occasionally given when no corresponding Latin cognate exists. Similarly, a cognate from another Anatolian language (e.g. Luvian, Lycian) may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Hittite.
• For Tocharian, both the Tocharian A and Tocharian B cognates are given whenever possible.
• For the Celtic languages, both Old Irish and Welsh cognates are given when possible. For Welsh, normally the modern form is given, but occasionally the form from Old Welsh is supplied when it is known and displays important features lost in the modern form. A Middle Irish cognate is given when the Old Irish form is unknown, and Gaulish, Cornish and/or Breton (modern) cognates may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Welsh.
• For the Baltic languages, Lithuanian (modern) and Old Prussian cognates are given when possible. (Both Lithuanian and Old Prussian are included because Lithuanian often includes information missing in Old Prussian, e.g. due to lack of written accent marks in the latter.) Similarly to the Celtic situation, Old Lithuanian forms may occasionally be given in place of modern Lithuanian; Latvian (modern) may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Lithuanian.
• For the Slavic languages, Old Church Slavonic cognates are given when possible. Forms from modern Slavic languages or other Church Slavic dialects may occasionally be given in place of Old Church Slavonic.
• For English, a modern English cognate is given when it exists, along with the corresponding Old English form; otherwise, only an Old English form is given.
• For Gothic, a form in another Germanic language (Old Norse; Old High German; or Middle High German) is sometimes given in its place or in addition, when it reveals important features.

Kinship

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:PIE "mother"Шаблон:Efn	mother (< OE mōdor)	mōdar "mother"	māter "mother" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	mḗtēr "mother" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	mā́tṛ, mātṛ́ "mother"	Av mātar- "mother"; NPers mādar "mother"; Kurd mak "mother"	OCS mati, mater- "mother"	Lith móteris "woman", motina; OPrus muti "mother"	Gaul. mātīr "mother", OIr máthir "mother"; W modryb "auntie"	mayr "mother"	motër "sister"	A mācar, B mācer "mother"
Шаблон:PIE "father"	father (< OE fæder)	fadar "father"	pater "father" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	patḗr "father" (> patriarch)	pitṛ́ "father"; Pitrs "spirits of the ancestors" (litt. "the fathers")	Av pitar- (nom. also pta, ta), OPers pita "father", NPers pedar	otets "father" Russian		OIr athair "father"; Welsh edrydd "paternal domain"	hayr "father"	atë "father"	A pācar, B pācer "father"
Шаблон:PIE "brother"	brother (< OE brōþor)	brōþar "brother"	frāter "brother" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	pʰrā́tēr "member of a phratry (brotherhood)" (> phratry)	bʰrā́tṛ "brother"; Rom phral "brother" (> pal)Шаблон:Efn	Av brātar-, OPers brātar-, NPers brādar-, Ossetian ärvád "brother, relative", NPers barādar, Kurd bira/birader	OCS bratrŭ "brother"	Lith brõlis, OPrus brati "brother"	Gaul Bratronos (pers. name); OIr bráthair, W brawd (pl. brodyr) "brother"	ełbayr (gen. ełbawr) "brother"		A pracar, B procer "brother"	Lyd brafr(-sis) "brother"
Шаблон:PIE "sister"	sister (< OE sweostor, influenced by ON systir)	swistar "sister"	soror "sister" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	éor "cousin's daughter"	svásṛ "sister"	Av x̌vaŋhar- "sister"; NPers ḫwāhar "sister"; Kurd xwişk "sister"Шаблон:Efn	OCS sestra "sister"	Lith sesuo, seser-, OPrus sestra "sister"	Gaul suiorebe "with two sisters" (dual) OIr siur, W chwaer "sister"	kʿoyr (kʿeṙ), nom.pl kʿor-kʿ "sister"Шаблон:Efn	vashë, vajzë "girl" (< *varjë < *vëharë < PAlb *swesarā)	A ṣar', B ṣer "sister"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "sibling, lit. same-father(ed)"		ON samfeðra		homopátōr		OP hamapitar-						A ṣomapacar
Шаблон:PIE "daughter"	daughter (< OE dohtor)	daúhtar "daughter"	Oscan futír "daughter"	θugátēr "daughter"; Myc tu-ka-te "daughter"Шаблон:Efn	dúhitṛ "daughter"	Av dugədar-, duɣδar-, NPers doḫtar "daughter" Kurd dot "daughter"	OCS dŭšti, dŭšter- "daughter"	Lith duktė, dukter-, OPrus dukti "daughter"	Gaulish duxtir "daughter"; Celtib TuaTer (duater) "daughter"	dustr "daughter"		A ckācar, B tkācer "daughter"	HLuw túwatara "daughter"; ?Lyd datro "daughter"; CLuw/Hitt duttarii̯ata-;Шаблон:Efn Lyc kbatra "daughter"Шаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "son" (See also *sewh₁-)	son (< OE sunu)	sunus "son"		huiós "son"	sūnú- "son"	Av hunuš "son"	OCS synŭ "son"	Lith sūnùs, OPrus suns "son"	? Celtib EBURSUNOS "son of Eburos (?)"Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn ? Celt/Lus EQUEUNUBO (< *ekwei-sūnu-bʰos) "to the sons on the horse"Шаблон:Efn	ustr "son"	çun "boy/son"	A se, B soyä "son"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "son"			Osc puklo- "son"	paîs "son"	putrá- "son"	Av puθra "son" Kurd pis, put
Шаблон:PIE "nephew, grandson"	nephew; obsolete neve "nephew, male cousin, grandson" (< OE nefa)	OHG nevo "nephew"	nepōs (nepōtis) "grandson, nephew" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	népodes "descendants"	nápāt- "grandson, descendant"	Av napāt-, naptar-, OPers napāt-, NPers naveh-, "grandson, descendant"; Kurd nevî "grandchild"	OCS netii "nephew"	OLith nepotis, OPrus neputs "grandson"	OIr nïa "sister's son", W nai "nephew"		nip "grandson, nephew"
Шаблон:PIE "granddaughter, niece"	niece; obsolete nift "niece" (< OE nift)	OHG nift "niece"	neptis "granddaughter"		naptī́ "granddaughter"				OIr necht "niece"
Шаблон:PIE "husband's brother, brother-in-law"	OE tācor "husband's brother"	OHG zeihhor "husband's brother"	levir "husband's brother"	dāēr "husband's brother"	devṛ́, devará "husband's brother"	Past lewar "brother-in-law"	OCS děverĭ "brother-in-law"	Lith dieveris "husband's brother"	W daw(f) "brother-in-law"	taygr "husband's brother"	dhëndër, dhëndër "son-in-law" from PAlb *ĝāmtḗr- or *dzanra or *jantura-.All ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵem- (“to marry”).
Шаблон:PIE "daughter-in-law"	OE snoru "daughter-in-law"	OHG snur "daughter-in-law"	nurus "daughter-in-law"	nuós "daughter-in-law"	snuṣā- "daughter-in-law"	Old Ir. *(s)nušáh Bactrian ασνωυο (asnōuo) NPers. sunoh / sunhār "daughter-in-law"	OCS snŭxa "daughter-in-law"		W gwaudd "daughter-in-law"	nu "daughter-in-law"	nuse "bride"	B santse "daughter-in-law"Шаблон:Efn
*wedʰ- "pledge, bind, secure, lead"	wed (< OE weddian "to pledge, wed")				vadhū́ "bride"		OCS voditi "to lead"
Шаблон:PIE "father-in-law"	OE swēor "father-in-law"	swaihra "father-in-law"	socer "father-in-law"	hekurós "father-in-law"	śváśura "father-in-law"	Av xᵛasura "father-in-law" Kurdish xwesûr	OCS svekrŭ "father-in-law"	Lith šešuras "father-in-law"			vjehërr "father-in-law"
Шаблон:PIE "mother-in-law"	OE sweger "mother-in-law"	swaihro "mother-in-law"	socrus "mother-in-law"	hekurá "mother-in-law"	śvaśrū́- "mother-in-law"	Past xwāše "mother-in-law" Kurdish xwesû	OCS svekry "mother-in-law"	Lith šešuras "father-in-law", OPrus swasri "mother-in-law"	W chwegr "mother-in-law"	skesur "mother-in-law"	vjehrrë "mother-in-law"
Шаблон:PIE "maternal grandfather, maternal uncle"		awō "grandmother"	avus "grandfather"; avunculus "maternal uncle" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag				Rus uj, vuj "uncle" (obsolete); Ukr vuyko "maternal uncle"	Lith avynas "maternal uncle", OPrus awis "uncle"	MW ewythr, MBre eontr, MCo eviter "maternal uncle" (< PCelt awon-tīr "uncle"); OIr aue "descendant, grandchild"	OArm haw "grandfather"		B āwe "grandfather"	ḫuḫḫa-, Lyc χuga- "grandfather"; CLuw ḫu-u-ḫa-ti "grandfather" (abl.-ins.)
Шаблон:PIE "twin; to hold"		ON Ymir	geminus "twin"; Remus "twin, Remus"		yáma- "twin; first man to die"	Av Yema			OIr emon, Gaul Iemurioi "twin?"
Шаблон:PIE "widow" < *h₁weydʰh₁- "to separate"Шаблон:Efn	widow (< OE widwe)	widuwō "widow"	vidua "widow"	ēḯtheos "widow"	vidhávā "widow"	viδauua "widow"	OCS vŭdova "widow"	OP widdewū "widow"	OI fedb "widow"; MW gweddw "widow, widower"		vejë "widow"

People

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:PIE "human beings"	man (< OE "Mann")	manna "human beings"		Amazon < *n̥-mn̥-g(w)-iōn 'man-less, without husband' (debatable)	manuṣya "human being"	Av manuš "human"	OES/OCS mǫžĭ "man"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "person, human (litt. of the earth)" (See also *dʰeǵʰom-)	OE guma "person, man", brȳdguma "bridegroom"Шаблон:Efn	guma "man"	homō "person" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	khthōn "the earth" (> autochthonous); khamai "on the ground"	kṣám, gen. gmás/jmás "ground, earth"		OCS zem(l)janinъ "earthling"	OLith žmuõ "person"; Lith žmoná "wife"; OPrus zmunents "human"	OIr duine, W dyn "person" < Шаблон:PIE			A śom "boy"; B śaumo "person"
Шаблон:PIE "man, hero"		ON Njǫrðr (name of a God)	Ner-ō (personal name), neriōsus "strong"	anḗr (andros) "man" (> Andreas, Andrew)	nár- (nom. nā) "man, person"	Av nar- (nom. nā) "man, person",Past nar "male, brave" NPers nar-, Kurd nêr "male animal, masculine"	OCS naravŭ "character, custom";	Lith nóras "wish, want", narsa; narsùs "brave;" OPrus nàrs "courage"	W nêr "lord, prince, leader; hero"; Celt narto "strength"	ayr (aṙn) "man, person"	njer "man, person"
Шаблон:PIE "man"	werewolf (< OE wer "man")	waír "man"	vir "man" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	hiérāx "a type of hawk"	vīrá- "man, hero"	Av vīra- "man, hero", Kurd mêr	Belar (Smolensk) вір "a rite of passage for young men into adulthood"; (Mogilev) віра "a feast or meal organized by a young man, after reaching adulthood, for his companions"Шаблон:Efn	Lith výras "man"; OPrus wirs "man, husband"	OIr fer, W gŵr "man"		burrë "man"	A wir "young"
Шаблон:PIE "woman, wife"	queen (< OE cwēn "queen, woman, wife")	qēns (qēnáis), qinō "woman, wife"		gunḗШаблон:Efn (gunaikos)Шаблон:Efn "woman, wife" < Шаблон:PIE (> gynecology); Boet baná "woman"	gnā (gnā́s-) "wife of a god", jánis, jánī "woman, wife"	Av gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini-, Past jinə́i, njlə́i "girl" NPers zan "woman, wife" Kurd jin "woman, wife"	OCS žena "woman, wife"	OPrus gena "woman, wife"	Gaul bnanom "of the women" (g. pl.); OIr ben (mná) "woman, wife" < Шаблон:PIE (Шаблон:PIE), bé (neut.) "wife < Шаблон:PIE; W benyw "woman"	kin (knoǰ) "woman"	zonjë "lady, wife, woman" < Шаблон:PIE; Gheg grue, Tosk grua "wife" < Шаблон:PIE	A śäṁ (pl. śnu), B śana "woman, wife"	Hitt ku(w)an(a) "woman"; Luw wanatti "woman, wife"; Lyd kãna- "wife", "woman"
*pótis "master, ruler, husband"		-faþs "lord, leader"	potis "able, capable, possible"	pósis "husband"	páti "master, husband, ruler"	Av paiti, Parthian pet, OPers fáti "master, lord, husband, commander"	OCS gospodĭ "lord, master"	Lith pats "husband"		hay "husband, chief of family"	pata "in possession of something"
*déms pótis "master of the house"				despótēs "lord, master, owner" (> despot)	dámpati "lord of the house; (dual) husband and wife"
*gʰóstis "guest, host, stranger"	guest (< OE giest); host < Lat. hostis; hospital, hostel, hotel < Lat. hospes	gasts "guest"	hostis "stranger, guest"; hostīlis "hostile"; hospes, hospit- "host, guest, visitor" < hostipotis < PIE *gʰóstipotis (*gʰóstis + *pótis)				OCS gostĭ "guest"; gospodĭ "lord, master" < PIE *gʰóstipotis
*weyḱ- "settlement, to enter, settle"	-wick, -wich < Lat. vīcus	weihs "village, countryside"	vīcus "village, settlement"	oîkos "house, dwelling place"; oiko·nomía "management of household administration" (> economy)	viś "settlement, dwelling space"		OCS vĭsĭ "hamlet, village"	OLith viešė "settlement"			vis "land, country, place"	B īke "place,location"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "master of the household; lord, clan chief"					viśpáti "chief of a tribe or settlement, lord"			Lith viēšpats "lord"
*h₃rḗǵs "king, ruler"	bishopric (< OE rīċe "king, dominion")	reiks, -ric (in personal names) "king"	rēx, rēg- "king" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	archon "ruler, chief magistrate"	rāj-, rājan "king" (> maharaja, Raj (as in British Raj))				Gaul *rīx "king" (In personal names. E.g., Vercingetorix, etc.)
Шаблон:PIE "community, people"Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn	OE þeod "people, nation"	Goth thiuda "folk"; ModGerm Deutsch < Proto-Germ *þeudō	Osc touto "community"; Umbr totam "tribe"	Шаблон:Efn				Lith tautà "people"; OPru tauto "country"	OIr tuath "tribe, people" (e.g., Tuatha Dé Danann "tribe of goddess Danu"); Celt Toutatis (Teutates) "name of a god"				?Hitt tuzzi- "army"; ?Luw tuta "army"
Шаблон:PIE "people"	OE leode, lēod "a people, a group, nation",	OHG liut "people, population"	Proto-Italic *louðeros > Latin līber "free; name of a deity", Faliscan loiferto; Pael loufir "free man"; Ven louderos "child";	eleútheros "free", Eleutherios "the liberator (epithet of Dionysus)" ; Myc e-re-u-te-ro/a "a free allowance", e-re-u-te-ro-se "to make free, remit"			OCS ljudinŭ "free man"; Pol lud "people, folk"	Lith liaudis "people"

Pronouns and particles

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:PIE "I"	I (< OE iċ)	ik "I"	egō "I" < Шаблон:PIE	egṓ, egṓn "I"	ahám "I" < Шаблон:PIE	Av azǝm, OPers adam, Parth. az "I" < Шаблон:PIE; Kurd ez "I (direct case)"	OCS azŭ "I"	Lith àš, OLith eš, OPrus as, Latv es "I"	es "I"	es "I"	u, unë "I" (-në possibly originally a suffix)	ñuk "I"	ūk "I" influenced by ammuk "me"
Шаблон:PIE "me (acc.)"	me (< OE mē, mec < Шаблон:PIE)	mik "me (acc.)"	mē(d) "me (acc.)"	emé, me "me (acc.)"	mām "me (acc.)" < Шаблон:PIE, mā "me (acc. encl.)"	Av mąm "me" Kurd mi "me" Past mā "I [oblique case]"	OCS mę "me (acc.)" < Шаблон:PIE	Lith manè "me (acc.)"	OIr me-sse, mé, W mi "I"	is "me (acc.)" <? Шаблон:PIE	mua, mue "me (acc.)" < Шаблон:PIE		ammuk "me (acc., dat.)" < Шаблон:PIE, -mu "me (acc. encl.)"
Шаблон:PIE "me (dat.)", Шаблон:PIE "me (dat. encl.)"	me (< OE mē)	mis "me (dat.)"	mihi "me (dat.)"	moi "me (dat., gen. encl.)"	máhya(m) "me (dat.)", mḗ, me "me (dat. encl.)"	Av maibya "me (dat.)" (? not in Pokorny), me (Old Avestan moi) "me (dat. encl.)"	OCS mi (dat enc.) < Шаблон:PIE	Lith man "for me", OPrus maiy "me (dat. encl.)"	OIr infix -m- "me"; W -'m infixed accusative first person singular pronoun "me"	inj "me (dat.)"	meje		ammuk "me (acc., dat.)" < Шаблон:PIE, -mi "me (dat. encl.)"
Шаблон:PIE "of me, mine"; Шаблон:PIE "my"	my, mine (< OE mīn < Шаблон:PIE)	meins "my"; meina "of me"	meī "of me"; meus "my" < Шаблон:PIE	emeĩo "of me"; emós "my"	máma "of me"; ma/mā "my" < Шаблон:PIE	Av mana, OPers manā "of me"; Av ma (m/n), mā (f) "my", NPers az āne man-; Kurd a/ê min	OCS mene "to me", moj/a/e (m/f/n) "mine"	Lith mana(s), OPrus mais/maia "my"	W fyn "of me, my"; Breton ma "of me, my"	im "my"	im "my" (article i + em)	AB ñi "my" < Proto-Tocharian *mäñi	miš "my" < Шаблон:PIE
Шаблон:PIE "you" (nom. sg.)	thou (< OE þū "you")	þu "you"	tū "you"	Doric tú (standard sú)	t(u)vám "you";	Av tū "you" NPers to "you" Kurd tu, ti Past tə "you"	OCS ty "you"	Lith tù, OPr tu "you"	OIr tū, tu-ssu, tu-sso, W ti	du "you"	ti "you"	A tu, B t(u)we "you"	zik, zikka "you" < *tega < *te + *egō
Шаблон:PIE "we"; Шаблон:PIE, encl. Шаблон:PIE "us"	we (< OE wē), us (< OE ūs < PGerm *uns < Шаблон:PIE)	weis "we", uns "us"	nōs "we, us"	hēm- "we, us";Шаблон:Efn Aeol ámme "us" < *asme < *n̥sme	vay-ám "we" < *wei-óm, asmān "us" < *n̥sme + acc. -ān, encl. nas "us" < *nos	Av vaēm "we", ahma "us", encl. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō "us"	Bulg nìe "we", OCS gen. nasŭ "us" < *nōs-sōm	Lith mès "we"; OPr gen. nōuson "ours" < *nōs-sōm	OIr ni "we, us" <? *s-nēs, gen. ar n- < *n̥s-rō-m; W ni "we" < *nēs		na "we" < *nŏs, ne "us" < *nōs	A was, B wes "we"	wēs "we" < *wei-es, anzāš "us", encl. naš "us"
Шаблон:PIE "you (nom. pl.)"; Шаблон:PIE, encl. Шаблон:PIE "you (acc./dat. pl.)"	ye (< OE gē "you (nom. pl.)"), you (< OE ēow "you (acc./dat. pl.)")	jūs "you (nom. pl.)", izwis "you (acc./dat. pl.)"	vōs "you (nom./acc. pl.)"	hum- "you (pl.)"; Aeol úmme "you (acc. pl.)" < *usme	yūyám "you (nom. pl.)", yuṣmā́n "you (acc. pl.)" < y- + *usme + acc. -ān, encl. vas "you (obl. pl.)"	Av yūžǝm, yūš "you (nom. pl.)", yūšmat̃ "you (abl. pl.)", encl. vā̊ "you (obl. pl.)"; Kur Win	OCS vy "you (nom./acc. pl.)", vasŭ "yours (pl.)"	Lith jũs "you (nom. pl.)", jũsų "yours (pl.)"; OPr iouson "yours (pl.)"	OIr sī, sissi "you (nom. pl.)" < *sw-, uai-b "of you (pl.)" < *ō-swī, NIr far n- "your (pl.)"; W chwi "you (nom. pl.)" < *sw-		ju "you (nom. pl.)" < *u < *vos	A yas, B yes "you (nom. pl.)"	sumes < *usme
Шаблон:PIE "that" (demonstrative pronoun)	the (< OE se)	sa, þata "the", "that"	sī "if", tum "then"	ho, to "the"	sá "that, the"	Avestan ha "this"	OCS tŭ "this, that"	Lith tàs "that"	OIr so "this"	ayd "this"	tërë"whole"
Шаблон:PIE "oneself"; (reflexive pronoun)	self (< OE self, seolf)	swes (ref. gn. pn.), OHG sih (ref. pn.)	sē (ref. pn.)	hé (ref. pn.)	sva- (ref. pn.)	Avestan hva- (ref. pn.) Kurd xwe "itself, myself, etc."	Bulg sèbe "oneself", OCS svoji (ref. gn. pn.)	Lith sava(s), OPrus swajs "my own, myself"	OIr fein (self, himself); W hun(an) "self, myself, himself/herself etc"	iwr self, himself/herself	vetë	A ṣn-i, B ṣañ "(one's) own"	Lydian s'fa- (ref. pn.), Carian sfes (ref. pn.)
Шаблон:PIE "what"	what (< OE hwæt)	Шаблон:Transliteration "what"	quid "what?", quod "what…, that…"	tí "what?", tì "what…"	kím "what"	NPers či, če "what"	Bulg kakvò "what", OCS čь-to "what?"	Lith kàd "that..."; OPrus kawids "which, what a"	OIr cid "what?"	*i (ēr) (< *hi), inčʿ (< *hi-nč’) "what?"	çfarë "what?"		kuit (?) "what", kuit-ki "whatever"; Luvian kuit "what?"
Шаблон:PIE "who"	who (< OE hwā < Шаблон:PIE)	Шаблон:Transliteration "who?"	quis "who?", quī "who..."	tís, Thess kís, CyprArc sís "who?", tìs "who…"	kás, kís "who?"	Av kō (ka-hyā, ča-hyā) "who?, which?", čiš "who"	Bulg kòj "who", OCS kъ-to (česo) "who?"	Lith kàs "who?"; OPrus kas "who"	OIr cia, W pwy "who"	о (oyr) "who?" "who?"	"A" kë "B" kush acc. "who?"	A kus, B kuse "who, which"	kuiš "who, which"
Шаблон:PIE "and; any"	though (< OE þeah < Шаблон:PIE)	-(u)h "and", Шаблон:Transliteration "whoever"	-que "and", quis-que "each one, whoever"; Venetic -ke "and"; South Picenian -p "and"	-te "and", tís te, hós-te "whoever"	-ca "and", káś-ca "whoever"	Av ča, OPers čā "and"; Av čiš-ca, OPers čiš-čiy "whoever"	Bulg če "but, and, because"; Old Czech a-če, ač "if"		OIr na-ch, MW nac "not" < "*and not";Шаблон:Efn Lepontic -pe "and"	o-kʿ "whoever"			Lydian -k "and"; Hitt kuis-ki, Lycian ti-ke "whoever"
Шаблон:PIE "not, un-"	un- (< OE un-)	un- "un-"	in- (archaic en-) "un-"	a-, an- "un-"	a-, an-, na- "un-"	Av, OPers a-, an- "un-", NPers nā- "un-" Kurd ni/ne/nek	OCS ne- "not" < Шаблон:PIE	Lith ne- < Шаблон:PIE, OPrus ni- "not"	OIr in-, ē-, an-, W an- "un-"	an- "un-"	nuk "not"	AB a(n)-, am-, e(n)-, em-, on- "un-"

Numbers

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:PIE "one, together"	same (< ON samr); OE sam- "together"; [also German Language zusammen]	sama "same"	sem-el "once", sem-per "always", sim-plex "single, simple", sin-gulī "one each, single"	heĩs, hén, mía "one" < Шаблон:PIE	sam- "together", samá "same, equal, any"	Av hama-, OPers hama- "any, all" Past sam "even, fine"	OCS samŭ "self, alone, one"	Lith sam-, są- "with"; OPrus sa-, sen- "with, dividing"	OIr samlith "at the same time"; W hafal "equal"	mi "one"	gjithë “all” < PAlb *semdza	A sas, B ṣe "one" < Шаблон:PIE
Шаблон:PIE "one"	one (< OE ān)	ains "one"	ūnus (archaic oinos)	oĩnos "one (on a die)", oĩ(w)os "alone"	(ēka- < *oi-ko-; Mitanni-Aryan aika-vartana "one turn (around a track)")	Av aēva-, OPers aiva-, (NPers yek- "one, only, alone")	OCS inŭ "one, another"	Lith víenas, OPrus ains "one"	OIr ōen, W un "one"	andr-ēn "right there", ast-ēn "right here"	? Gheg tânë, Tosk tërë "all" < PIE Шаблон:PIE; ??? një "one" < *ňân < PIE Шаблон:PIE	B -aiwenta "group" < "*unit"	ās "one"
Шаблон:PIE, neut. Шаблон:PIE "two"	two (< OE twā)	twái (fem. twōs, neut. twa) "two"	duo "two"	dúō "two"	dvā́(u) "two"	Av dva, fem. neut. baē "two"; NPers do "two"; Kurd diwa "two (fem.)"	OCS dŭva "two"	Lith dù, OPrus dwai "two"	OIr da, W dau (fem. dwy) "two"	erku "two"	dy "two"	A wu, B wi "two"(<PTC *tuwó)	dā-, ta-; HLuw tuwa/i- "two"; Lyc kbi- "two"; Mil tba "two"Шаблон:Efn
Шаблон:PIE (fem. Шаблон:PIE, neut. Шаблон:PIE) "three"	three (< OE þrīe)	þreis "three"	trēs "three"	treĩs "three"	tráyas (fem. tisrás) "three"	Av θrayō, θrayas (fem. tisrō, neut. θri), OPers çi-, Parth hrē "three"	OCS trĭje "three"	Lith trỹs, OPrus tris, Latg treis "three"	OIr trí (fem. téoir), W tri (fem. tair, teir) "three"	erekʿ "three"	tre masc., tri fem. "three"	A tre, B trai "three"	tri- "three"; teriyas- (gen. pl.)
Шаблон:PIE (fem. Шаблон:PIE, neut. Шаблон:PIE) "four"	four (< OE fēower)	fidwor "four" (In Germanic influenced by pénkʷe "five")	quattuor "four"Шаблон:Efn	téssares "four"	masc. catvā́ras (acc. catúras), neut. catvā́ri, fem. cátasras "four"	Av masc. čaθwārō (acc. čaturąm), fem. čataŋrō "four"; NPers čahār "four"; Kurd çwar	OCS četyre "four"	Lith keturì, OPrus ketturei "four"Шаблон:Efn	Gaul petuar[ios] "four" OIr ceth(a)ir (fem. cethēoir, influenced by fem. tēoir "three") "four"; W pedwar (fem. pedair) "four"	čʿorkʿ, kʿaṙ (rare) "four	katër "four"	A śtwar, B śtwer "four"	(remodelled in Hittite and Luwian) Lyc Teteri
Шаблон:PIE "five"	five (< OE fīf)	fimf "five"	quīnque "five"Шаблон:Efn	pénte "five"	páñca "five"; Mitanni-Aryan panza- "five"	Av panča "five"; Kurd pênc/pênz	OCS pętĭ "five"	Lith penkì, OPrus penkei "five"Шаблон:Efn	Gaul pinpe-, pompe "five" OIr cóic, W pum(p) "five"	hing "five"	pesë "five"	A päñ, B piś "five"	Luw paⁿta "five"
Шаблон:PIE "six"	six (< OE siex)	sáihs "six"	sex "six"	héx, dial. wéx "six"	ṣáṣ "six"	Av xšvaš "six"	OCS šestĭ "six"	Lith šešì, OPrus uššai "six"	Celtib sues "six"; Gaul suexos "sixth"; OIr sé, W chwe(ch) "six"	vecʿ "six"	gjashtë "six"	A ṣäk, B ṣkas "six"
Шаблон:PIE "seven"	seven (< OE seofon)	sibun "seven"	septem "seven"	heptá "seven"	saptá "seven"; Mitanni-Aryan šatta- "seven"	Av hapta, NPers haft-, "seven"	OCS sedmĭ "seven"	Lith septynì, OPrus septinnei "seven"	OIr secht, W saith "seven"	eawtʿn "seven"	shtatë "seven"	A ṣpät, B ṣukt "seven"	sipta- "seven"
Шаблон:PIE "eight"	eight (< OE eahta)	ahtáu "eight"	octō "eight"	oktṓ "eight"	aṣṭā́(u) "eight"	Av ašta "eight"	OCS osmĭ "eight"Шаблон:Efn	Lith aštuonì, OPrus astonei, Latg ostoni "eight"	Gaul oxtu- "eight" OIr ocht n- "eight";Шаблон:Efn W wyth "eight"	utʿ "eight"	tetë "eight" < Шаблон:PIE	A okät, B okt "eight"	Lyc aitãta "eight"
Шаблон:PIE "nine"	nine (< OE nigon)	niun "nine"	novem "nine"	ennéa "nine"	náva "nine"	Av nava, NPers noh- "nine"	OCS devętĭ "nine" < *newn̥-ti- (Influenced by Шаблон:PIE "ten")	Lith devynì (influenced by Шаблон:PIE "ten"), OPrus newinei "nine"	OIr noí n-, W naw "nine"	inn "nine"	nëntë "nine" < *newn̥-ti-	AB ñu	Lyc nuñtãta "nine"
Шаблон:PIE "ten"	ten (< OE tien)	taíhun "ten"	decem "ten"	déka "ten"	dáśa "ten"	Av dasa, NPers dah- "ten"	OCS desętĭ "ten"	Lith dẽšimt, OPrus desimtan "ten"	Gaul decam- "ten"; Celtib tekam- "ten"; OIr deich, W deg, deng "ten"	tasn "ten"	dhjetë "ten" < Шаблон:PIE	A śäk, B śak "ten"	Шаблон:Efn
Шаблон:PIE "twenty" < Шаблон:PIE "two tens"	(remodelled)	(remodelled)	vīgintī "twenty"	eíkosi "twenty"	viṁśatí "twenty", dviṁśatí "twenty"	Av vīsaiti, Ossetian insäi "twenty"	(remodelled)	Lith dvidešimt "twenty"	OIr fiche (fichet), OW uceint "twenty"	kʿsan "twenty"	zet "twenty"	A wiki, B ikäṃ "twenty"
Шаблон:PIE "hundred" < Шаблон:PIE	hundred (< OE hund, hund-red)	hunda (pl.) "hundred"	centum "hundred"	he-katón "hundred"	śatám "hundred"	Av satǝm "hundred"	OCS sŭto "hundred"	Lith šim̃tas, OPrus simtan "hundred"	OIr cét, W can(t) "hundred"		qind "hundred" (possibly borrowed from Latin centum)	A känt, B kante "hundred"

Body

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "body"	(mid)riff (< OE hrif)		corpus, corporis "body" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag		kṛ́p "beautiful appearance, beauty"						kurm “torso” and krep
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "head"	head (< OE hēafod); OE hafela, hafola "head"		caput, capitis "head" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	Шаблон:Efn	kapā́la "skull, cranium; bowl"						kapelë "hat" ; Latin caput
Шаблон:PIE, Шаблон:PIE "tear"	tear (< OE tēar, tæhher)	tagr "tear"	lacrima "tear" (> lachrymose)	dákru "tear"	áśru "tear"	Av asrū- "tear"; Kurd hêsir "tear"		OPrus assara "tear", Lith ašara "tear	OIr dēr, W deigr "tear"; Cornish dagr "tear"	artawsr "tear" < Шаблон:PIE		A ākär "tear", B pl. akrūna "tears"	isḫaḫru "tear"
Шаблон:PIE "tongue"	tongue (< OE tunge)	tuggō "tongue"	lingua "tongue" (archaic dingua) ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag		jihvā́ "tongue" < *ĝiĝʰwā, juhū́	Av hizvā < *ĝiĝʰwā, OPers hizān, Parth ezβān "tongue", NPers zabān; Kurd izman "tongue"	OCS języ-kŭ "tongue" < *n̥ĝʰū-k-	OPrus inzuws "tongue", Lith liežuvis "tongue"	teng "tongue"; W tafod "tongue, language"	lezu "tongue" (influenced by lizem, "I lick")	gjuhë "tongue"	A käntu, B kantwo "tongue" (*kantwa < *tankwa)
Шаблон:PIE "blood"			archaic aser, sanguis "blood" (< possibly h₁sh₂-én- obl. stem + guen) (> sanguine, etc.)	éar "blood"	ásṛj, asnás "blood"	OP ahr̥ "blood"		Lat asins, Ltg asnis (gen. ašņa) "blood"	īsarnom “blood-colored, iron”	ariwn "blood"		A ysār "blood"	ēsḫar (esḫanas) "blood"
Шаблон:PIE "jaw, cheek, chin"	chin (< OE c̣inn)	kinnus "cheek"	gena "cheek"	génus (génuos) "chin, jaw"; gnátʰos, gnatʰmós "jaw" < Шаблон:PIE	hánu-ṣ "jaw" < Шаблон:PIE, gaṇḍa "cheek"	Av zānu- "jaw-" < Шаблон:PIE, OPers danūg < *danu-ka-, Parth zanax "chin, jaw"; NPers gune "cheek", chune "jaw"; Kurd gup "cheek" Past žā́ma "jaw"		OPrus żauna "jaw", Lith žándas "cheek", žiaunos "gills"	OIr gi(u)n "mouth"; W gên, pl. geneu "cheek, chin"; Old Cornish pl. genau < *genewes "cheeks, chins"	cn-awt "jaw, cheek"			A śanwe-m "jaw"
Шаблон:PIE "knee"	knee (< OE cnēo)	kniu "knee"	genū "knee" (> genuflect)	gónu (Hom gen. gounós < *gonwós) "knee", pró-kʰnu "with outstretched knee" < *pró-gʰnu	jā́nu- "knee", pra-jñus "bow-legged"	Av zānu- acc. žnūm, dat./abl. pl. žnubyō "knee", fra-šnu- "holding the knee forward"; Parth zānūk, NPers zānū "knee"	Rus zvenó "knee"		OI glún "knee"	cunr, nom pl. cungkʿ "knee"	gjuni "knee" < Post-PIE Шаблон:PIE	A kanweṃ, B keni "two knees"	genu "knee"
Шаблон:PIE "tooth, row of teeth"	comb (< OE camb)	OHG kamb "comb"		gómphos "bolt, nail"; gómphíos "molar tooth"	jámbha- "tooth, tusk; set of teeth (pl.)"; jámbhya- "molar teeth"	Pash žâma "jawbone"; Khot ysīmä "tooth"	OCS zǫbŭ, Ukr zub, Pol ząb "tooth"	Latv zùobs "tooth"; Lith žam̃bas "sharp edge"			dhëmb "tooth, tusk"	A kam, B keme "tooth"
Шаблон:PIE "tooth"	tooth (< OE tōþ < Шаблон:PIE)	tunþus "tooth" < Шаблон:PIE	dēns (dentis) "tooth" < Шаблон:PIE (> dental)	odṓn (odóntos) "tooth" < Proto-Greek *edónt-, cf. Aeol. édontes "teeth" (> orthodontist, etc.)	dán, dántas "tooth"	Av dantan-, dātā "tooth"; NPers dandân "tooth"; Kurd diran, didan, dan "tooth"	Russ desná "gum" < Шаблон:PIE	OPrus dants "tooth", Lith dantis "tooth"	OIr dēt "tooth", W dant "tooth"	atamn "tooth"
Шаблон:PIE "bone"			os (ossis) "bone"	ostéon "bone" (osteoporosis, etc.)	ásthi (asthnás) "bone"	Av ast-, asti- (gen. pl. astąm, instr. pl. azdbīš) "bone" NPers ostoxan "bone"; Kurd hestî, hestû "bone"	OCS kostĭ "bone"		OIr asil "limb", MIr asna "rib" <? *astonyo-; MW ass-en, asseu "rib", W asgwrn "bone" < *ost-ko-	os-kr "bone"	asht, ahstë "bone"	B āy, pl. āsta "bone"	ḫastāi- "bone"
Шаблон:PIE "ear"	ear (< OE ēare)	áusō "ear"	auris "ear"	oũs "ear"	ūṣa "cavity of the ear"	Av uši "both ears"; NPers hoš "ear"	OCS ucho (ušese) "ear"	OPrus auss "ear", Lith ausis "ear"	OIr āu, ō "ear"	unkn, nom pl. akanǰkʿ "ear"	vesh "ear" < *ōus, *ōs-
Шаблон:PIE "eye"	eye (< OE ēage)	áugō "eye"	oculus "eye" < *ōkʷelo-s ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	ósse "both eyes"; ómma "eye" < *óp-mn̥; ökkon "eye"	ákṣi (akṣṇás) "eye"	Av aši "both eyes"	OCS oko "eye"	OPrus aks "eye", Lith akis "eye"	OIr enech, W enep "face"	akn, nom pl. ačʿkʿ "eye"	sy "eye"	A ak, B ek "eye"
Шаблон:PIE "mouth"	Scot ure (< OE ōr, ōra)	Nor óss "river mouth"	ōs, ōris "mouth" (> oral)		Ved ā́s "mouth, face"	Av āh "mouth"	OCS usta "mouth"	Lith úostas "mouth of a river, harbor"	OIr á "mouth"				aiš, gen. iššāš "mouth"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "heart"; Шаблон:PIE "to believe" (See also ḱréd·dʰh₁eti)	heart (< OE heorte)	haírtō "heart"	cor (cordis) "heart"; crēdō "I believe" < *krezdō- < Шаблон:PIE ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	kardíā, Homeric kradíē, Cypriot korízdā "heart" < Шаблон:PIE; poetic kẽr (kẽros) "heart" < Шаблон:PIE (> cardiac, cardiology. etc.)	hṛd "heart" < post-PIE Шаблон:PIE; hṛdaya, hārdi "heart";	Av zǝrǝd "heart" , Pashto zṛə "heart" < post-PIE Шаблон:PIE;	OCS sŭrdĭce "heart", serda "medium, core"	OPrus siran "heart" (acc.), seyr "heart", serds "core", Lith širdis "heart", šerdis "core"	OIr cride "heart"; W craidd "center"; Gaul crid "heart"	sirt "heart"		A kri "will", B pl. käryāñ "hearts"	Hitt karz (kardias) "heart"; Luw zarza "heart"
Шаблон:PIE "navel, hub"; Шаблон:PIE "navel"	navel (< OE nafola); nave (< OE nafu)		umbilīcus "navel"; umbō "elbow"	omphalós "navel; umbilical cord"	nā́bhi "navel, belly button; center"; nábhya "nave, center part of a wheel"	NPers nāf "navel", nāv- "deep" Past nom, naw "navel"
Шаблон:PIE "gore, blood (blood outside the body)"	raw "uncooked food" (< OE hræw "corpse, carrion")	ON hrár "raw"	cruor "thick blood, gore"; crūdus "raw, bloody", crūdēlis "cruel, rude" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	kréas "flesh, meat"; kréa "raw flesh"	krávis- "raw flesh"; kravyá "raw flesh, carrion", krūrá "bloody, raw"	Av xrūra, xrūma "bloody"; vi-xrūmant- "bloodless"; xrvi.dru "of the bloody mace [of Aeshma]" YAv xrvišyant "grim, bloodthirsty"	OCS kry "blood"; Rus krovǐ "blood"	OPrus crauyo, krawian; Lith kraũjas "blood"; Latv kreve "coagulated blood, bloody scab"	OIr crúaid, MIr crū "blood"
Шаблон:PIE "nose"	nose (< OE nosu)	ON nǫs "nose"	nāsus, nāris "nose" (> nasal)		nas- "nose"	Av nāh-, nā̊ŋhan-, OPers acc. sg. nāham "nose"	OCS nosŭ "nose"	OPrus nasi "nose", Lith nosis "nose"
Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:PIE "foot" (See also *ped-)	foot (< OE fōt)	fōtus "foot"	pēs (pedis) "foot" (> pedal, etc.)	poús (podós) "foot" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	pā́d- (padás) "foot"	Av pad-, OPers pād, Parth pāδ "foot" NPers pa "foot"; Kurd pê Past px̌a "foot	OCS pěšǐ "on foot"	OPrus pida "foot", Lith pėda "foot"	OIr īs "below" < PIE loc. pl. *pēd-su; W is(od) "below, under; lower (than)"	otn "foot", otkʿ "feet"	poshtë "below"	A pe "foot", B paiyye "foot"	pata-, CLuw pāta-, Lyc pedi- "foot"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "heel, upper thigh"	OE fiersn "heel, calx"	fairzna "heel"	perna "gammon"; Spa pierna "leg"	ptérnē "heel, hoof; footstep"	pā́rṣṇi "heel; rear of the army; kick"								paršna- "loins"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "arm, forequarter"	arm (< OE earm)		armus "shoulder, forequarter"	harmós "joint (anatomy); link; bolt"	īrmá- "arm, forequarter (of an animal)"		OCS ramo "shoulder"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "nail (finger or toe)"	nail (< OE næġel)	nagls "nail"	unguis "fingernail, toenail; claw; hoof"; ungula "hoof, claw; an aromatic spice"	ónux "claw, nail, hoof; a kind of aromatic substance; onyx (the gem)"	nakhá "nail"; áṅghri "foot; foot of a seat; tree root"	Npers nâxon "nail"	OCS noga "foot, leg"; nogŭtĭ "nail"	Lith nãgas "fingernail,talon"	Irsh ionga "nail"	ełung "nail"	nyell "nail"	A maku, B mekwa "nail"	ša-an-ku-wa- "nail"
Шаблон:PIE "liver"			jecur (jecinoris) "liver"	hẽpar (hḗpatos) "liver"	yákr̥t (yaknás) "liver"	Av yākarǝ, NPers ǰigar, Pashto iná "liver"	Serbian jetra "liver", Serbian and Macedonian ikra "fish roe"	OPrus jakna, Lat aknas "liver", Lith jeknos	W (i)afu "liver"; MIr i(u)chair (i(u)chrach) "fish roe"	leard "liver"		A ykär, B yakär* "liver"	Luwian ikkwar/n- "liver"Шаблон:Efn
*ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰsrés "hand"			hir "hand" (rare, anatomical)	kheír "hand" (> chiropractor, surgery (chirurgy), enchiridion, etc.)	hás-ta "hand"	Av zas-ta "hand", NPers dast "hand"				jeṙ "hand, arm"	dorë "hand"	A tsar, B ṣar "hand"	keššar "hand", Luwian īssaris "hand"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "hand, the pointing one"	mound (< OE mund "hand, hand of protection, protector)	Ger vormund "legal guardian"	manus, manūs "hand" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	márē "hand"
*bʰeh₂ǵʰús "arm"	bough (< OE bōg)			pêkhus "forearm"	bāhú "arm"	NPers bāzū "arm"
Шаблон:PIE "eyebrow"	brow, Scot broo (< OE brū)			ophrū́s "eyebrow"	bhrū́ "eyebrow"	NPers abrū "eyebrow"	OCS bry "eyebrow"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "wing, feather" (See also *peth₂-)	feather (< OE feþer)		penna < *petna "wing; feather; quill pen" (> pen)	pterón "feather, wing; winged creature"	pát·tra- "wing, pinion, feather; leaf, petal (as the plumage of a tree)"	Karšiptar (Karšift) "black-winged"				trnum "to fly"

Animals

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:PIE "horse", "fast animal"	OE eoh "horse"	Шаблон:Transliteration "horse"Шаблон:Efn	equus "horse"	híppos "horse"; Myc i-qo "horse" ( < *ïkkʷos)	áśva- "horse"; Mitanni-Aryan aššu- "horse"	Av aspa-, OPers asa- "horse"; Ossetian yäfs "horse" < Шаблон:PIE; NPers asp "horse"; Kurd hesp "horse"	OCS jastrębъ "hawk" (literally "a fast bird")	OPrus aswīnan "mare's milk", Lith ašva "mare	OIr ech; MW ebawl "horse" < PBryth Шаблон:PIE	ēš "donkey"		A yuk, B yakwe "horse"	Luwian ásùwa "horse"; Lycian esbe "horse"
Шаблон:PIE "cattle"	cow (< OE cū)	Old Saxon kō, OHG chuo "cow"	bōs (bovis) "cattle";Шаблон:Efn Umbrian acc. bum "cow"	boũs, Dor bõs (bo(w)ós) "cattle, cow"	gáus (gṓs) "cow"	Av gāuš (gāuš) "cow"; NPers gāv "cow"; Kurd ga "cow" Past ğwā "cow"	Croatian gòvedo "cattle" < PSlav *govędo; OCS gu-mǐno "threshing floor"	Latvian gùovs "cow"	OIr bó (bóu/báu)Шаблон:Efn "cow"; BoandШаблон:Efn < Proto-Celtic *bowo-windā "white cow (or) cow-finder" Шаблон:Efn > BoyneШаблон:Efn OW buch "cow" < *boukkā, bu-gail "cowherd" < Шаблон:PIE	kov "cow"	ka "ox"	A ko "cow", B keu "cow"	HierLuv wawa-, Lycian wawa-, uwa- "cow"; ?Pal kuwa(w)- "bull"Шаблон:Efn
*péḱu "livestock"	fee; fief; feud (< OE feoh "livestock, property, money");	faihu "property, possessions, wealth, riches, money"	pecū "cattle, domestic animals"; pecūnia "money" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag		páśu, paśú "livestock"			OLith pekus "cattle"		asr "wool"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "bird" (See also *h₂ōwyó·m)			avis "bird" (> aviary, aviation, etc.); auceps "bird-catcher; fowler; eavesdropper"; LL avicellus, aucellus "little bird" > Fre oiseau; avispex, later, auspex "augur (from watching the flight of birds)" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	āetós "eagle; omen"; oiōnós "large bird, bird of prey; omen; bird used in augury"; oiōnoskópos "augur (from the flight of birds)"; oiōnistḗrion "place for watching bird flight; omen"	ví "bird"	Av vīš "bird"				hav "chicken"
Шаблон:PIE "sheep "	ewe (< OE ēow "sheep", ēowu "ewe")	awistr "sheepfold"; OHG ouwi, ou "sheep"	ovis "sheep"	ó(w)is "sheep"	ávi- "sheep"	Wakhi yobc "ewe" < PIran *āvi-či-	Bulg ovèn "ram", OCS ovĭ-ca "ewe"	OPrus awwins "ram", Lith avis "female sheep" avinas "ram"	OIr ōi "sheep"; W ewig "deer"	hov-iw "shepherd"		B eye "sheep", ā(u)w "ewe"	Luvian hāwa/i-, Lycian χawa- "sheep"
Шаблон:PIE "bear"			ursus "bear"	árktos "bear"	ŕ̥kṣa- "bear"	YAv arša, Ossetian ars "bear"; NPers xers "bear"; Kurd hirç "bear"		Lith irštva "bear den"	MIr art, W arth "bear"	arǰ "bear"	arí "bear"		ḫartaqqas (name of a beast of prey)
Шаблон:PIE "hound, dog"	hound (< OE hund "dog")	hunds "dog"	canis "dog"	kúōn (kunós) "dog"; Myc ku-na-ke-ta-i, Att/Ion kunegétes "huntsman" (litt. "those who guide dogs")	śvan(śunas) "dog"	Av spā (acc. spānǝm, pl. gen. sū̆nam); MPers sak; Kurd kuçik, se, sey; Wakhi šač "dog" Past spay "dog"	Bulg kùt͡ʃe "dog", OCS suka "bitch (female dog)"	OPrus sunnis "dog", Lith šuo, šunis (acc pl.) "dog", Latv suns "dog", Ltg suņs "dog"	OIr cú (con), W ci "dog" Cú Chulainn litt. "hound of Chulainn" Cunobeline < Com. Britt. *Cunobelinos "strong (?) as a dog"	šun "dog"	possibly qen (disputed, possible Latin loan)	AB ku "dog" (acc. A koṃ, B kweṃ)	Hittite kuwaš (nom.), kunaš (gen.); HierLuv suwanni "dog"; Pal kuwan- "dog"; Lyd kan- "dog"
Шаблон:PIE "mouse"	mouse, Scot moose (< OE mūs)	ON mús "mouse"	mūs "mouse"	mũs "mouse"	mū́ṣ- "mouse"	OPers muš "mouse" (? not in Pokorny; Pokorny has NPers mūš "mouse"); Kurd mişk "mouse"	OCS myšĭ "mouse"			mukn "mouse"	mi "mouse"
*uksḗn "ox, bull"	ox (< OE oxa)	auhsa "ox"			ukṣán "bull, ox"	uxšan "bull"			MW ych; MidIr oss "stag, cow"; MBret ouhen			B okso "draft-ox"
*táwros "bull"	steer (< OE stēor)	ON þjórr	taurus, Osc taurom (acc.)	taûros		stawra- "bull"	OSl turŭ	Lith taüras; OPr tauris "bison"	Gaul tarvos (taruos) "bull"; OIr tarb	tuar "cattle"	tarok
Шаблон:PIE "pig"	sow (< OE sū); swine (< OE swīn)	ON sýr "sow"	sūs "pig"	hũs, sũs "pig"	sū-kara- "pig"; Hindi sūvar "pig"	Av hū (gen. sg.) "pig" , NPers xuk "pig"	Bulg svinjà "swine, sow"	Latvian suvẽns, sivẽns "piglet"	OIr socc sáil "sea pig"; W hwch "sow, swine"	khos "pig"	thi "pig"	B suwo "pig"	še-hu-u "pig"
Шаблон:PIE "wolf"	wolf (< OE wulf)	wulfs (wulfis) "wolf"	lupus "wolf"	lúkos "wolf"	vŕ̥ka- "wolf"	Av vǝhrka- "wolf"; NPers gorg "wolf"; Kurd gur "wolf"	Bulg vɤ̞lk "wolf", OCS vlĭkŭ "wolf"	OPrus wilks "wolf", Lith vilkas "wolf"	OIr olc (uilc) "evil"	aghves "fox"	ujk < OAlb ulk "wolf"	B walkwe "wolf"	ulippana "wolf"
Шаблон:PIE "fox"			vulpes "fox"	alṓpēx "fox"	lopāśá "fox, jackal"	Av urupis "dog", raopi- "fox, jackal"; Kurd rovî, rûvî "fox"		Lith lãpė "fox"; Latv lapsa "fox"	Bre louarn "fox" (< PCel *loɸernos)	ałuēs "fox"	Tosk dhelpër, Gheg dhelpen "fox" (< *dzelpina < *welpina)		ulipzas (ú-li-ip-za-aš) "wolf"; Luwian ú-li-ip-ni-eš (nom. sg.), wa-li-ip-ni (dat.-loc. sg.) "fox"
Шаблон:PIE "goose"	goose (< OE gōs), gander (< OE ganra)	OHG gans "goose"	(h)ānser "goose"	kʰḗn, Doric khā́n "goose"; Myc ka-no, ka-si (dat. pl.) "goose"	haṁsá-"goose"	Av zāō "goose" (? not in Pokorny); Sogdian z’γ "kind of bird" , NPers ɣaz "goose"	Bulg gɤ̞ska "goose", OCS gǫsǐ "goose"	OPrus zansi "goose", Lith žąsis "goose"	OIr gēiss "swan" W gwydd "goose"		gatë "heron"	B kents- "bird (goose?)"
Шаблон:PIE "duck"	Scot ennet "duck" (< OE ened)	OHG enita "duck"	ānas "duck"	nessa, netta "duck"	ātí- "waterfowl"	Ossetic acc "Wild duck" , NPers ordak "duck" , NPers ɣu "swan"	Russ. utka "duck"	OPrus ants "duck", Lith antis "duck"	W hwyad(en) "duck"	baht "duck"	rosë "duck"
Шаблон:PIE "deer"				élaphos "deer"; Hom ellós "young of the deer"		Past osə́i "deer"	OSl jeleni "deer"; Russ oleni "red deer"	Lith élnis "red deer"; Lith élnė "hind" < *H₁elH₁ēniHx "hind, cow-elk"	NWel elain "hind" < *H₁elH₁ēniHx "hind, cow-elk" OIr elit "doe"	ełn "hind"		B yal, ylem "gazelle" B ylaṃśke "young gazelle"	aliya(n)- "red deer"
Шаблон:PIE "hedgehog"	OE igil "hedgehog" (< Proto-Germanic *igilaz)	ON ígull "sea-urchin"		MycGr e-ki-no; ekhînos "hedgehog"		Oss wyzyn "hedgehog"	OSl jezĭ "hedgehog"; Rus ež "hedgehog"	Lith ežȳs "hedgehog"Шаблон:Efn		ozni "hedgehog"	esh, eshk "porcupine, hedgehog"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "beaver" (See also *bʰer-, bʰerH-)	beaver (< OE beofer)	OHG bibar "beaver"; OIc biorr "beaver"	fīber "beaver"		babʰrú "mongoose"	Av baβra- "beaver"	Ukr bober "beaver"; Rus bobr "beaver"	Lith bebrùs "beaver"; Pruss bebrus "beaver"	Gaul bebru- ; OIr Bibar
Шаблон:PIE "eagle"	erne "a sea eagle" < OE earn "eagle"	ara "eagle"; OHG arn "eagle"	(Avernus "entrance to the underworld" (< AncGrk áornos "birdless"))Шаблон:Efn	órnis "bird"; Myc o-ni-ti-ja-pi "decorated with birds(?)"			OSl orǐlŭ "eagle"; Rus orël "eagle"	Lith ăras, ĕras, erẽlis "eagle"; Latv ērglis, OPrus arelie "eagle"	MBret erer, MW eryr, MIr irar "eagle" (< *eriro)	OArm oror "gull", MArm urur "kite"	orr "eagle, falcon" (rare)		Hitt ḫaran- "eagle"; CLuw ḫarrani(a/i) "a type of (oracular) bird"; Pala [ḫa-]a-ra-na-aš "eagle"
Шаблон:PIE "snake", "serpent", "eel"		OHG unc "snake"; engiring "maggot" (diminutive of angar "large larva")	anguis "snake, serpent, dragon"; Anguilla "eel"	ópʰis "serpent, snake"; énkhelus "eel"Шаблон:Efn	áhi "snake, serpent; name of Vrtra"	Av aži "snake", Persian yağnij "grass snake" (archaic); Azhi DahākaШаблон:Efn	OEstSl užĭ "snake", Rus už "grass snake"; Pol węgorz "eel"	OPrus angis "snake", angurgis "eel"; Lith angis "viper", ungurys "eel"; Latv odze, odzs (dialectal) "viper, adder";		OArm awj "snake", iž, iwž "viper"		B auk "snake"	Illuyanka "mythical snake foe"
*h₂eyǵ- "goat"				aíx "goat"	eḍa "a kind of sheep"					ayts "goat"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE (a vṛddhi-derivative of *h₂éwis) "egg"	ey (obsolete) "egg" (< OE ǣġ) (> Cockney "cock-egg"); egg (< ON egg)		ōvum "egg" (> ovum, ovary, oval, ovoid, ovulate, etc.)	ōión "egg, seed"		Past hagə́i "egg"
*h₂egʷnós "lamb"	yean "to give birth to" (< OE ēanian)		agnus "lamb"	amnós "lamb"			OCS agnę "lamb"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to be spotted; salmon, trout"	lax (< OE leax "salmon")	Yiddish laks "salmon"⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag					Russ losos "salmon"	Lith lašiša "salmon"				B laks "fish, salmon"

Food and farming

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "grain" (See also *gʰreh₁-)	corn (< OE corn "grain")	kaúrn "corn"	grānum "grain" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag		jīrṇá-, jūrṇá- "old, worn out, decayed"		OCS zrŭno "grain"	OPrus zirni "grain", Lith žirnis "pea", girna "millstone"	OIr grān, W grawn "grain"	cʿorean "wheat, grain, corn"	grurëTosk grun, gruni Gheg "grain"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to grow" (See also *ǵr̥h₂-nó-)	grow (< OE grōwan); green (< OE grēne); grey, gray (< OE grǣġ); grass (< OE græs); groom (young boy, servant) (< ME grome)	grōdjan "to green, grow; plant"	grāmen "grass, turf; herb"; rāvus "gray, tawny"; herba "grass; weed; herb"; Fre gourmet (< ME grome) "gourmet" (similarly gourmand)	gráō "I gnaw, eat"; gástris "gourmand, voracious eater"; gastḗr < grastér "belly, stomach; appetite" (> gastro-, gastronomy, etc.); krástis "greenfodder"; grásos "smell of a goat"; gángraina "ulcer" (> gangrene)	grásati "(s/he) eats, swallows, devours"; grasta- "swallowed, devoured"; grāsa- "swallowing, mouthful; food, nourishment"	Kurd gewre, gir "big", gewre bûn "to grow, to get big", giran "heavy", girîng "important, major, essential" Past grān "expensive, hard"	OCS grěnŭ "green"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "field"	acre (< OE æcer "field")	akrs "field"	ager (agrī) "field" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	agrós "field"	ájra-"meadow"					art "soil"	arë "field"
Шаблон:PIE "to plow"	OE erian "to plow"	arjan "to plow"	arō (arāre) "to plow", arātrum "plow"	aróō "I plow" < Шаблон:PIE, árotron "plow", aroura "arable land"	hala- "plow"		OCS orjǫ (orati) "to plow", ralo < *ar(ə)dhlom "plow"	OPrus artun "to plow", Lith arti "to plow"	MIr airim "I plow", W arddu "to plow" < *arj-; MIr arathar, W aradr "plow" < *arətrom < Шаблон:PIE	ara-wr "plow"	arë "arable land" Шаблон:PIE	AB āre "plow"
Шаблон:PIE "to milk"	milk (< OE meolc, mioluc)	miluks (miluks) "milk"	mulgeō (mulgēre) "to milk" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	amélgō "I milk"	mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi "(he) wipes, cleans"	Av marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti "(he) grazes (barely touches)"	Russ. CS mŭlzu (mlěsti) "to milk", Pol mleko "milk"	OPrus milztun "to milk", Lith melžti "to milk"	W blith "milk, dairy produce; full of milk", MIr bligim "I milk" < *mligim, melg "milk"		miel, mil "I milk"	A malke B malk-wer "milk"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to grind"	meal (< OE melu); malm (< OE mealm)	malan "to grind"	molō (molere) "I grind"; mola "millstone; mill; ground meal, flour" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; immolō "I immolate, sacrifice (lit. sprinkling flour on animals to be sacrificed)" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; malleus "hammer, mallet" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; milium "millet"	múllō "I grind"; malthakós, malakós "soft, tender; gentle; mild"; melínē "millet"	mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati "(he) grinds"	Av mrāta- "tanned soft"	OCS meljǫ (mlětĭ) "to grind"; mlatŭ "hammer"; molĭ "moth"; mělŭ "chalk; fine ground substance"	OPrus maltun "to grind", Lith malti "to grind"	OIr melim "I grind"; W malu "grind"	mał "sieve" mał-em "I grind, crush"	mjell "flour"	A malywët "you press"; B melye "they trample"	mallai "grinds"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to ferment, become sour"	OE hwaþerian "to roar, foam, surge"	Шаблон:Transliteration "froth, foam, scum"	cāseus "cheese" (> cheese)		kváthate "it boils"		OCS kvasŭ "leaven; sour drink" > Kvass
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to blend, mix, knead"		ON ostr "cheese"; ysta "to curdle"	iūs "gravy, broth, soup; sauce; juice" > juice	?zōmós "soup, sauce; grease" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	yūṣa- "soup, broth; water in which pulses are boiled"		Russ uxá "Ukha"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to boil; to brew"	brew (< OE brēowan); burn (< OE biernan, beornan); bread (< OE brēad); broth (< OE broþ)		ferveō "I burn, I'm hot" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; fermentum "fermentation, leavening; ferment; anger"				buran (< SE bura); "to raise bubbles, to make fuss"		Borvo "Gaulish deity of healing springs"
*gʷréh₂wō "quern, millstone"	quern (< OE cwerne)	*qairnus			grā́van "stone, rock, stone for pressing out the Soma juice"		OCS žrĭny "millstone"		Bret breo, breou, W breuan "quern"
Шаблон:PIE "honey"	mildew (< OE mele-dēaw "honeydew")	miliþ "honey"	mel (mellis) "honey" (> mellifluous)	méli (mélit-) "honey"; Att mélitta "bee"; Myc me-ri, me-ri-to "honey"	milinda "honey-bee"				OIr mil, W mêl "honey"	mełr "honey"	mjal, mjaltë "honey"		milit "honey"; CLuw ma-al-li "honey"; Pala malit- "honey"
Шаблон:PIE "honey", "mead"	mead (< OE medu)	midus "mead"	mēdus "a type of mead"	métʰu "wine"	mádʰu "sweet drink, honey"	Proto-Iranian mádu "honey, wine"	OCS medŭ "honey"; Bulg med "honey"	OPrus meddu "honey", Lith medus "honey", midus "a honey beverage"; Ltg mads "honey"	OIr mid "mead"; W medd "mead"			B mit "honey"	CLuw maddu- "wine" (originally "sweet drink")
*tuh₂rós "cheese"	butter (< Gk. boútūros "cow cheese")			tūrós "cheese"
Шаблон:PIE "salt"	salt (< OE sealt)	salt "salt"	sāl (salis) "salt" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	háls (halós) "salt"	sal-ilá- "salty"		OCS solǐ "salt"; OCS sladŭkŭ "sweet"; Russ sólod "malt"	OPrus sals "salt", saldus "sweet	OIr salann, W halen "salt"	ał "salt"	ngjel-bëtë, ngjel-mëtë "salty", njel-m "to be salty"	A sāle, B salyiye "salt"
Шаблон:PIE "to sow (seed)", Шаблон:PIE "seed"	sow (< OE sāwan), seed (< OE sēd "that which is sown")	saian "to sow"; OHG sāmo "seed"	serō (serere) "to sow" < Шаблон:PIE, sēmen "seed" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag		sasá- "corn, herb, grass", sasyá- "corn, grain, fruit, crop of corn", sī́ra- "Saatpflug" (seed plow?)		OCS sějǫ (sějati) "to sow", sěmę "seeds"	OPrus situn "to sow", simen "seed", Lith sėti "to sow", sekla "seed", semenis "linseed"	OIr sīl, W hil "seed" < *seH₁-lo-	sermn "seed"			isḫūwāi "(he) sows"
Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:PIE "yoke" (See also *yewg-)	yoke (< OE ġeoc)	juk "yoke"	iugum "yoke"	zugón "yoke"	yugá·m "yoke"	Av yaoj-, yuj- "to harness" Past yə́wa "plough"	OCS igo "yoke"	OPrus jugtun "yoke", Lith jungas "yoke"	W iau "yoke"	luc "yoke"		A yokäm "door"	yugan "yoke"
Шаблон:PIE "cereal, grain; spelt, barley"				Epic zeiā́ "einkorn wheat"; Cretan deaí "barley"	yáva "grain, cereal; barley"	Av yauua- "cereal"; Pers jow "barley, grain"; Oss jäv "corn, grain"	Rus ovín "barn, granary";Шаблон:Efn Pol jewnia, jownia (dialectal) "granary"	Lith jãvas "a type of cereal"; javaĩ (pl.) "cereals"; Latv javs, java "infused (with fermentation)"	Ir eorna "barley"			B yap "dressed barley"	e(u)wa(n) "cereal (a kind of barley)"
*mḗms "meat"		mimz "flesh"	membrum "limb, member" < mēms-rom “flesh” ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag		mā́ṃs, māmsá- "meat"		OCS męso "meat"			mis "meat"	mish“meat”
*h₂ébōl "apple"	apple (< OE appel)	apel	(Osc Abella "town name")				OCS ablŭ·ko "apple"	Lith obuolys "apple", OPr wobalne "apple"; Latv ābols "apple (fruit)", ābele "apple tree"	Gaul Aballo "place name"; OIr aball, W afall, OBr aball(en) "apple tree"

Bodily functions and states

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:PIE "to breathe"	OE ōþian "breathe hard" < PGerm *anþōjanã	*uz-anan "to expire", ON anda "to breathe"	anima "breath"	ánemos "wind"; Anemoi "(deified) winds"	ániti "(he) breathes"	Av ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya (gen.) "breathing in and out"; Kurd henase "breath"; henas dan "to breath"	OCS vonja "smell" < *h₂en-yeh₂		OIr anāl "breath" < *h₂enh₁-tlo- ; W anadl "breath"	hołm "wind", anjn "person"	Gheg âj Tosk ēnj "I swell"	AB āñm- "spirit", B añiye "breath", B anāsk- "breathe in"
Шаблон:PIE "to sleep", Шаблон:PIE "dream (n.)"	archaic sweven "dream, vision" (< OE swefn); NoEng sweb "to swoon" (< OE swebban "to put to sleep, lull")	ON sofa "sleep (v.)"; Svafnir "Sleep-Bringer (a name of Odin)"	somnus "sleep (n.)"; sōpiō (v.) "make asleep"	húpnos "sleep (n.)"	svápna- "sleep, dream (n.)"	Av xᵛafna- "sleep (n.)" NPers xwãb- "sleep"; Kurd xew "sleep" Past xob "dream, sleeping"	OCS sŭpati "sleep (v.)", sŭnŭ "sleep (n.), dream (n.)"	OPrus supnas "dream", Lith sapnas "dream"	OIr sūan, W hun "sleep (n.)"	kʿnem "I sleep", kʿun "sleep (n.)"	gjumë "sleep (n.)"	TA ṣpäṃ, TB ṣpane "sleep (n.), dream (n.)"	sup-, suppariya- "to sleep"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to sleep"			dormiō "I sleep"; ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	darthánō "I sleep" (epic)	drā́yati "(s/he) sleeps"; nidrā́ "sleep, slumber, sleepiness, sloth"		OCS drěmati "to doze, drowse, slumber"
*bʰewdʰ- "to be awake, be aware"	bid (< OE bēodan); bede (< OE bēden); bode (< OE bodian)	anabiudan		punthánomai "I learn"	bódhati "(s/he) is awake"; bodháyati "(s/he) awakens, arouses"; buddhá- "awake"	Past póha "understand"	OCS bljusti "to watch"; buditi "to wake (someone) up"; bŭždrĭ "alert, cheerful";	Lith budėti "to stay awake"
Шаблон:PIE "sweat"	sweat (< OE swǣtan "to sweat")	ON sveiti	sūdor "sweat (n.)"	(e)ĩdos "sweat (n.)"	svḗda- "sweat (n.)"	Av xᵛaēda- "sweat (n.)"; Kurd xwê, xoy "sweat" Past xoẓ̌ "sweet"		Latvian sviêdri (pl.) "sweat (n.)"	W chwys "sweat (n.)" < *swidso-	kʿirtn "sweat (n.)"	dirsë, djersë "sweat (n.)" < *swí-drōxty-	B syā-lñe "sweating" < *swid-yé-
Шаблон:PIE "to eat"	eat (< OE etan)	itan "to eat"	edō (ēsse) "to eat", ēst "(he) eats"	édō "I eat", Homeric athematic infinitive édmenai "to eat"	ádmi "I eat", átti "(he) eats"	Av subj. aδāiti "(he) should eat"	OCS jamĭ "I eat" < *H₁ēd-mi, jastŭ "(he) eats"	OPrus istun "to eat", ėsti, OLith ėdmi "I eat"	OIr ci-ni estar "although he doesn't eat"; W ys "eats" < *H₁ed-ti	utem "I eat" < *ōd-	ha "to eat"		ēdmi "I eat"
Шаблон:PIE "to drink"	potable (< OF potable) imbibe (< Lat. bibere "to drink" via OF imbiber) potion, poison (<Lat. potio, potionis "a drink" via OF pocion, poison)		bibō (bibere) "to drink", pōtus "drink (n.)"; pō·culo- < pō·clo- < *pō·tlo- "beaker" Шаблон:Efn (Compare Skt pā·tra-)	pī́nō, pépomai "I drink"	pā́ti, píbati "(he) drinks"; pā·tra- "cup, vessel" Шаблон:Efn	Av vispo-pitay- "alltränkend" giving water/drinks to all	OCS pijǫ (piti) "to drink", Proto-Slavic pȋvo "drink, beer, beverage"	OPrus putun "to drink", puja "a party", Lith puota "party"	OIr ibid "drinks" < *pibeti; W yfwn "we drink"	əmpem "I drink"	pī "I drink"		pāsi "he swallows"
Шаблон:PIE "to test, to taste"	choose (< OE ċēosan)	Goth kiusan "to prove, to test", kausjan "taste"; OHG kiosan "choose"	gustus "taste"	geúomai "taste"	juşate, joşati "enjoys"	Av zaoś- "be pleased"	OCS (vŭ)kušati "to offer a meal, to give for tasting"		OIr do-goa "choose"		zgjedh "choose" desha "I loved"; dashje "liking, taste, preference" (< PAlb *dāusnja)		kukuš(-zi) "taste"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to beget, give birth, produce"	kin (< OE cynn "kind, sort, family, generation") (> kindred); kind (< OE (ġe)cynd "generation, nature, race, kind"); king (< OE cyning); OE cennan "produce"	-kunds "born"; knoþs "race, people"; OHG kind "child"; Ger könig, Dut koning "king" (< PGmc *kuningaz = *kunją "kin" + *-ingaz "from, belonging to") (> OCS kŭnędzĭ "prince"; Lith kùnigas "priest"; Fin, Est kuningas "king" (esp. in chess))	(g)nāscor "I am born, begotten; grow, spring forth"; gignō "I beget, bear, bring forth, engender" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; (g)natus "born, arisen, made" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; nāscēns "being born, arising; emerging" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; nātīvus "created; imparted by birth" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; nātīvitās "birth" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; nātūra "nature, quality, essence" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; nātiō "birth; race, class; nation, folk" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; nātālis "relating to birth, natal" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; genus (generis) "birth, origin; kind; species; (grammar) gender" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; gēns (gentis) "tribe; folk, family; Roman clan" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; ingēns "huge, vast; extraordinary"; genitus "begotten, engendered" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; genius "inborn trait, innate character; talent, wits" (> genius); ingenuus "natural, indigenous; freeborn" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; ingenium "innate quality, nature, disposition; natural capacity; talent" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; indigenus = indu (inside) + genus "native, indigenous" (> indigenous); genimen "product, fruit; progeny"; germen (germinis) "shoot, sprout; germ, origin, seed; fetus" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; genitor "begetter, father, sire"; genetrīx "begetter, mother"; naevus "birthmark, mole" (> Lat Gnaeus); genitālis "relation to birth, generation; productive" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	geínomai "I am born; I beget"; gígnomai "I come into being; become"; gonḗ "offspring; seed" (> gonad); geneā́ "birth; race, descent; generation; offspring" (> genealogy, etc.); gnōtós "kinsman"; génos "offspring, descendant, family; nation, gender"; génna, génnā "descent, lineage; origin, offspring"; génesis "origin, source, manner of birth" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; gónos "fruit, product; race, descent; begetting; seed"; genétēs, genétōr "begetter, ancestor; father"	jánati "(she) gives birth"; jáyate "is born; becomes"; já-, -ja- "born; born of, begotten from", e.g., dvi·já- "twice-born"; jantú "child, offspring; creature"; jñāt́í "kinsman, relative"; jananī "mother, birth-giver"; jána- "people, person, race"; jánana- "begetting, birth"; jánas "race, class, genus"; jánman, janmá- "birth, life"; jániman "generation, birth, origin"; janitṛ́ "begetter, father, parent"; jánitrī "begetter, mother"; janátā "people, folk, generation"; jātí "birth, form of existence fixed at birth, position assigned by birth, rank, lineage, caste"	Av zīzǝnti, zīzanǝnti "they give birth"; Kurd zayîn "to give birth" Past zeẓ̌edə́l "to be born"	OCS zętĭ "son-in-law"	OPrus gamintun "to give birth", gimdyti "to give birth"	OIr -gainethar "who is born" < Шаблон:PIE; W geni "to be born"	cnanim "I am born, bear"	dhëndër, dhândër "son-in-law, bridegroom" < Шаблон:PIEШаблон:Efn	AB kän- "to come to pass (of a wish), be realized"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to bear, beget, give birth" (See also *suHnú-)					sū́te "(she) begets"; sūtá- "born, brought forth"; sūtí "birth, production"	Av hunāhi “give birth, beget”			OIr suth "produce, offspring; milk"				šunnai "fills"
Шаблон:PIE "to grow, increase"	eke (< OE ēacian "to increase"); wax (of the moon) (< OE weaxan "to grow")	aukan, auknan "to increase (intr.)", wahsjan "to grow" < orig. caus. Шаблон:PIE	augeō (augēre) "to increase (tr.)" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; auctor "grower - promoter, producer, author etc" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; augmentum "growth, increase" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; augur < augos "aggrandizement" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; augustus "majestic, venerable" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; auxilium "help, aid; remedy" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	a(w)éksō "I increase (intr.)", aúksō, auksánō "I increase (tr.)"	úkṣati "(he) becomes stronger", vakṣáyati "(he) causes to grow"; ójas, ōjmán "strength, vitality, power"; ugrá- "immense, strong, hard";	Av uxšyeiti "(he) grows", vaxšaiti "(he) causes to grow"	OCS jugъ "south" (the direction to where the Sun rises)	OPrus augtwei "to grow", Lith augti " to grow"	OIr fēr, W gwêr "fat" < *weg-	ačem "I grow, become big"		A oksiṣ "(he) grows"; A okṣu, В aukṣu "grown"
*weǵ- "fresh, strong; lively, awake"	wake (< OE wacian); watch (< OE wæċċan)	gawaknan "wake up, arouse"	vegeō (vegēre) "be alert, awake, smart"; vigor "id"; vigil "awake, watching"		vā́ja- "strength, energy, vigour, spirit"; vájra- "hard; mace; thunderbolt; diamond"; vājáyati "(s/he) impels"		Serbian language svež / свеж "fresh"
Шаблон:PIE "alive", Шаблон:PIE "life"	quick (< OE cwicu "alive")	qius "alive"	vīvus "alive"; vīta "life"	bíos, bíotos "life", zoo "animal"	jīvá-, jīvaka- "alive", jīvita·m, jīvā́tus, jīvathas "life"	Av gayō, acc. ǰyātum "life"; Gayōmart "living mortal"; -ǰyāiti- "life-"; Av ǰva-, OPers ǰīva- "alive", NPers ǰavān- "alive"; Kurd jiyan, jîn "life" Past žwənd "life"	OCS živŭ "alive", žitĭ, životŭ "life"; Živa "alive, living (Polabian deity)"	OPrus giws "alive", giwata "life", Lith gyvas "alive", gyvatė "snake"	Gaul biuo-, bio-,Шаблон:Efn OIr biu, beo, W byw "alive"; OIr bethu (bethad), W bywyd "life" < Proto-Celtic *bivo-tūts	keam "I live" < Шаблон:PIE		B śai- "to live" < Шаблон:PIE	ḫuišu̯ant- "living; alive"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to grow old, mature" (See also *ǵr̥h₂-nó-, *gʰreh₁-)	churl (< OE ċeorl, ċiorl "free man")	Karl (< PGmc "free man") (> Slav korlǐ "king")Шаблон:Efn		gérōn, gérontos "old; elder" (> geronto-); graûs "old woman"; geraiós "old"; géras "gift of honor"; gerarós "honorable, majestic, respectable"; Graîa Graia > Graikós > Graeco-, Greek	járati, jī́ryati "grows old; wears out; is consumed, digested"; jīrṇá- "old, worn out; digested"; járan(t)- "old, infirm; decayed"; jarā́, jarás, jariman "old age"		OCS zĭrěti "to ripen"				grua “woman, wife” < PAlb *grāwā
Шаблон:PIE "to die"	murder (< OE morþor < *mr̥-tro-m)	maúrþr "murder"	morior (morī) "to die" < *mr̥-yōr, mortalis "mortal"	brotós (< *mrotós), mortós "mortal"	marati, máratē, mriyátē "(he) dies", mṛtá- "dead", márta-, mortal	Av merə- "to die", miryeite "dies"; OPers martiya- "man (someone who dies)", NPers mordan- "to die"; Kurd mirin "to die" Past mrəl "to die"	OCS mĭrǫ, mrěti "to die"	Lith miŕštu (miŕti) "to die", merdėti "to die slowly"	OIr marb, W marw "dead" < *mr̥-wós	meṙanim "I die", mard "human"			mert "died"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "bald, naked"			calvus "bald, hairless" > Calvin; calva "skull, scalp"		kulvá- "bald"		Serbian language ćelav / ћелав "bald"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to cough"	whoost "cough" (< OE hwōstan)	German Hust "cough"			Kurd kuxin "to cough", kuxik "cough"	OCS kašĭljati "to cough"	Lith kosėti "to cough"			koll "cough"	kollë "cough"
*perd- "fart"	fart (< OE feortan)			pérdomai	párdate "(s/he) farts"		Russian perdétь "to fart"	Lith perdžia "he farts"		bert "fart"	pordhë "fart"

Mental functions and states

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:PIE "to hear"	listen (< OE hlystan), loud (< OE hlūd)	hliuma "hearing, ears (in pl.)"	clueō (cluēre) "to be named"	ékluon "I heard"	śr̥ṇóti "(he) hears" < Шаблон:PIE; śrúti "that which is heard"	Av surunaoiti "(he) hears" < Шаблон:PIE	OCS slyšati "to hear"; slušati "to listen"	OPrus klausytun "to hear", Lith klausyti "to listen"	OIr ro-clui-nethar "hears"; W clywed "to hear"; Gaul cluiou "I hear"	lsem "I hear"	Old Tosk kluaj (standard quaj) "to call, to name" < *ḱlu(H)-eh₁-	A klyoṣ-, B klyauṣ- "to hear"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE or Шаблон:PIE "to see, perceive, be aware of"	OE ēawis "obvious"		audiō "I hear, listen to; pay attention to" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	aḯō "I perceive, hear, see, obey"; aisthánomai "I perceive, feel, apprehend, notice" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	āvís "evidently, manifestly, before the eyes, openly"		OCS aviti "to show, appear"	Lith ovytis "to appear"; ovyje "in reality"
Шаблон:PIE "to see, find; to know"	wit (OE wit "intelligence", witan "to know" < PIE perfect tense)	witan "to know"	videō (vidēre) "to see"	é(w)ide "he saw"; perf. oĩda "I know (lit. I have seen)"	vindáti "(he) finds", ávidat "found"; vetti, vēdate, vidáti "(he) knows"; perf. véda "I know"	Av vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti "(he) finds"	OCS viždǫ (viděti) "to see"	OPrus widatun "to see"; Lith veidas "face"	W gweld "to see"	gtanem "I find"
Шаблон:PIE "to know"						Av perf. vaēδa "I know", vīdarǝ "they know"	OCS věmĭ (věděti) "to know"	OPrus waistun "to know", Lith vaistas "medicine", vaidila "pagan priest"	OIr find, W gwn "(I) know"	gitem "I know"		B ūwe "learned" < PToch *wäwen- < Шаблон:PIE
Шаблон:PIE "to recognize, know"	can (< OE cann "I know, he knows"), know (< OE cnāwan < Шаблон:PIE), Scot ken "to know" (< OE cennan "to cause to know" < PGerm *kann-jan)	kunnan "to know" < Шаблон:PIE, kann "I know"	(g)nōscō ((g)nōscere) "to recognize", nōvī "I know"	gignṓskō (aorist égnōn) "I recognize"	jānā́mi "I know" < *janā́mi < Шаблон:PIE	Av zanā-ṯ, zanąn < Шаблон:PIE; OPers a-dānā (impf.) "he knew" < Шаблон:PIE, xšnāsātiy (subj.) "he should know"; Kurd zanîn "to know"	OCS znajǫ (znati) "to know" < Шаблон:PIE	OPrus zinatun "to recognize, know", Lith žinoti "to know"	OIr itar-gninim, asa-gninaim "I am wise"; W adnabod "(I) know"	čanačʿem, aorist caneay "I recognize"	njoh "I know" < Шаблон:PIE	A knā-, e.g. knānmaṃ "knowing" < Шаблон:PIE, kñas-äṣt "you have become acquainted" < Шаблон:PIE
Шаблон:PIE "not" + "to know"	uncouth (< OE uncūþ "unknown, strange")	unkunþs "unknown"	ignōtus, ignōrāntem "unknown, ignorant"	agnṓs (agnõtos) "unknown" < Шаблон:PIE	ajñāta- "unknown"			OPrus nezinatun "not to know", Lith nežinoti " not to know"	OIr ingnad "foreign"	an-can-awtʿ "ignorant, unknown"		A ā-knats, B a-knātsa "ignorant"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to love; desire, covet, want; admire, praise"	love (< OE lufu); lief "dear, beloved" (< OE lēof); lofe "praise, exalt; offer" (< OE lofian, lof)	lubō "love"	libet "it is pleasing, agreeable"		lúbhyati "(s/he) desires greatly; longs for, covets; is perplexed"; lobháyati "(s/he) causes to desire, attract, allure; confound, bewilder"; lobhá "perplexity, confusion; impatience, eager desire, longing; covetousness"; lobhin "greedy, desirous of, longing after; covetous"		OCS ljubiti "to love"; ljubŭ "sweet, pleasant"; ljuby "love"; Russ ljubímyj "favorite"				lyp "beg"
Шаблон:PIE "to think"	mind (< OE (ġe)mynd "memory" < *mn̥t-ís); OE munan "to think"; minion	munan "to think"; muns (pl. muneis) "thought" < *mn̥-is; gamunds (gamundáis) "remembrance" < *ko(m)-mn̥t-ís	meminī "I remember" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; reminīscor "I recollect, remember" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag mēns (mentis) "mind" < *mn̥t-is; memor "mindful, remembering" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag commentus "devised, contrived; invented"; moneō "I remind, warn"; mōnstrum "a divine omen; portent" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; Minerva	mémona "I think of"; maínomai "I go mad"; mimnḗskō "I remind, recall"; mnáomai "I am mindful, remember; woo, court"; autómatos "self-willed, unbidden; self-moving, automatic"; ménos "mind; desire; anger"; Méntōr "mentor"; manthánō "I learn; know, understand; notices"; máthēma "something that is learned, lesson; learning, knowledge" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; Promētheús]	mányate "(he) thinks"; mántra- "thought, the instrument of thought"; mánas "mind"; máti "thought intention; opinion, notion; perception, judgement"; mantṛ́ "thinker, adviser"; medhā́ "wisdom, intelligence" (See mazdā); mantrín "minister, councilor, counselor" > mandarin	Av mainyeite "(he) thinks"; mazdā "wisdom, intelligence"; OPers mainyāhay "I think", NPers Došman- "Someone who has a bad mind"; Kurd mejî "brain, mind"	OCS mĭněti "to mean"; pamętĭ "memory"; myslĭ "thought"	OPrus mintun "to guess", minisna "memory", mints "riddle", mentitun "to lie", Lith mintis " thought", minti "to guess", minėti "to mention"	OIr do-moiniur "I believe, I mean"		mendoj "I think"	A mnu "thought"; B mañu "demand (n.)"	memmāi "says"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to remember, care for, be concerned, fall into thinking"	mammer "to hesitate; to mumble, stammer from hesitation" (< OE māmrian, māmorian "to think through, deliberate, plan out"); mimmer "to dote, dream" (< OE mymerian "to keep in mind"); mourn (< OE murnan); OE mimor "mindful"		memor "mindful, remembering"Шаблон:Efn ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; mora "delay, any duration of time" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	mérmeros "baneful, mischievous; captious, fastidious"; mérimna "care, thought; anxious mind"; mártus, márturos "witness" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	smárati "(s/he) remembers, recollects"		mariti(< SE "to care about something/someone")
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to think"	think (< OE þenċan, þenċean); thank (< OE þanc "thought, thanks")		tongeō "I know"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to bother, annoy, neglect, disturb, forget, ignore"	mar (< OE mierran)				mṛ́ṣyate "(s/he) forgets, neglects, disregards"			Lith miršti "to forget, lose, become oblivious"			mërzi "boredom" mërzit "bother, annoy"
Шаблон:PIE "to see, to say"	see (< OE sēon); say (< OE sec̣gan < PGerm *sag(w)jan < *sokʷéyonom)	Шаблон:Transliteration "to see"; OHG sagen "say" < *sokʷē-	īnseque "declare!"	énnepe "tell!"	śacate "(he) says"		OCS sočiti "to announce"	Lith sakyti "to say", sekti "to tell a story, to follow"	OIr insce "I talk"; OIr rosc "eye" < *pro-skʷo-; OW hepp "(he) said"		sheh "(he) sees"	A ṣotre, B ṣotri "sign"	sakuwāi- "to see"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to see"	ME torhte "bright, shining, radiant"			dérkomai "to see, see clearly; watch"; dérgma "look, glance; sight"	dṛś- "see"; Шаблон:EfnШаблон:NoteTag darśayati "to cause to see, to show"; dṛṣṭá- "seen, visible, apparent, noticed"				Oir : dearc ~tha).Look, behold; regard,  consider.		ndrri, ndrritje "bright, enlightened"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to watch, be looking at, keep looking at"	spy (< Fk *spehōn "to spy")		-spex "watcher" > avispex, auspex "bird-watcher" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; speciō "I observe, watch, look at" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; speciēs "seeing, view, look; sight; appearance; point of view; kind, sort, type" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; specimen "mark, token; example, pattern, model"; spectus "look, appearance, aspect"; spectrum "appearance, image; apparition, spectre" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; speculum "looking-glass, mirror" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	skopéō "I look, behold; inspect" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; skopós "watcher; proterctor, guardian" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; sképtomai "I look at; examine; consider, think"; sképsis "viewing; observation; doubt" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	spáś "spy, watcher; messenger"; páśyati "(s/he) sees, looks, beholds"; spaṣṭá- "clear, visible; obvious, evident; intelligible"			Lith spoksoti "to keep looking"			shpik "invent" shpikje "invention, creation"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to see; to show; to seem"				tékmar "goal, end; token"	kā́śate "(it) is visible, appears; shines"; √caks-, caṣṭe "to see, look; appear; inform"; cákṣu "eye"; cákṣman "seer"	Av cašman "eye"	OCS kazati "to show; say, testify"	Lith kušlas "having poor eyesight"
Шаблон:PIE "to say"	OE wōma "noise" < Шаблон:PIE	OHG giwahanen "mention" < PGerm *gawahnjan (denom. built on Шаблон:PIE)	vocō (vocāre) "to call", vōx (vōcis) "voice"	eĩpon (aor.) "spoke" < *e-we-ikʷ-om < *e-we-ukʷ-om, (w)épos "word"	vákti, vívakti "(he) says", vāk "voice", vácas- "word"	Av vač- "speak, say", vāxš "voice", vačah "word", NPers vāk- "voice"; Kurd vaj "voice", bivaj- "to say"	OCS vikǫti "to call, to scream"	OPrus enwackēmai "we call"	OIr foccul "word", W gwaethl "fight" < Шаблон:PIE	gočem "I call"		A wak, B wek "voice"	ḫuek-, ḫuk- to swear to"
*bʰeh₂- "to speak, say"	ban (< PGmc *bannaną "to proclaim, order, summon")		fāma "fame"; fās "divine law; will of god, destiny"; for (fārī) "I speak, talk, say"; fātus "word, saying; oracle, prophecy; fate"; fateor (fatērī, fassus sum) "I confess, admit, acknowledge"; fābula "discourse, narrative; tale, fable"; Sp hablar, Pt falar "to speak"	phōnḗ "voice"; phḗmē "prophetic voice; rumor; reputation"; phēmí "I speak, say"; prophḗtēs "one who speaks for a god: proclaimer, prophet"; phásis "utterance, statement, expression"	bhā́ṣā "speech, language"; bhā́ṣati "(s/he) speaks"		bajka "fable";Шаблон:Efn OCS balii "physician, (healer, enchanter)"
Шаблон:PIE "to ask"	Scot frain "to ask" (< OE freġnan)	fraíhnan "to ask"; OHG forscōn "to ask, to research"	precor (precārī) "to pray", poscō (poscere) "to demand, ask"		pr̥ccháti "(he) asks"	Av pǝrǝsaiti "(he) asks, desires" < Шаблон:PIE; OPers aor.? aparsam "(he) asked"; Kurd pirs "question" Past pox̌tə́l "to ask"	OCS prositi "to pray"	OPrus prasitun "to ask", Lith prašyti "to ask"	OIr imm-chom-arc "mutual questions, greetings"; NIr arco, W archaf "I ask"	harcʿanem "I ask"	pyet "ask" porosit "recommend, order" (an article or a meal)	A prak-, B prek- "to ask"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to call, cry, summon"	haul (< OE halian); scold (< ON skald)		calō "I call, announce solemnly; call out"; concilium "a council, meeting" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; classis "the armed forces; fleet; group or class" > class; kalendae "the Calends" > calendar; clāmō "I cry out, clamor, shout, yell" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; clārus "clear, bright; renouwned, famous; loud, distinct" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	kaléō "I call, hail; summon, invite"	klándati, krándati "(s/he) laments weeps; cries; sounds"; uṣaḥkala-, uṣakala- "rooster, lit, dawn-call"	Kurd kalîn "to moan, to whine, to mourn", dikale "he/she mourns"	OCS klakolŭ "bell"; Russ skulítʹ "to whine, whisper"	Lith kalbėti "to speak"			Gheg kaj "weep, cry"
*bʰeyh₂- "to fear, be afraid"	bive, bever "to shake, tremble" (< OE bifian)		foedus "foul, filthy, unseemly; vile"		bháyate "(s/he) is afraid"; bhī, bhīti, bhayá- "fear"		OCS bojati "to fear, be afraid"	Lith baimė "fear"
Шаблон:PIE "name"	name (< OE nama)	namō (acc. pl. namna) "name"	nōmen "name"	ónoma "name"	nā́ma(n)(instrumental sg. nā́mnā) "name"	Av nāma "name"; NPers nām- "name"; Kurd nav "name" Past num "name"	OCS imę "name" < Proto-Slavic *inmen < Шаблон:PIE	OPrus emnes, emmens "name" < *enmen-	OIr ainmm n-, OW anu "name"; Gaul anuan < anman "name"	anun "name"	Gheg emën, Tosk emër "name" < *enmen-	A ñem, B ñom "name"	lāman- "name"

General conditions and states

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to be sharp; to sting"	stick (< OE sticca); stitch (< OE stiċe); thistle (< OE þistel)		īnstīgō "I stimulate, incite, rouse" > instigate; stylus (later spelled stylus Шаблон:Efn) "pointed instrument, spike" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	stizō "I tattoo; mark"; stíxis "marking; spot, mark"; stígma "mark, tattoo; spot, stain"	téjate "become sharp; energize"; téjas "sharp ede of a knife; light, brilliance, glow; splendor; fiery power"; tīkṣṇá "sharp; hot, fiery, pungent; acute, keen"; tigmá "sharp, pointed; pungent, scorching, acrid"	Per tez "sharp"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to melt, thaw; flow"	thaw (< OE þawian); thone "damp, moist, wet" (< OE þan)		tābēs "decay, foulness; fluid from a wound"; tābeō "I melt; rot"; tābum "gore; viscous fluid"	tîphos "pond, swamp"; tḗkō "melt"	tāmara "water"; toyam "water"; toś-, tośate "drip, distill, trickle"; tuṣāra "rain, mist, tickle, drizzle, wet"		OCS tajati "melt"

Natural features

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "star" (See also: *h₂eHs-)	star (< OE steorra)	staírnō "star"	stēlla "star"	astḗr "star"Шаблон:Efn	stṛ inst. pl. stŕ̥bhis, nom. pl. tāra-, fem. nom. sg. tarā "star"	Av acc. stā̆rǝm (ablauting)Шаблон:Efn "star"; Kurd stêr "star"			MIr ser, W seren, Breton sterenn "star"; Celtic Sirona (< *Tsirona) "astral", "stellar"	astł "star"; Astłik "deity of love, fertility and skylight"		pl. A śreñ, B ściriñ "stars"	ḫasterza "star"
Шаблон:PIE "sky, day, god"	Tues-day (< OE Tīwes-dæġ lit. "day of Tīw"Шаблон:Efn)	tiws "god", ON Týr "Tīw" (the war god)	Iuppiter (Iovis), Old Latin Diū-piter (Diovis) "Jupiter"; diēs "day", deus, dīvus "god"Шаблон:Efn	Zdeús (Di(w)ós) "Zeus"	d(i)yāús (divás, dyōs) "heaven", dēvás "god", devī́ "goddess"	Av daēva- "demon"; Kurd dêw "giant"	(OCS dĭnĭ (dĭne) "day" < Шаблон:PIE), Ukr. dyvo and Russ. divo "miracle"	OPrus deina "day", deiws "god", Lith diena "day", dievas "god"	OIr dīe, W dydd "day"; OIr dia (dē), OW duiu- "God"	tiw (tuənǰean) "day"	din “dawn” <PAlb *deina “day” zot “god” <PIE *dyew + *átta		Šiuš "Hittite sky- or sun-god"Шаблон:Efn
Шаблон:PIE "sun"	sun (< OE sunne)	sauil, sunnō "sun"	sōl "sun"	Homeric hēélios "sun" < *sāwélios;Шаблон:Efn Helios "deity of the sun"	súvar (súra-) "sun, light, heavens", sūra-, sūrya "sun"	Av hvarǝ (hūrō) "sun, light, heavens", Hvare-khshaeta "deity of the radiant sun"	OCS slĭnŭce "sun" < *sulnika-, Russ. po-solon' "sunwise"	OPrus sauli "sun", sawaiti "week", Lith saulė "sun"	OIr sūil "eye"; W haul "sun"		ylli "star" < *sūlo- or *sūli-	A swañceṃ; B swañco, swañciye "sunbeam" (< Common Tocharian *su̯āntœ)	DUTU-li-ya "Sun goddess"
Шаблон:PIE "moon, month"	moon (< OE mōna), month (< OE mōnaþ)	mēna "moon", mēnoþs "month"	mēnsis "month"	Att mḗn, Ion meis, Dor mḗs "month", mḗnē "moon"	mā́s "moon"; mā́sa "month"	Av mā̊ (mā̊ŋhō) "moon"; NPers māh "moon, month"; Kurd meh "month", mang "moon"	OCS měsęcĭ "moon, month" < Шаблон:PIE	OPrus miniks "moon", mins "month", Lith mėnulis "moon", mėnesis "month"	OIr mī (mīs) "month" < Шаблон:PIE;; W mis "month"	amis "month"	muai "month"	A mañ B meñe "month"; A mañ ñkät B meṃ "moon"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "earth" (See also *dʰǵʰemon-)			humus "earth" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	kʰtʰṓn (kʰtʰonós) "earth", kʰamaí "on the earth"Шаблон:Efn	kṣā́s (acc. kṣā́m, gen. jmá-) "earth"	Av zā̊ (acc. ząm, gen. zǝmō) "earth"; Kurd zevî "farmland"; NPers zamin "ground, soil", zamindar "land owner"	OCS zemĭ, zemlja "earth"; Russ Chernozem "black soil"	OPrus zemê "earth", semmai "on the earth" (adverb); Lith žemė " earth"	OIr dū "place"; Welsh dyn "man"		dhe "earth"	A tkaṃ (tkanis), B keṃ "earth"	tēkan (tagnās) "earth"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "stone"	hammer (< OE hamer)			ákmōn "anvil"	áśman "stone"; aśmará "stony"	Asman "sky"	OCS kamy, gen. kamene "stone"	Lith akmuõ, gen. akmeñs "stone"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "stone"			lapis "stone"	lépas "crag, bare rock"
Шаблон:PIE pl. Шаблон:PIE "water"	water (< OE wæter)	watō (watins) "water"	Umbrian utur "water", Latin unda "wave"	húdōr (húdatos) "water"; Hydra (litt.) "water-animal"	udaká- (loc. udán(i), pl. udá), udra "water"; samudra "ocean" (litt. "gathering of waters")	Av aoδa- "spring", vaiδi- "stream"	OCS voda "water", Russ. vedro "bucket"; Russ vódka "little water"	OPrus undan "water", Lith vanduo gen. vandens "water"	OIr u(i)sce "water" < *udeskyo-; Eng. Whisky < uisce beatha "water of life"	get "river"	ujë "water"	A wär, B war "water"	wātar (wetenas) "water"
Шаблон:PIE "wood, tree"	tree (< OE trēo)	triu "tree, wood"		dóru, drûs "tree, wood"	dā́ru, drṓs, drú- "tree, wood"	Av dāru- "tree, wood"; Kurd dar "tree, wood"	OCS drěvo "tree"	OPrus drawê "hole in a tree, hollow tree", Lith drevė "hole in a tree", derva "tar"	OIr daur "oak", W derwen "oak"	tram "firm"	dru "tree, wood"	AB or "wood"	taru "tree"
Шаблон:PIE "wind", Шаблон:PIE "to blow"	wind (< OE wind); OE wāwan "to blow"	winds "wind"; waian "to blow"	ventus "wind"	áenta (acc.) "wind", áēsi "(he) blows"	vā́ta- (vānt-) "wind", vāti "(he) blows", Vāyu "lord of winds"; nir·vāṇa- "blow-out, extinction"	Av vātō "wind", vāiti "(he) blows", Vayu-Vata "a pair of deities: Vayu/Wind and Vata/Air"; Kurd ba, wa, va "wind", hewa "air, weather"	OCS vějǫ (vějetŭ) "to blow"	OPrus witra "wind"; Lith vėjas "wind", vėtra "heavy wind", Vėjopatis "god of winds"	W gwynt "wind"		vetëtin“it thunders”	A want, B yente "wind"	ḫūwanz "wind"
Шаблон:PIE "to snow"	snow (< OE snāw < Шаблон:PIE, snīwan "to snow" < Шаблон:PIE)	snáiws "snow"	nix (nivis) "snow", ninguō (ninguere) "to snow"	nípʰa (acc.) "snow", neípʰei "it snows"	sneha- "snow"	Av snaēža- "to snow"; Shughni žǝnij "snow" < *snaiga-	OCS sněgŭ "snow"	OPrus snaigs "snow", Lith sniegas "snow", snigti "to snow"	OIr snecht(a)e, W nyf "snow"; OIr snigid "it rains"
*h₁n̥gʷnís "fire" < *h₁engʷ- "to burn"; *h₁óngʷl̥ "charcoal"			ignis "fire"		agní "fire"; áṅgāra "charcoal"		OCS ognĭ "fire"; ǫglĭ "coal"	Lith ugnis "fire", anglis "coal" Lv uguns "fire"			e enjte “Thursday” <PAlb *agni “fire”
Шаблон:PIE "bonfire"	fire (< OE fȳr < *fuïr)	fōn (funins) "fire"; OHG fuïr (two syllables) < Шаблон:PIE	Umbrian pir "fire" < *pūr, acc. purom-e "into the fire" < *pur-	pũr (purós) "fire"	pāru (pēru) "sun, fire"	NPers fer "oven, furnace"	Czech pýř "glowing ash", Pol perzyna "embers", Slovak pyr, UpSb pyr "ashes"	OPrus pannu "fire"		hur "fire"		A por, B puwar, puwār, pwār "fire"	paḫḫur "fire"
*dʰuh₂mós "smoke" < *dʰewh₂- "to smoke"			fūmus "smoke"	thūmós "soul, life, breath; desire, temper"	dhūmá- "smoke; mist, fog"	Kurd du, dukêl	OCS dymŭ "smoke"				tym “smoke” <PAlb ātuma
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to become dry; burn, glow; hearth; ashes" (See also: *h₂ster-)	ash (< OE æsce);	azgō "ash; cinder"	āreō "I am dry; dried up, withered"; āridus "dry, parched, withered, arid" > arid; āra "altar; sanctuary, refuge"; assus "roasted, baked; dried"; Osc aasa "altar"	ázō "I dry"; ásbolos "soot"	ā́sa- "ashes, dust"							A/B ās- "to dry out; to dry up"	ḫašš- "ash; dust"; ḫašša- "hearth"; Lyc χaha-(di-) "altar"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to rub, scrape off; ashes, dust"			cinis, cineris "ashes" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	κόνις "ash, dust"	kaṇa- "particle; small grain of dust, rice, corn; atom"
Шаблон:PIE "warm"	?warm (< OE wearm); OE ġierwan "to prepare, cook" < PGerm *garwjan	?warmjan "to warm"	formus "warm"	tʰermós "warm"	gʰarmá- "heat"	Av garǝma- "hot, heat"; OPers Garma-pada-, name of the fourth month, corresponding to June/July, orig. (?) "entrance of the heat"; Kurd germ "hot, warm"	Russ. žar "heat", goret' "to burn" < Шаблон:PIE	OPrus garmê "heat, glowing", Lith žarijos "cinders", žėrėti "to glow"	OIr gorn "fire" < Шаблон:PIE	ǰerm "warm"	Gheg zjarm "fire, heat" ngroh “ I warm” ziej “I boil, cook” <PAlb *džernja	A śärme "heat (of summer)"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to burn; warm, hot"			foveō "I warm, keep warm; nurture, foster"; fōmentum "a warm application; lotion"; ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag fōmes "kindling, tinder" febris "fever"; ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag februum, februarius "expiatory offerings, means of purification"; ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTagШаблон:Efn	téphrā "ashes"	dáhati "it burns"; dagdhá- "burned, burnt"		OCS žešti (žeg-) "to burn"; žigŭ "burn mark, brand"	Lith dė̃gis "burn scar"			ndez “to light” djeg "burn"
Шаблон:PIE "to burn";	ember (< OE ǣmyrġe)		ūrō "I burn, consume, inflame"; ustus "burnt, inflamed"; bustum < amb-bustum "a burial mound, tomb"; combūrō "I burn up, cremate, scald" > combust; ūrna "urn, water jar" (lit. a vessel of burnt clay)	heúō "I singe"	óṣati "(s/he) burns, burns down; punishes"; uṣṭá "burnt"; uṣṇá "warm, hot"
Шаблон:PIE "to be cold, to freeze"	cold (< OE ceald)	kalds "cold (of the weather)"	gelus "ice", gelidus "icy"	gelandros	śarada "autumn"		MBulg goloti "ice"	Lith gelmenis, gelumà "great cold"
Шаблон:PIE "(to be) dark" Шаблон:PIE "darkness"		OHG demar "twilight"	tenebrae "darkness" (< *temebrai < *temasro)		támas "darkness, gloom", támisrā "dark night"	Av taΘra "darkness", təmah	OCS tĭmĭnŭ "darkness", tĭma', Rus temnotá "darkness"	Lith tamsa "dark, darkness", tiḿsras "a darker shade of red"; Latv tumšs, timšs "dark", tùmsa "darkness"	OIr temel "darkness" (< PCel *temeslos); OW timuil "dark, darkness"			B tamãsse "dark"
Шаблон:PIE "cloud; mist"	OE nifol "dark [misty]"	ON Niflheimr "home of mists"	nebula "fog, cloud"	népʰos "cloud"; nepʰélē "mass of clouds; name of a nymph"	nábʰas "mist; sky, cloud"; nábʰāsa "celestial, heavenly; appearing in the sky"	nabah- "heavens" (litt. "nimbuses, clouds")	OCS nebo "heaven, sky"; Pol niebo "sky"; Cz nebesa "skies"; Rus Небеса "heaven"	Lith debesis "cloud"	OIr nem "sky"; OBret nem, MBret neff "sky"		avull “steam” <PAlb *abula		nēpiš- "sky, heaven"; CLuw tappaš- "heaven"; HierLuw tipas- "heaven"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "dirt, mud"			polluō "I soil, defile, foul" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	lûma "dirt, filth, smut; disgrace"							lluce"mud" ; lutum Latin
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "sand"	sand (< OE sand)		sabulō, sabulum "sand, gravel"	psámathos "sand, grains of sand"
Шаблон:PIE, Шаблон:PIE, Шаблон:PIE "to flow, stream" (in river names)Шаблон:Efn	stream (< OE strēam)	ON straumr "a stream"		rheûma "flow"	srutá- "flow", srava "a flow of, a waterfall" (< *srówos)	YAv θraotah- "stream" (< OIA srótas-); OPer rautaʰ- "river"	OCS struja "stream", o-strovŭ "island";Шаблон:Efn Rus strumenı "brook"; Pol strumień "brook, river"	Lith sraumuõ "brook, stream"; Latv strāva "current"; Lith sraujà, Latv strauja "stream"; Lith sraũtas "flow, torrent"	OIr sruaimm, Ir sruth "stream, river"; MW ffrwd "brook, stream"; OBret frut "stream"	OArm aṙu "brook; canal" (< srutis-)	rrymë "stream, current; flow (of water)"
Шаблон:PIE "to set in motion, to flow"; Шаблон:PIE "river goddess"			fōns < PItal *ðonts "spring, fountain; fresh water; source"		dhánvati "it runs, flows, causes to run or flow"; dhána- "competition, contest; prize"; dā́nu "fluid, drop, dew"	Dnieper < OOss dānu apara "the far river"			Danube < PCelt *Dānowyos
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "valley, vault; curve, hollow"	dale (< OE dæl)			thólos "vault"			OCS dolŭ "valley; depression"
Шаблон:PIE "lake?, sea?"Шаблон:Efn	OE mere "lake"	marei "sea"	mare "sea"				OCS morje "sea"	Lith mãrės "sea"	OIr muir "sea"; Gaul Morini "those from the sea (name of a tribe)"

Directions

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:PIE "through, across, beyond"	far (< OE feorr)	faírra "far"; faír- "around; (intensifier)"	per "through"	perí, pér "around"	pári "forward"	Av pairi; OPers pariy "forward"; Kurd ber "in front of, before"	OCS prě- "forward"	OPrus pro-, pra- "trough, across", Latvian pāri "across", Lith per "across", pra- "to start and finish doing something", pro- "through"	OIr ir-, W er "forward"	heṙu "far"	për, pej, pe "forward"		parā, Lycian pri "forth"
Шаблон:PIE "over, above"	over (< OE ofer)	ufar "over, above, beyond"	super "over" (influenced by sub "under")	hupér "over"	upári "over, above, beyond"	Av 'upairi, OPers "over, above, beyond"	OCS po "upon, at"	OPrus uppin "cloud",	OIr for, W gor, gwar "over, on"	ver "up"	epër "over, above"
Шаблон:PIE "forehead", Шаблон:PIE "in front of"	and (< OE and)	and "along, throughout, towards, in, on, among"; OHG enti "previously" < PGerm *andiaz	ante "in front of"	antí "instead of"	anti "opposite to it"	Kurd enî "front, forehead"		Lith añt "on" antai "there"	OIr étan "forehead" < *antono-	ənd "instead of"	ende “yet, still” edhe “and” from older ênde	A ānt, B ānte "surface, forehead"	ḫānz, ḫanti "in front"
Шаблон:PIE "in"	in (< OE in)	in "in, into, towards"	in "in"	en "in"	án-īka- "face" < ?Шаблон:PIE	Av ainika "face" < ?Шаблон:PIE	OCS on-, vŭn-, vŭ "in"	OPrus en "in", Lith į "in"	OIr in- "in"; W yn "in"	i "in"	në “in”	AB y-, yn-, B in- "in"	an-dan "inside"
Шаблон:PIE "away"	of, off (< OE of)	af "from, of, by" (ab-u "from ...?")	ab "away"	apó "from"	ápa "away"	Av apa, OPers apa "away"	OCS ot, "from, apart of"	Lith apačià "bottom" < Шаблон:PIE			prapë "back" < *per-apë pa “without”		āpa "behind, back" (or ? < Шаблон:PIE)
Шаблон:PIE "the right (side)"		Gothic taihswa "right side"	dexter	dexiós; Myc de-ki-si-wo	dákṣina "right, south"	Av dašina "right, south"; MPer dašn "right hand, right side"	OCS desnŭ "right (side)"	Lith dẽšinas	Gaul Dexsiva (Dexsiua)		djathtë “right” <PAlb *detsa
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "edge; boundary, border"	mark (< OE mearc); march (< OF markōn)		margō (marginis) "border, edge" > margin		maryā "limit, mark, boundary"; mārga- "way, road, path"
Шаблон:PIE "bottom"	butt (< OE bytt); bottom, botham (< OE bodan, botm)		fundus "bottom, ground, foundation; farm, estate"	puthmḗn "bottom (cup, jar, sea)"	budhná "bottom, ground, base, depth"				Gaul bona "base, bottom, village" (found in several placenames: Bonna > Bonn; Windo-bona "white village" > Vienna; Bononia > Boulogne(-sur-Mer))		buzë “lip, edge” <PAlb *budza bythë "bottom"

Basic adjectives

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:PIE "great, tall; hill, elevation"; Шаблон:PIE "high, mighty"	borough, borough, Brough, bur-, burg, burgh, bury, -bury (< OE burg, burh "city, town, fortification"); barrow (< OE beorg)	baurgs, OHG burg "fortress, citadel"; OHG Burgunt (a female personal name)	fortis "strong, powerful; firm" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; LL Burgundia "Burgundy"; Fr Bourgogne		bṛhát, bṛhánt- "tall, elevated"; bráhman "lit. growth, expansion, development > outpouring of the heart > prayer, sacred word, mantra"; brahmán "worshiper"; barháyati "to invigorate"	Av barəzah‑ "height", Harā Bərəzaitī "a mythical mountain" (litt. "High Watchpost")	OCS brěgŭ "hill, slope; bank, shore"		MIr brí, MW bre, MBre bre, Gaul -briga "elevation, hill"; Gaul Brigantes (ethnonym); Celt Brigantia (name of a goddess), Ir Brigid (goddess) < PCelt *Brigantī "The High One"	barjr "high"		A pärk- "to elevate"; B pärkare "long"	parkuš "tall"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "true"	OE wǣr "true"	Ger wahr Dut waar "true"	vērus "true" (> very,Шаблон:Efn verify, verity, etc.)				OCS věra "faith, belief"		OIr. fír "true"		urtë “quiet” <PAlb *wara
Шаблон:PIE "mid, middle"	mid, middle (< OE mid, middel)	midjis "middle"	medius "middle"	més(s)os "middle"	mádʰya- "middle"	Av maiδya- "middle"	OCS meždu "between", Russ. meža "boundary"	OPrus meddin "forest" (between villages), Lith medis, Latv mežs "tree"	OIr mid- "middle" < *medʰu-; MW mei- "middle" < *medʰyo-	mēǰ "middle"	mes, mjet "in between, middle"
Шаблон:PIE "big"	much (< OE myc̣el "big, many")	mikils "big"	magnus "big"	mégas "big"	máha-, mahā́nt- "big"	Av mazant- "big"		OPrus mazs "smaller", Lith mažas "small"	OIr mochtae, MIr mag-, maige "big"	mec "big"	madh "big"	A mak, B makā "much"	mekkis "big"
Шаблон:PIE, Шаблон:PIE "long";	long (< OE long, lang);	langs "long"	longus "long"	dolikhós "long, protracted";	dīrghá- "long"	Av darəga "long"	OCS dlĭgŭ "long";	Lith ilgas "long"			gjatë "long"		talugai- "long"
Шаблон:PIE "heavy"		kaúrus "heavy"	grāvis "heavy"	barús "heavy"	gurú- "heavy"	Av gouru- "heavy-", NPers girān "heavy" < *grāna- (influenced by *frāna "full")	OCS gromada "big size, huge", gruz "a load, something heavy",	OPrus garrin "tree", Lith geras "good"	MIr bair "heavy (?)", W bryw "strong"		zor "brute force; great effort"	A kra-marts "heavy (?)", B krā-mär "burden" < Шаблон:PIE
Шаблон:PIE "light (in weight)"	light (< OE lēoht)	leihts "light" < Шаблон:PIE; OHG lungar "fast" < Шаблон:PIE	levis "light" < Шаблон:PIE	elakʷʰús "small" < Шаблон:PIE, elapʰrós "light, quick" < Шаблон:PIE	lagʰú-, ragʰú- "quick, light, small"	Av ragu-, fem. rǝvī "fast", superl. rǝnjišta- "fastest"	OCS lŭgŭkŭ "light"	OPrus langus "light", langsta "window", lankewingis "flexible", linktwei "to bend", Lith lengvas "light", lankstus "flexible", langas "window", lenkti "to bend"	OIr laigiu, laugu, MW llei "smaller"	lanǰ "breast"	lehtë "light-weight"	B lankutse "light"
Шаблон:PIE "other"; Шаблон:PIE "second"	else (< OE elles); other (< OE ōþer)	aljis, anþar "other"	alius "other"	állos "other"	anyá-, ántara- "other"; aryas, Aryan, "else"	Av anya-, ainya-, OPers aniya- "other"; Av airiia, Aryan, "friend", "faithful", airiio "elsehow"; Ossetian ändär "other"; East Iranian hal-ci "whoever"	Old Sorbian wutory "other" < PSlav *ǫtorŭ	OPrus antars "second", Lith antras "second"	OIr aile, W ail "other"; Gaul allos "other, second"	ayl "other"	lloj “sort, type”	A ālya-kə, B alye-kə "another"	Lydian aλa- "other"
Шаблон:PIE "new"	new (< OE nīwe)	niujis "new"	novus "new"	né(w)os "new"	náva- "new"	Av nava- "new"	OCS novŭ "new"	OPrus nawas "new", Lith naujas "new"	OIr nūë, W newydd "new"	nor "new" < *nowero-		A ñu, B ñune "new"	newa- "new"
Шаблон:PIE "young"	young (< OE ġeong < Шаблон:PIE)	juggs "young"	juvenis "young", iuvencus "young"/"bullock"		yúvan- (yū́nas) "young"	Av yvan-, yavan- (yūnō) "youth, young man"	OCS junŭ "young"	Lith jaunas "young"	OIr ōac "young", W ieuanc "young" < Шаблон:PIE
Шаблон:PIE "old"		sineigs "old (person)"	senex "old"	hénos "former, from a former period"	sánas "old"	Av hana- "old"	OCS sedyi "grey-headed"	OPrus sentwei "to get old", Lith senas "old"	OIr sen "old", Old Welsh hen "old"	hin "old"
Шаблон:PIE "naked"	naked (< OE nacod "naked")	naqaþs "naked"	nudus "naked"	gumnós "naked"	nagnás "naked"	NPers loxt "naked"	OCS nagŭ "naked"	OPrus nags "naked", Lith nuogas "naked"	OIr nocht "naked"; W noeth "naked, bare"				nekumant- "naked, bare"
*bʰosós "bare, barefoot"	bare (< OE bær)						OCS bosŭ "barefooted, unshod"	Lith basas "barefooted"
*n̥mr̥tós "immortal"				ámbrotos "immortal, divine"	amṛ́ta- "immortal"
*h₂eḱ- "sharp"	edge (< OE eċġ)		aceō (acēre) "I am sour"; acidus "sour"; acētum "vinegar"; acus "needle, pin"; astus "craft, guile", astūtus "shrewd, astute"	akmé "point, edge"; oxús "sharp, pointed; quick; clever"		Persian āčār "pickle, marinade"	OCS ostĭnŭ "sharp point"	Lith akstinas "pointy and sharp item"			teh “blade” from eh “sharpen”
*bel- "strong"			dēbilisШаблон:Efn "feeble, weak"	βελτίων "better"	bála- "force, strength, power"		Russ bolʹšój "big, large, great"

Light and color

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:PIE "light, brightness"	light (< OE lēoht)	liuhaþ (liuhadis) "light"	lūceō (lūcēre) "to shine", lūx "light"	leukós "bright, shining, white"; Leuce "white (poplar); name of a nymph"; Leucothea "bright goddess"	rócate "(he) shines", roká- "light", loka- "world, place"	Av raočant- "shining", raočah "light"; OPers raučah "light"; Kurd roj "sun, light, day", ron "light"	OCS luča "ray, flash" < *loukyā	OPrus lauk "bright", lauksna "star", laukas "field", Lith laukas "outside, field"	OIr luchair "shine"; W llachar "bright", llug "shimmer"	loys "light"		AB lyuk/luk- "to shine"	luk(k)- "to shine"
*bʰel- "to shine"	balefire (< OE bǣlfȳr)	ON bál "fire"	fulgeō "I flash, glitter"; flagrō "I burn, blaze"; flamma "flame, fire"	phlégō "I scorch, kindle"; Phlegyas "fiery"; Phlegethon "flaming"; phlégma "flame, inflammation"; phalós "white"	bhrája- "fire, shining"; bhāla- "splendor"		OCS bělŭ "white"	Lith baltas, Latv balts "fair, white"			balë “white spot”
Шаблон:PIE "shining, bright" Шаблон:PIE "white metal (silver)"			argentum "silver (metal)"; Fal arcentelom "a small silver coin"	Myc a-ku-ro, árguros "silver"; argós "white, bright";Шаблон:Efn Argiope "silver face"	Skt rajatá- "silver; silver-coloured"; árjuna- "white, clear, silvery"	Av ərəzatəm "silver"			Celtib arkato[bezom] "silver [mine]"; Ir Airget[lám] "silver[-hand] (title of Nuada)"; OIr argat, OW argant "silver"	arcat‘ "silver"		A ārkyant "silver"; A ārki-, B ārkwi "white"	ḫarkiš "white, bright"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to shine, white"	white (< OE hwīt)	Шаблон:Transliteration "white"			śvetá- "white; bright"; śvindate "to shine"; áśvitan "to become bright"	Av spaēta "white; bright"; NPers sefid "white"	OCS světŭ "light, world"; světiti "to shine, illuminate"; svĭtěti "to get bright"; svěšta "candle"; cvětŭ "bright color; bloom, flower"	Lith šviesà "light"; šviẽsti "to shine"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "black; dark, dusky"					kṛṣṇa- "black, dark, dark-blue" > Kṛṣṇa-	NPers kersne "dirt, dirty"	OCS črŭnŭ "black" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	Lith kir̃snas "black (of a horse)"; OPrus kirsnan "black"			sorrë “crow” <PAlb *tšārnā
Шаблон:PIE, Шаблон:PIE, Шаблон:PIE "red"	red (< OE rēad < Шаблон:PIE)	rauþs (raudis) "red" < Шаблон:PIE	ruber "red" < Шаблон:PIE; Umb rufru "red"	Myc e-ru-ta-ra, e-ru-to-ro; erutʰrós "red" < Шаблон:PIE; Erytheia "name of a nymph" (litt. "the red one");	rudʰirá- "red" < Шаблон:PIE mixed with Шаблон:PIE; rṓhita- "red"; lōhá- "reddish" < Шаблон:PIE	Av raoiδita- "red"	OCS rudŭ "red"; Czech rudá "red";Шаблон:Efn Pol rudy "red-haired"	Lith raũdonas "red", rudas "brown"	OIr rúad, W rhudd "red", rhwd "rust"; Gaul Roud- (in personal names)		pruth "redhead" (< PAlb *apa-ruđa)	A rtär, B ratre "red" < Шаблон:PIE
Шаблон:PIE "green, yellow"	gold; yellow (< OE geolu); yolk (< OE ġeoloca)	gulþ "gold"	helvus "honey-yellow"; gilvus "pale yellow (of horses)"Шаблон:Efn	kʰlōrós "pale green";Шаблон:Efn Chloe "blooming; epithet of Demeter"	híraņya- "gold"; hári- "yellow"	Av zaranyam "gold"; zári "yellow"; Zarinaia < Saka *Zarinayā "the golden one [name of a queen]"	OCS zelenĭ "green"; Rus zóloto "gold"; Pol złoty "gold"; żółty "yellow"	Latv zèlts "gold"; Lith geltas "yellow"; žel̃vas "golden"; žalias "green"	MWel gell "yellow"		? diell “sun” <PAlb *delwa
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "grey, dark shade"	hue (< OE hīew "appearance, form; hue, color")	hiwi "form, show, appearance"			śyāvá- "dark; deep brown"; śyāmá- "dark, black, blue, brown, grey" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	Av siiāuua "dark" (cf. Siyâvash < Siiāuuaršan "the one with black stallions")	Pol siwy "grey"	Lith šývas "light grey"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "brown" (See also *bʰébʰrus)	bear (animal) (< OE bera); brown (< OE brūn)	ON bjǫrn "bear (animal)";		phrū́nē "toad"	babhrú "deep brown, reddish brown; tawny"			Lith bė́ras "reddish brown"

Positive qualities

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "good, excellent"		iusiza "better"; (Germanic names, e.g., Wisigoth- "the Visigoths")			vásu "excellent, good; beneficient; goods, property"	Av vohū "good"	OCS veselŭ "merry, joyful, happy"		Gaul Vesu- (in personal names: Vesuavus, Segovesus, Bellovesus)				Luw wāsu- "good"; Pal wašu "well"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "good"				eu- "good, well" (when used prefixally), e.g., eúphoros "well-bearing" (> "euphoria"); eukháristos "good grace"; euángelos "bringing good news"	su- "good" (used prefixally), e.g., suprabhātam "good morning" (See also bhā́s); supraśna- "inquiry as to welfare, lit. good question"	Av hu "good"	OCS sŭ- "good" (used prefixally), e.g., sŭ-čęstĭnŭ "happy, lit. good part"; sŭdravĭje "health", Russ zdoróv'je; sŭrěsti "to meet, encounter"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "being, existing, real, true" (See also *H₁es-)	sooth (< OE sōþ "truth"); soothe (< OE sōþian "to prove the validity of, to confirm as true"); soothsayer (originally "truth-teller") (< PGmc sanþaz + sagjaną "truth + say"); sin (implying "truly guilty") (< OE synn); OE sōþlīċe "truly, really", later "amen"	sunjis "true, truthful, correct"	sōns "guilty, criminal" (compare sin); insōns "innocent"; Шаблон:Efn sonticus "dangerous, serious, critical"		sát "being, essence, reality" (also used in compounds, e.g., sad·guru); sattvá- "essence, existence, spirit; creature"; satyá- "true,real, genuine; sincere, honest, valid"; satī́ "good, virtuous, faithful wife" (> suttee)						senë/send”thing” gjë “thing” < all from PAlb *sana
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "sweet"	sweet (< OE swēte)		suāvis "sweet, pleasant, delicious"	hēdús "sweet"	svādú "delicious, tasty, sweet"

Construction, fabrication

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
*h₂éyos "copper, bronze"	ore (< OE ār)		aes "copper, bronze, brass; money, fee"		áyas "metal, iron"
Шаблон:PIE "door, doorway, gate"	door (< OE dor, duru)	daúr, daúrō "door"	forēs (pl.) "door"	tʰurā "door"	dvā́r, dvā́ras (pl.) "door"	Av dvarǝm (acc.) "gate, court"; OPers duvarayā "at the gate" NPers dar "door"	OCS dvĭri "door"	OPrus dwarris "gate, goal",dwars "estate", Lith durys "door", dvaras "estate", vartai "gate", Latg durovys "door", vuorti "gate"	OIr dorus "door" < Proto-Celtic *dworestu-, W dôr "door" < Шаблон:PIE	duṙn "door"	derë "door"	B twere "doors"	an-durza "within"
h₂(e)nh₂t- "doorpost"			antae "anteroom"		ā́tā "doorpost"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to build (up), put together"	timber (< OE timber "building material"); teem (< OE temian "to fit"); toft (< OE toft)			démō "to build, construct, make"
Шаблон:PIE "house", "home"		timrjan "to build, erect"	domus (domūs) "house"	dómos "house"	dámas "house"	Av dąm, dąmi "in the house"; dǝmā̆na-, nmāna- "house" < *dm-ā̆na-	OCS domŭ "house"	OPrus dimstis "porch", Lith dimstis "entryway" Lith namas "house"	MIr dom-liacc "house of stones"	tun "house"	dhomë "room"	?A tem-, B tam- "be born"
Шаблон:PIE "enclosure, fence"	yard (< OE ġeard "enclosure"); garden (< AngNor gardin < Frank *gardo)	gards "yard, court"; ON garðr "fence, enclosed space"	hortus "garden"	kʰórtos "feeding place for animals"	gṛhá "house"	Av gərəδa "daeva cave"	OCS gradŭ "fortification; city"	Latv gãrds; Lith gar̃das "fold, pen"	OIr gort "standing crop", W garth "cliff; enclosure"	OArm gerdastan "the body of servants and captives; estate" (either a borrowing from Iranian or inherited)	gardh "fence, enclosure, barricade"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "wheel" (See also *kʷel-)	wheel (< OE hwēol, hweogol < PGerm *hweg(w)ulaz < *kʷekʷlós)	ON hjōl, hvēl "wheel" < PGerm *hweh(w)ulaz < *kʷékʷlos		kúklos "circle", (pl.) "wheels"	cakrá- "wheel"	Av čaxra- "wheel"	OCS kolo "wheel"	OPrus kellin "wheel", Lith kaklas "neck"	W cylch "circle"			A kukäl, B kokale "wagon"	kugullas "donut"
Шаблон:PIE "wheel", "wagon"		OHG Rad "wheel"	rota "wheel", "wagon"		rátha "chariot, car"	Av raθa "wagon", "chariot"		Lith rãtai "wagon" (pl.), rãtas "wheel" (sg.)	OIr roth "wheel", "circle"		rreth "ring, hoop, tyre (for carriages)" (< *Hróth₂ikos)
Шаблон:PIE "vessel, boat"	OE nōwend "shipmaster, sailor"	ON naust "boathouse"; OIc nōr "ship"	nāvis "ship"	naûs "ship"; Myc na-u-do-mo "shipbuilders"	naú, nāva "ship"	Pers nâv "boat, ship" (archaic)			OIr nó, nau "boat"	OArm naw "ship, boat"
Шаблон:PIE "wool"	wool (< OE wull)	wulla "wool"	lāna "wool"	lênos "wool, fleece (pl.)", Dor lânos	ū́rṇā "wool, woolen thread"	Av varənā "wool"	OCS vlĭna "wool", OESlav vŭlna "wool"	Latv vil̃na, Lith vìlna "wool", OPrus wilna "skirt (made of wool)"	OIr olann, MBret gloan, glan, OW gulan "wool"	OArm gełmn "fleece, wool"			ḫulanaš "wool"
Шаблон:PIE "to sew"	sew (< OE sēowan)	siujan "to sew"	suō (suere) "to sew"; sūtūra "thread, suture"	humḗn "sinew"	sī́vyati "(he) sews", syūtá- "sewn"; sū́tra- "thread, string"		OCS šijǫ (šiti) "to sew"	OPrus šutun "to sew", Lith siūti "to sew", Latg šyut "to sew"					sum(m)anza(n), šuel (?), šuil (?) "thread"
Шаблон:PIE "to fashion, construct"	OE þeox "spear"	OHG dehsa, dehsala "hatchet"	texō (texere) "to weave"	téktōn "carpenter", tíktō "I give birth"	takṣati, tā́ṣṭi "(he) fashions"	Av tašaiti "(he) cuts out, manufactures"; OPers us-tašanā "stairway" < "*construction"; MPers tāšīδan "to do carpentry"	OCS tešǫ (tesati) "to hew",	OPrus tesatun "to hew", Lith tašyti "to hew"	OIr tāl "axe" < *tōkslo-		teshë “cloth, robe”		takkeszi "puts together"
Шаблон:PIE "to weave"	weave (< OE wefan), web (<P.Gmc. *wabjan)	OHG weban "to weave"; ON vefa		hupʰaínō "I weave"	ubʰnā́ti "ties together"; ūṛna-vābhi- "spider" (litt. "wool-weaver")	Av ubdaēna- "made of cloth"; NPers bāfad "(he) weaves"	viti "weave"	Lith vyti "to twist"	W gwau "knit, weave"		venj "I weave" < *webʰnyō	A wpantär (them. pres.), B wāp- "to weave"	wēpta- "wove"
Шаблон:PIE "to work"	work (< OE weorc, wyrc̣an)	waúrkjan "to work"	urgeō (urgēre) "to push, drive"	(w)érgon "work", érdō, hrézdō "I work" < Шаблон:PIE	varcas "activity" (? not in Pokorny)	Av varəza- "work, activity", vərəzyeiti "(he) works"; NPers varz, barz "field work, husbandry"	vrǔšiti "to act, to do"	OPrus wargs "bad, evil, malicious, vicious", wargtwei "to torment oneself, to suffer", Lith vargas "the state of going through bad/unlucky events"	MW gwreith "deed" < *wreĝ-tu-	gorc "work "	rregj "to clean"	A wärk-, B wārk- "to shear"
Шаблон:PIE "to clothe, wear clothes"	wear (< OE werian)	wasjan "to clothe"	vestis "clothing"	héstai "gets dressed"	váste "(s/he) gets dressed"; vástra- "clothing"	Av vaste, vaŋhaiti "(he) gets dressed"		OPrus westi "corset"	W gwisg "clothing"	z-genum "I put on (clothes)" < *wes-nu-	vesh "dress" veshje "clothing"	B wastsi, wästsi "clothing"	wassezzi "(he) clothes"

Self-motion, rest

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to be", Шаблон:PIE "is", Шаблон:PIE "am" Cf. Indo-European copula (See also *h₁sónts)	is (< OE is), am	ist "is"	sum (esse) "I am (to be)"; est "it is"	estí "is,"; Dorian Greek entí "(they) are" <- Шаблон:PIE	ásti "is"; ásmi "am"	Av asti "is"; Persian ast "is"	OCS jestŭ "is"	OPrus ast "is", ēst "almost", Lith esti "is"	OIr is "is"; Old Welsh hint "(they) are" <- Шаблон:PIE	em "I am"	është "is"	B ste "is"	ēszi "is"
Шаблон:PIE "to become" Cf. Indo-European copula	be (< OE bēon); OE būan "to dwell"	bauan "to dwell"	fuī "I was"	pʰúomai "I become", épʰū "became"	bʰávati "become, is", ábʰūt "became, was"	Av bavaiti, OPers bavatiy "(he) becomes"	OCS byti "to become, be"	OPrus butwei "to be", Lith būti "to be"	Gaul biiete "be! (imperative)";Шаблон:Efn OIr buith "being", W bod "to be"	busanim "sprout up"	buj, bûj "I dwell, stay overnight" < *bunjō
Шаблон:PIE "to sit"	sit (< OE sittan < Шаблон:PIE)	sitan "to sit"	sedeō (sedēre) "to sit", sīdō "I sit down" < Шаблон:PIE	hézdomai "I sit" < Шаблон:PIE, hizdō "I set" < Шаблон:PIE	sátsi "(he) sits", aor. ásadat "sat"; sī́dati "(he) sits" < Шаблон:PIE; Upaniṣad lit. "sit-down-beside" < upa: 'by, beside', ni: 'down', sad: 'sit'	Av ni-šaŋhasti "(he) sits down", opt. hazdyā-t "(he) should sit", hiδaiti "(he) sits" < Шаблон:PIE; OPers caus. niya-šād-ayam "I set"	OCS sěždǫ (sěděti) "to sit"	OPrus sistwei "to sit down", Lith sedėti "to be sitting", sėstis "to sit down"	OIr sa(i)did "sits"; Br hezañ "to stop"	nstim "I sit" (< *ni-zdyō), hecanim (< *sed-s-an-yō) "I sit on, I ride"	shëtis "to walk"
Шаблон:PIE "to lie down"	lie (< OE lic̣gan)	ligan "to lie down"	lectus "bed"	lékʰomai "I lie down"	laṅghate "(he) leans, lies down"	NPers ley "lie down"	OCS ležǫ (ležati) "to lie down"	OPrus laztwei "to lie down"	OIr laigid "lies down"		lagje "city quarter"	A läk- "to lie", B lyśalyñe "(act of) lying down"	lagari "(he) lies down"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to lie down; settle, bed, cozy, familiar"	home (< OE hām "village, home" < Шаблон:PIE); hewe "domestic, servant" (< OE hīwa "family member")	háims (háimáis) "village, town" < Шаблон:PIE; heiwafrauja "marriage"	cīvis "city dweller, citizen" < Шаблон:PIE ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; cūnae "cradle; nest"; Cūnīna (Roman goddess who protects infants in the cradle) cieō; "I put in motion; act, move, stir; rouse" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	keîmai "I lie (idle, sick, dead, etc.)"; kíō "I go" (Homeric); kīnéō "I move, set in motion, remove; inflect (grammar); meddle; stir on" (> kinetic, cinema, etc.); koítē "bed, place of rest; lair; lodging"; koitā́zō "I put to bed, cause to rest"	śētē (older śáyē) "(he) lies", śērē "they lie"; śayú "orphan"; śéva- "dear, precious"; śivá- "favorable, happy, fortunate; auspicious" (later applied to the god Rudra, first as Śiva-rudra, then simply Śiva; also spelled Shiva)	Av saēte "(he) lies", sōire "they lie"	OCS sěmija "family"; sěmĭ "household member"	OPrus seimi "family", kaims "village", Lith šeima "family", kaimas "village"; sieva "wife"	OIr cóim, cóem, OW cum "dear"	sirem "I love" < *k̂eiro-	komb “nation, people”		kitta, kittari "lies"; Luwian ziyari "lies"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to settle, live; cultivate"			sinō "I let, permit, allow; set down"; situs "permitted, allowed; laid, set down; placed" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; dēsinō "I leave off, cease, desist" (> desinence); pōnō < po + sinō "I place, put, lay; set up" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	ktízō "I found, build, establish; populate; produce"; eüktímenos "well-built, nice place"; ktísis "a founding, settling; creature"; ktílos "tame, docile, obidient"; ktísma "colony, foundation"	kṣéti "(s/he) abides, stays, dwells; remains"; kṣití "abode, habitation, dwelling; the earth"
Шаблон:PIE "to stand (i.e. be standing)"	stand (< OE standan)	standan "to stand"; OHG stān, stēn "to stand"	stō (stāre) "to stand", sistō (sistere) "to cause to stand"	Doric hístāmi "I stand"	sthā- / tíṣṭhati "(he) stands"	Av hištaiti "(he) stands"; OPers impf. a-ištata "(he) stood"	OCS stajǫ (stati) "to stand up"	OPrus stalitwei "to stand", Lith stovėti "to stand"	OIr tair-(ṡ)issiur "I stand"; W sefyll "to stand"	stanam "I build; gain"	mbështet, pshtet "I support"	B stäm- "to stand", ste "is", "stare" "(they) are"	istanta- "to stay, delay"
Шаблон:PIE "to go"	yede (< OE ēode "went")	iddja "went"	eō (īre) "to go"	eĩmi "I (will) go"	éti "(he) goes", yánti "(they) go"	Av aēiti "(he) goes", yeinti "(they) go"; OPers aitiy "goes"	OCS jiditi "to move away, to arrive", jidene "coming"	OPrus eitwei "to go", Lith eiti "to walk"	W wyf "I am"; OIr ethaid "goes" < Шаблон:PIE	iǰanem (aorist ēǰ) "I climb down" < Шаблон:PIE	iki "to leave; flee" Шаблон:PIE	A yā "he went", B yatsi "to go" < Шаблон:PIE	īt "go!"
Шаблон:PIE "to come"	come (< OE cuman)	qiman "to come"; OSax cuman [an liudi] "to come (to people) [to be born]"	veniō (venīre) "to come"Шаблон:Efn	baínō "I go"	gámati "(he) goes", aor. ágan, gan "(he) went"	Av ǰamaiti "goes"; OAv inj. uz-ǰǝ̄n "(he) goes", pl. gǝmǝn "they go"		OPrus gimtwei "to be born", Lith gimti "to be born", Latv dzimt "to bear (a son)"		ekn (< *h₁e-gʷem-t) "(he) came"		A käm-, kum-, B käm-, kam-, śem "to come"	Luw zammantis "newborn child" (?)
Шаблон:PIE "to move swiftly, to move upright, to rise (as if to fight)"			iubeō "I authorize, legitimate; bid, command, order"; iussus "order, command, decree, ordinance"	euthús "straight, direct"; eîthar "at once, immediately, forthwith"; husmī́nē "battle, conflict, combat"	yúdhyate "to fight, battle; wage war"; yodháyati "to engage in battle; to overcome in war, to be a match for; to lead to war, to cause to fight"; yuddhá- "battle, fight, war"; yoddhṛ "fighter, warrior, soldier"; yudhmá- "hero, warrior"		OCS oiminŭ "warrior"; Pol judzić "to incite, instigate"	Lith judėti "to move"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to spread out; fly (spread wings)" (See also *péth₂r̥)	fathom (< OE fæþm)		petō "I ask, beg, request; aim; attack, thrust at"; pateō "I am open; accessible, attainable; increase, extend" (> patent); pandō "I spread, open out, extend; unfold, expand" (> expand); passus < *pat-s-tus "spread out; step, pace" (> pass); impetus "attack, assault; rapid motion"; petulāns "impudent, wanton; petulant" > petulant; patera "broad flat dish, saucer"; propitius "favorable, well-disposed" (> propitious)	pétomai "I fly; rush, dart; make haste"; pī́ptō "I fall, throw self down"; petánnūmi "I spread out, open"; ptôma "fall; misfortune, calamity; ruin" (> symptom); ptôsis "falling; (grammar) case, inflection"; ptōtikós "capable of inflexion"; pétalon "leaf (plant, flower or tree)" > petal	pátati "(s/he) flies; descends, falls"; pātáyati "(s/he) causes to fly, throws; causes to fall; pours, spills"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to walk, step; stumble, fall" (See also *pōds)	fetter (< OE feter); OE fæt "step; stride; pace, gait		impediō "I hinder, impede, obstruct" (> impede); expediō "I unfetter; remove impediments; prepare" (> expedite); pecco < *ped-co "I sin, transgress; offend" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; pedica "fetter, shackle; snare"; pessum < *ped·tum "to the lowest part; to the bottom; in ruin"; pessimus "worst, lowest" (> pessimism); peior "worse" (> pejorative); oppidum "town" (step > ground > town)	pédon "ground, earth"; pedíon "open country, plain, field; female genitals"; pēdón "oar blade, oar"; pēdálion "steering paddle"; pezós < *peďďós "on foot, walking; on land, infantry"; pódion "base" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	pádyate "(s/he) moves, goes; falls"; pādáyati "(s/he) causes to fall, drops"; pada- "step, stride, pace; footstep, vestige; plot of ground; a fourth"		padati, pasti "to fall"; pěšĭ "on foot, pedestrian"; padežĭ "fall; downfall, disaster"; pod "ground, floor"
Шаблон:PIE "to follow"	OE sec̣g "follower, companion, man"	ON seggr "hero"	sequor (sequī) "to follow" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	hépomai "I follow"	sácate "(he) follows"	Av hačaitē, hačaiti "(he) follows"	šagati "to walk, stride, step"; Russ šag "step"	OPrus sektwei "to shallow [To breathe lightly]", Lith sekti "to follow"	OIr sechithir "follows"		shoh “ I see”
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to go, climb, march"	stair (< OE stǣġer); sty (< OE stīgan); stile (< OE stiġel, stigol)	Ger steigen "to ascend, climb, rise"	vestīgō "I follow a track, search" (> investigate); vestīgium "footprint, track; trace, mark; sole of foot" (> "vestige")	stíkhos "a row (of soldiers); a line of poetry" > Russ stix "verse, a line of poetry; poem (plu)"; stoîkhos "row, course, file"; stoikheîon "one of a row, one of a series; element" > stoichio- (> stoichiometry, etc.); stókhos "pillar of brick; target"	stighnóti "(s/he) steps, steps up, mounts"		OCS stignǫti "to attain; reach"; stĭza "path"				? Shteg “path”
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to turn, rotate"	-ward (< OE -weard "facing, turned toward"); worth (obsolete meaning "to become", compare German werden) (< OE weorþ); weird (< OE wyrd, wurd "fate, destiny"); OE weorþung "an evaluation, appreciation"	Ger werden "to become, to get; to turn; to be, happen"; Wurst "sausage, wurst" (< PGmc "something twisted")	vertō "I turn, revolve; turn around, reverse, retreat" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; vertex, vortex "whirlpool"; vertīgō "giddiness"; prōsus, prorsus < proversus "forwards, towards" > prose;Шаблон:Efn re- < PIE *wret-, metathesis of *wert- "re-" (> re- (again, repetition, etc.))		vartate "(it) turns, rotates; moves, advances; occurs"; vartana- "a turning; conduct, behavior, intercourse"; vartayáti "(it) turns" (transitive, causative); vártman "track; way, course, path"		OCS vrĭtěti "to turn"; vrotiti "to return"; vrěteno "spindle"; vrota "gate, door"; vratŭ "turn, rotor, wheel"; vrěmę < *vertmen "hour; time" (Compare Skt vártman)	Lith versti "to turn"			rris “to grow, to increase”
*bʰegʷ- "to run, flee"				phobéō "I put to flight, terrify, alarm; threaten"; phóbos "fear, terror; fright, panic; flight, retreat"	bhājáyati "(s/he) causes to flee"	Kurd bazdan "to run, to escape"	OCS běgati, běžati "to flee, run, escape";	Lith bėgti "to run"
*bʰewg- "to flee"			fugiō "I flee"; fuga "flight, escape"	pheúgō "I flee"; phugḗ "flight, escape"				Lith baugus "scary", baugštus "scared easily"

Object motion

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:PIE "to carry"	bear (< OE beran); burden, burthen (< OE byrþen)	baíran "to carry"	ferō (ferre) "to carry"; lucifer "light-bearing, light-bringing"	pʰerō "I carry"; khristóphoros "Christ-bearing"	bʰarati "(he) carries"	Av baraiti "(he) carries"; OPers barantiy "they carry"; NPers bordan "to carry"; Kurd birin "to carry, to take"	OCS berǫ (bĭrati) "to carry"	Lith berti "to pour non liquid"	OIr biru "I carry"; W beru "to flow"	berem "I carry"	bie "I carry"; barrë "load, burden"
Шаблон:PIE "to convey"	weigh (< OE wegan "carry"); way (< OE weġ); wain "wagon" (< OE wæġn)Шаблон:Efn	ga-wigan "to move, shake"	vehō (vehere) "to convey"	Pamphylian wekʰétō "he should bring"; Cypriot éwekse "brought there"	váhati "(he) drives"; vahana- (< vah) "divine mount or vehicle of Hindu deities" (lit. "a carrying")	Av vazaiti "(he) leads, carries"	OCS vezǫ (vesti) "to drive"	OPrus weztun "to ride", Lith vežti "to drive"	OIr fēn, W gwain (type of wagon) < *weǵʰ-no-; W arwain "to lead"		vjedh "I steal"		Hier Luw wa-zi/a- "drive"
Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:PIE "to join, yoke, tie together" (See also yugóm)		ON eykr draft animal; ON eyki vehicle, cart	iungō "I yoke, join" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; iūxtā "nearly; near, close to"; coniunx, coniux "spouse, partner (husband or wife)"	zeúgnūmi "I yoke, saddle; join, link together"; zeûgma "band, bond, that which is used for joining; bridge of boats"; zeûgos "pair, two things, persons or animals seen as a pair"	yunákti "(s/he) yokes, harnesses, joins"; yóga- "yoking, act of joining; yoke, team, vehicle; employment, use, performance; remedy, cure; means, device, way, manner, method; trick, fraud; undertaking; connection, relation; fitness, suitability; application, concentration, union, yoga"; yóktra- "fastening or tying instrument; rope, thong, halter"; yugmá- "pair, couple; Gemini (zodiac sign); junction, confluence"; yújya- "union, alliance"; yugya- "a vehicle, chariot; draft animal"; yuj (root noun) "a yoke-fellow, companion, associate; pair, couple; the Aśvins"			Lith jungiu "I join"
Шаблон:PIE "to lead, drive"		ON aka "to drive"	agō (agere) "to drive, do"	ágō "I lead"	ájati "(he) drives"	Av azaiti "(he) drives"; Kurd ajotin "to drive"	ehati "to drive"		OIr ad-aig "compels"; OW agit, hegit "goes"	acem "I lead"		A ak-, B āk- "go, lead"
*h₂eḱs- "axis, axle" < *h₂eǵ-	OE eax		axis "axle"		ákṣa- "axle"		Russian osь "axis, axle"	Lith ašis "axle"			ashkë “wood splinter <PAlb a(k)škā “axis”
Шаблон:PIE "to place, put"	do (< OE dōn)	deds "deed"	faciō (facere) "to do" < Шаблон:PIE; con-ditus "built" (orig. "put together"), ab-ditus "removed" (orig. "put away") < Proto-Italic *-θatos < Шаблон:PIE	títʰēmi "I put" < Шаблон:PIE	dádʰāti "(he) puts" < Шаблон:PIE	Av daδāiti "(he) puts"; OPers impf. adadā "(he) established"	OCS děti "to lay"	OPrus ditun "to put", Lith dėti "to put"	Gaulish dede "he put (pt.)"; W dodi "to place, to put";OIr -tarti "he gives" < Proto-Celtic *to-ro-ad-dīt < Шаблон:PIE	dnel "to put"; ed "he put (past)"	dhatë "place, location" < Шаблон:PIE	A tā-, täs-, tas-, B tes- "to lay" < Шаблон:PIE	dāi "puts"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to put, place, locate; be set, firm"	stall (< OE steall); stell (non-standard) "to place, set up" (< OE stellan)	Ger stellen "to put, place, position"	locus < *stlocus "place, spot, location" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; stultus, stolidus "foolish, stupid"; stolō "shoot, branch" > stolon (botany); stolus < AG stólos "navigation; fleet equipment"	stéllō "I send; make ready, prepare; summon"; stólos "expedition; army, fleet"; apóstolos "one sent forth; messenger, envoy" > apostle; epistolḗ < epistéllō "message, letter; commission; will" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; stḗlē "block of stone, buttress; boundary post" > stele, stela	sthala- "place, ground, location"		OCS stĭlati "to spread"	Lith stalas "table"			shtjell “loosen, I wind up”
Шаблон:PIE "to give"			dō (dare) "to give"; dator "giver, donor"; dōnum "gift"	dídōmi "I give"	dádāti "(he) gives"; dātṛ "giver, donor"; dānam "gift, giving"	Av dadāiti "(he) gives"; OPers impv. dadātuv "let him give"; NPers dãdan "to give"	OCS damĭ "I will give"	OPrus datun "to give", Lith duoti "to give"	OIr dān, W dawn "gift"	tam "I give"	dhashë "I gave" < Шаблон:PIE		dāi "takes"
Шаблон:PIE "to grab"	have (< OE habban), heave (< OE hebban); haven "hæfen"	haban "to have", hafjan "to lift"	capiō (capere) "to take"	káptō "I snatch, swallow"; kaûkos "cup" > Lat caucus	kapaṭī "two handfuls"	NPers časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan "to grasp, seize"	Ukrainian khapaty "to grab"	OPrus kaps "grave", Lith kapas "grave", kapt "expression to indicate grabbing.	OIr cacht "female slave", W caeth "slave, captive" < *kap-tos "taken"		kap "I grasp, grab", kam "I have"
Шаблон:PIE "to seize, take"	give (< OE ġiefan)	giban "to give"	habeō (habēre) "to have"		gábʰastis "forearm, hand"	OPers grab "to seize"; Kurd girtin "to take, to seize"	Russ. xvatát "to snatch, suffice"	OPrus gabtun "to catch", Lith gebėti "to have the ability"	OIr gaibid "takes"; W gafael "to take hold, to grip"
Шаблон:PIE "to strike, kill"	bane (< OE bana "murderer")	banja "blow, wound, ulcer"	dē-fendō (dēfendere) "to ward off, defend", of-fendō (offendere) "to bump, offend"	tʰeínō "I kill" < Шаблон:PIE, épepʰnon "I killed" < redup. + Шаблон:PIE	hánti "(he) strikes, kills" < Шаблон:PIE, gʰnánti "they strike, kill"; vṛtra·han "Vṛtra-killer, a name of Indra"	Av ǰainti "(he) strikes, kills", ni-γne (mid.) "I strike down"; OPers impf. ajanam "I struck down"	OCS ženǫ (gŭnati) "drive (animals to pasture)", žĭnjǫ (žęti) "reap"	OPrus gintun "to defend", Lith ginti " to defend", ganyti "to drive animals to pasture"	OIr gonim "I wound, kill"; W gwanu "to stab"	ǰnem "I strike" < Шаблон:PIE, ǰnǰem "I destroy" < Шаблон:PIE	gjanj "I hunt" < Шаблон:PIE	B käsk- "to scatter to destruction" < Шаблон:PIE	kuēnzi "kills" < Шаблон:PIE
*bʰeyd- "to split, cleave"	bit (< OE bite);bite (< OE bitan); bait (< ON beita)		'findō "I split"; fissus < fid·tus "split"; fissiō "splitting, fission"		bhid-, bhinátti "(s/he) splits, breaks"; bhedati "(s/he) splits"; bhinná < bhid·ná "split, cloven"
Шаблон:PIE "to tear, crack; split, separate"	tear (< OE teran); turd (< OE tord)	*taurþs "destruction, a teardown"		dérō "to skin, flay"; dérma "skin, hide"	dṛṇā́ti "(s/he) tears, rends, rips; splits open, bursts"		OCS dĭrati "to tear, flay"	Lith dirti "to skin"			djerr “I destroy <PIE *dr̥-néH-ti
Шаблон:PIE "to break"	break (< OE brecan); breech, breeches (< OE brēċ)		frango "I break, shatter"; frāctus "broken"; fragilis "breakable"
Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:PIE "to cut off, sever"Шаблон:Efn	saw (tool) (< OE sagu); sax "slate hammer" (< OE seax); seax (directly borrowed from OE seax); zax (< OE seax)		secō, sectum "I cut, cut off; cleave; castrate; wound; hurt" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; segmen, segmentum "piece; a cutting, cut; slice; segment"; signum "sign, mark, signal; seal, signet; emblem, etc"; sexus "division; sex; gender"; saxum "stone, rock" > Saxon				OCS sěšti "to cut, to mow" Pol siekać "to cut"				shat/shatë “mattock, hoe” <PIE *sēk-teh₂-
Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:PIE "to cut" (See also: *sek-)	shear (< OE scieran); share (< OE sċearu); shard, sherd (< OE sċeard ); shred (< OE sċrēad); scrap (< ON skrapa); scrape (< ON skrapa); short (< OE sċort); screen < PGmc *skirmiz "fur, hide" > Yid shirem "umbrella"; Italian schermo "screen"; Russ šírma "screen, shield"; shirt (< OE sċyrte); skirt (< ON skyrta); scar (< PGmc *skardaz "gap, cut"); score (< OE scoru)		curtus "short; broken"; corium "skin, hide, leather"; carō, carnis "flesh, meat, pulp" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; cēna "dinner, supper ('portion')"; cortex "bark of a tree, cork" > cork; scortum "a skin, hide; harlot"; scrotum; scrautum "a quiver made of hide"; scrūta "rubbish, broken trash" > Lat scrūtor "I search, examine thoroughly" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; scrūpus "a rough sharp stone; anxiety, uneasiness"; scrūpulus "a small sharp or pointed stone; anxiety, uneasiness, doubt" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag	keírō "I shear, shave, cut hair; ravage; destroy; cut short, lessen"; kormós "trunk of a tree; log of timber"; kérma "fragment; coin; cash"	kartati, kṛṇátti, kṛntáte "(s/he) cuts"; cárman "skin; hide, pelt"; kṛtí "knife, dagger"		OCS skora "bast, skin"; kora "bark"; OCS xrabrŭ "brave"	Lith skersti "to cut (especially animal's neck)"			shqerr “to tear, scratch” <PAlb *skera
Шаблон:PIE Шаблон:PIE "to split, dissect, divide" (See also: *sek-, *(s)ker-)	shed (< OE sċēadan); sheath, sheathe (< OE sċēaþ); shide "a piece of wood, firewood" (< OE sċīd); shite, shit (< OE sċītan)		sciō "I can, know, understand, have knowledge" > science; scindō, scissus "I cut, tear, rend; tear off; destroy"	skhízō "I split, cleave" > schizophrenia; skhísma "split, divided; division" > schism; skhísis "cleaving, parting, division; vulva"	chítti "split, division"; √chid-, chinatti "(s/he) splits, cuts off, divides"		OCS cěditi "to strain, filter"; čistiti "to clean, purify"; štedrŭ "generous"; štitŭ "shield"	Lith skiesti "to dilute", skaidyti "to divide into pieces"			shqisë “sense”
Шаблон:PIE "to move, to stir; to rise, spring; quarrel, fight"			orior "I rise, get up"; oriēns "rising" > orient; origo "act, event or process of coming into existence; source" > origin	órnūmi "I set upon, awaken, raise, excite, stir up"; oûros "fair wind"; éris "strife, quarrel; rivalry"	ṛṇoti "to attack, rise"; ṛtí "quarrel, strife; attack"		OCS ratĭ "war, battle"
Шаблон:PIE "to move, set in motion; flow, stream (of water); pour, rain; churn"	ride (< OE rīdan); raid (< OE rād); run (< OE iernan); -rith "small stream (found in surnames and placenames)"(< OE rīþ)		rīvus "stream" > rival (lit. "using the same stream as another"), derive; irrīto "to irritate"		riṇā́ti "to make flow, release"; rītí "motion, course; current; custom, rite"; rétas "flow, gush, current, stream; seed, sperm"		OCS rinǫti "to push, shove"		Gau rēda "chariot"; Gau rēnos "river, waterway" > Lat Rhēnus > Rhine		re “clouds” <PAlb *rina
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to let go, send, release"	sulk (< OE āsolcen < āseolcan "to be slow; weak, slothful")				sṛjáti "(it) lets go, discharges, emits"; sarjáyati "causes to let loose, creates"; sṛṣṭá- "let go, discharged, abandoned"; sṛ́ṣṭi "letting go, emission; production, procreation; creation, creation of the world"; sárga- "pouring, rush"; sṛká- "arrow, spear"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to turn" (See also *kʷekʷlo-)	halse "neck, throat" (< OE heals)		colō "I till, cultivate (land); inhabit"; cultus "tilled, cultivated" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; colōnus "farmer; colonist, inhabitant"; -cola "inhabitant; tiller, cultivator; worshipper"; colōnia "colony, settlement; possession" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; column "distaff; spun thread"; collum "neck , throat (one that turns)" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; inquilīnus "sojourner, tenant, lodger"Шаблон:Efn	pélō "in motion, go; become"; pólos "pivot, hinge; axis, pole star" > pole; pálin "back, backwards; again, once more" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; télos "completion, maturity; fulfilment; result, product" > teleology, etc.; Aristotélēs "excellent perfection"; teléō "bring about, complete, fulfill; perform, accomplish"; têle "far off, far away" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; pálai "long ago"; palaiós "old, aged; ancient" > paleolithic, etc.	cárati "it moves, walks, stirs; travels"; caraṇa-, calana- "motion; action; behavior, conduct"		OCS kologŭ "Yule (lit. turn)"; kolovrotŭ "circulation, whirlpool; wheel and axle"; Bul kolovóz "rut, wheel track"; koláč "a type of (round) bread"				sjell “to turn, to bring” <PAlb *tšela
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to turn, to wind, roll"	wallow (< OE wielwan); well (up) (gush) (< OE wellan, willan); well (water source, where the water 'wells up') (< OE wielle); wall (to boil, spring) (< OE weallan); wall (rampart) (< Lat vallum "wall, rampart"); walk (< OE wealcan); wale (< OE walu "ridge, bank")	walwjan "to roll"; Ger Walz (< walzen "to dance") "the waltz"; Welle "wave"	volvō "I roll, tumble" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag volūmen "roll, scroll, book; turn; fold" > volume; vallis "valley; hollow" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; vallum "wall, rampart"; intervallum "space between walls" > interval; volūcra "a worm, caterpillar"; valgus "knock-kneed, unstraight"; valva "folding door" > valve; vulva "womb"	eilúō "I wrap, enfold; crawl"; hélix "anything twisted" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; hólmos "round, smooth stone; cylindrical bow, dial"	valati, valate "(it) turns, turns to; moves to; covers"; úlba- "cover, envelope; womb, vulva"; valayá- "coil"; ūrmí "wave"		OCS vlĭna "wave"; vlŭnenije "undulation, swell; turmoil, agitation"; Russ valítʹ "to knock down, kill; cut, fell"; val "roller, billow; rampart; shaft"	Lith vilnìs "wave"		OldArm geł "snake, dragon"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to shake, tremble, agitate; sway, swing; turn, wind"	wipe (< OE wīpian); whip (< OE wippen); weave ("to wander") (< ON veifa "wave, flag"); OE wifer "arrow, missile; sword"; swivel (< OE swifan + el); waive < waif ("ownerless, homeless") (< ON veif);Шаблон:Efn gimp (< OF wimpil "head scarf"); gimlet (< AF wimble "drill")>	biwaibjan "to wind around, wrap"; faurwaipjan "to bind, muzzle"	vibrō "I shake, agitate; tremble; glimmer" > veer, vibrate, etc.		vip-, vépate "it trembles, shakes, shivers, vibrates, quivers"; viprá- "excited, stirred; inspired"			Lith viẽpti "to make a face, gape"; vaipī́tis "to grimace, bend"; vī́burti "to swing, turn around"
Шаблон:PIE "to leave behind"	OE lēon "to lend"	Шаблон:Transliteration "to lend"	linquō (linquere) "to leave behind"	leípō, limpánō "I leave behind"	riṇákti "(he) leaves behind", 3rd. pl. riñcanti "they leave behind"	Av -irinaxti "(he) frees"; NPers rēxtan "to pour out"	OBulg otŭ-lěkŭ "something left over", lišiti "to rob" < Шаблон:PIE, Ukr lyshyty "to leave behind"	OPrus palaistun "to leave behind", Lith likti "to stay"	OIr lēicid "(he) leaves behind, releases"	lkʿanem "I leave behind"	Alb Lej leave
Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:PIE "to dig, till (soil)"; Шаблон:PIE "to dig, to root" (See also *Hrew-, *Hrewp-)	rock (as in 'to move, sway') (< OE roccian); rag (< ON rǫggr)		runcō "I weed, clear of weeds, weed out"; ruō "I dig out"; rutrum "shovel"		luñcati "(s/he) plucks, pulls out, tears off; peels"		OCS ryti "to dig"; OCS rylo "spade, snouts"
Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:PIE "to break, tear up" (See also *Hrew-, *Hrewk-)	reave, reeve, reve, bereave (< OE (be)rēofan)		rumpō "I break, burst, tear, rend; split" > rout, ruption, abrupt, etc.		rópa- "disturbing, confusing; fissure"; lopa- "breaking, injury, destruction"
*h₁reh₁- "to row"	rudder (< OE rōþor)		rēmus "oar"	erétēs "(in the plural) oars"	áritra- "propelling, driving"

Time

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "now"	now, Scot noo (< OE nū)	nu "now"	num, nunc (num + -ce) "now"; nūper "lately, recently"	nûn, nun, nu "now"	nú "now, so now, now then; at once"; nū́ "now"; nūtane "current, present"	Nūn	OCS nyně "now"; nŭ "but"	Lith nū, nù "now"; nũn "now, today"; nūnaĩ "now, today, nowadays"			nu "when"; ni "now";		nu "now, and"
Шаблон:PIE "yesterday"	yesterday (< OE ġeostra)	gistra- "tomorrow (?)"	heri "yesterday"	kʰtʰés "yesterday"	hyás "yesterday" < *ǵʰyés	Av zyō, OPers diya(ka) "yesterday"			OIr in-dē, W ddoe "yesterday"		dje "yesterday"
Шаблон:PIE "night"	night (< OE neaht, niht < Шаблон:PIE)	nahts (nahts) "night" < Шаблон:PIE	nox (noctis) "night"	núks (núktos) "night"	nák (instr. pl. náktīs) "night"	Proto-Iranian *náxts, Kurd nixte "rainy, cloudy (lack of sunlight)"	OCS noštĭ "night"	OPrus nakts "night", Lith naktis "night"	OIr i-nnocht, OW henoid "on this night"		natë "night"	A n[a]ktim "nightly", B nekciye "in the evening"	nekuz (gen. sg.) "of evening", nekuzzi "it becomes dark"
Шаблон:PIE "evening"			vesper "evening"	hésperos "of the evening; western"Шаблон:Efn			OCS večerŭ "evening"; Rus Zorya Vechernyaya "deity of the evening star"	Latv vakars, Lith vãkaras "evening"; Vakarine "goddess of the evening star"	OIr ucher "evening"	OArm gišer "night; darkness"
Шаблон:PIE "dawn", Шаблон:PIE "east", Шаблон:PIE "gold"	eastern (< OE ēasterne)	ON austr "east"	aurōra "dawn" (< *ausōsa, by rhot), aurum "gold"	Doric āṓs "dawn"; Aeolic aúōs, ā́wōs "dawn"	uṣās (uṣásas), acc. uṣā́sam "dawn"	Av ušā̊ (ušaŋhō), acc. ušā̊ŋhǝm "dawn"	OCS (j)utro "morning"	OPrus austra "dawn", auss "gold"; Lith aušra "dawn", auksas "gold"; Latv ausma, ausmina "dawn"	OIr fāir "sunrise", W gwawr "dawn" < *wōsri-	?os-ki "gold"		?A wäs "gold"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to arise, begin"	begin (< OE beginnan)	duginnan "to begin"	recēns "new, fresh, young" > recent	kainós "new, recent; fresh, unused; unusual" > Cenozoic	kanyā̀, kaníyā "maiden, virgin; daughter"; kanī́na- "young, youthful"		OCS načęti "to begin"; konŭ "beginning, end"; konĭcĭ "end"; zakonŭ "law"; štenę "young animal"
Шаблон:PIE "winter"		ON gói "winter month"	hiems "winter"	kʰeĩma "winter"	híma- "winter", hemantá- "in winter"	Av zyā̊ (acc. zyąm, gen. zimō) "winter"	OCS zima "winter"	OPrus zeima "winter", Lith žiema "winter"	Gaul Giamonios "winter month";Шаблон:Efn OIr gam "winter", gem-adaig "winter night"; OW gaem "winter"	jmeṙ "winter", jiwn "snow"	Gheg dimën, Tosk dimër(ë) "winter"	? A śärme "winter"; ? B śimpriye "winter".Шаблон:Efn	gimmanza "winter", gimi "in winter"
Шаблон:PIE "summer"	summer (< Old English sumor)	OHG sumar, OIc sumar "summer"			sámā "season; year"	Av ham- "summer"; Pers hâmin "summer"; Khot-Saka hamāñarva "summer season"			Gaul Samon(ios) "summer month"; OIr sam "summer"; OW ham, OBret ham "summer"	OArm am "year", amaṙn "summer"		A şme "summer"; B ṣmāye "summer" (adj.), ywārś-ṣmañe "midsummer"
Шаблон:PIE "spring"		ON vár "spring"	vēr "spring"	(w)éar "spring"	vasan-tá- "spring"	Av vaŋri "in spring"; OPers θūra-vāhara-	OCS vesna "spring"	OPrus wassara "spring", Lith vasara "summer", pavasaris "spring", vėsu "cool"	OIr errach "spring"< *ferrach < *wesr-āko-; OW guiannuin "in spring" < *wes-n̥t-eino-	garun "spring"< *wesr-
Шаблон:PIE "year", Шаблон:PIE "last year"	wether "castrated male sheep" (< OE weþer),	OHG widar "male sheep", MHG vert "last year" <- Шаблон:PIE, ON fjorð "last year" <- Шаблон:PIE	vetus (veteris) "old"	(w)étos "year", pérusi "last year"	vatsá-, vatsará- "year", par-út "last year"	Sogdian wtšnyy (read wat(u)šanē) "old"	OCS vetŭchŭ "old"	OLith vẽtušas "old"	MIr feis, Cornish guis "sow" < *wet-si-	heru "last year" < *peruti	vit (pl. vjet) "year"		witt- "year"
*h₂et- "to go, year"			annus < atnus "year"		átati "(it) goes, walks, wanders"; hā́yana- "yearly"
Шаблон:PIE "year"	year (< OE ġēar)	jēr "year"	hōrnus "this year's" < *hōyōr-	hōra "time, year" < Шаблон:PIE		Av yārə "year"	Russ. CH jara "spring"	OLith Jórė "spring festival"	W iâr "hen", MIr eir-īn "fowl"
*h₂óyu "long time, lifetime"	age (< Lat. aetat-),	aiws	aevum aeternum, aeternitas "lifetime"		āyus "life, age" (as in the word āyur·veda, "knowledge of (long) life")				Gaul aiu- "eternity, longevity"

Ideas and rituals

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
*ǵʰew- "to pour, libate, invoke"	god (< OE god < PIE. ǵʰutós "invoked, libated")		fundō "I pour"		hotrá "libation"; hotṛ "priest, offerer of libations"; juhóti "to worship, sacrifice, present an oblation"; hóma "oblation, a Vedic ritual"						gumoj “I pour”
*h₁yaǵ- "to sacrifice, worship"			ieientō "to eat breakfast"	hágios "devoted to the gods, holy, pious"	yájati "(s/he) worships"; yajña "worship, devotion, prayer"; yájus "religious reverence, worship, sacrifice";
Шаблон:Anchor *ḱréddʰh₁eti "to believe" < *ḱred- “heart” + *dʰh₁eti "place" (See also *k̂erd-)	creed, credo < Lat crēdō		crēdō "I believe, I trust in, I confide in"		śraddhā́ "faith, trust, confidence, loyalty", śrad-dadʰāti "(he) trusts, believes"	Av zrazdā- "to believe" < *srazdāШаблон:Efn			Old Irish cretim, W credaf "I believe"
Шаблон:Anchor Шаблон:PIE "to praise, express approval; to elevate"			grātus "pleasing"; grātia "grace, thankfulness"; grātuītus "freely given, free"		járate "(s/he) praises, invokes"; gṛṇā́ti "(s/he) calls, invokes, mentions with praise, extols"; gūrtá- "agreeable, pleasing, lovely; approved, welcome"; gūrtí "approval, praise; benediction"		OCS žrĭti "to sacrifice"; žrĭtva "sacrifice, offering"; žrĭcĭ "priest"		OIr bard, W bardd "bard"		grah “ to incite, to roar”
Шаблон:PIE "to promise, vow; praise"			voveō, vōtum "I vow, promise; dedicate, devote; wish for"	eúkhomai "I pray, vow, wish for; profess"; eûkhos "prayer, object of prayer; boast; vow"	óhate "(s/he) says"; ukthá "saying; sentence, verse; eulogy"	Av uxδa "word"
*ḱwen-, *ḱwen-tos "holy"						Av spəṇta "holy"	OCS svętŭ "holy"	Lith šveñtas "holy"
Шаблон:PIE "holy"			sanciō "I render, appoint as sacred; devote, consecrate, dedicate"; sānctus "sacred, made inviolable; venerable, blessed, saintly"; sacer "sacred, holy, dedicated, consecrated; devoted"

Unclassified

PIE	English	Gothic	Latin	Ancient Greek	Sanskrit	Iranian	Slavic	Baltic	Celtic	Armenian	Albanian	Tocharian	Hittite
*gʰedʰ- "to unite, join, suit"	good (< OE gōd); gather (< OE gaderian); together (< OE togædere)						godǔ "suitable time, holiday, feast, right time, time, term, year"; Шаблон:Efn OCS godina "hour; time"; godĭnŭ "suitable"
*bʰed- "to improve, make better"	better (< OE betera); batten (< ON batna "to grow better, improve, recover"); bootШаблон:Efn (< OE bōt "help, relief, advantage, remedy")				bhadrá- "blessed, auspicious, fortunate, prosperous, happy; good, gracious, friendly, kind; excellent, fair, lovely, pleasant, dear"						betë “good, right”
*h₂el- "to grow, nourish"	old (< OE eald, ald); alderman (< OE ealdorman)	aljan "to cause to grow fat, fatten"	*oleō (*olēre) "I grow"; alō (alere) "I foster, I nourish; I raise"; alimentum "food, nourishment; obligation to one's parents"; alumnus "nourished, fostered"; alimōnia "food, nourishment"; altus "high, tall"; indolēs "innate, inborn; talent"; adolescēns "growing up"; adultus "grown-up, matured"
Шаблон:PIE "to increase, grow; upright, high"			arbor (< OLat arbōs < PIta *arðōs) "tree (high plant)"; arduus "lofty, high, steep, elevated; arduous"	orthós "straight, upright, erect; straight forward"	ūrdhvá "rising, raised, erected; upright, high, above"; ṛ́ddhi "growth, increase; prosperity; elevation"
*bʰeh₂g- "to divide, distribute, allot"	baksheesh (< Pers baxšidan "to give, grant, bestow")			éphagon "I ate, devoured (took my share)" > -phagy, (o)esophagus	bhakṣá- "food, drink, delight"; bhájati "to distribute, divide, allot, chooe, serve"
Шаблон:PIE Шаблон:PIE "to share, divide"	time (< OE tīma); tide (< OE tīd)			daíomai "I divide, share; host (a feast)"; dêmos "district, country, land; the common people; free citizens, sovereign people; deme"; daís "feast, banquet"; daitrós "one who carves and portions out meat at table"; daímōn "god, goddess; departed soul; demon"	dītí "brightness, time"; dā́ti, dyáti "(s/he) cuts, clips, mows, separates, divides"; dātrá- "allotted share"						ditë “day”
Шаблон:PIE "to sacrifice, lose"	tap "hit lightly" (< OE tappen); tip "touch quietly, bump quietly" (< OE tippen)		daps "a sacrificial or solemn feast, religious banquet; meal"; damnum < dapnum "damage, injury; (financial) loss; fine"	dáptō "I eat, devour; consume, corrode"; dapánē "cost, expenditure; extravagance"	dāpayati "(s/he) divides"
Шаблон:PIE "to split, divide"	tell, teller (< OE tellen); tale (< OE talu); talk (< OE tealcian)		dolō "I hew, chop into shape; fashion, devise"; doleō "I hurt, suffer; I grieve for, lament"; dolor "pain, ache, hurt; anguish, grief, sorrow"		dalati "it bursts"; dālayati "(s/he) splits, cracks"; dala- "deal, portion, piece, half";		OCS delěti, odolěti "to overcome, defeat"; Russ dólja "share, fate"
Шаблон:PIE "part, watershed"	deal (< OE dǣl); dole (< OE dāl)						OCS děliti "to divide"; OCS dělŭ "part"
*bʰeh₂- "to shine, glow"			faveō "I favor"; favor "id"; faustus "favorable, fortunate"; fautor "patron, protector, promoter"	phaínō "I shine, appear, bring to light"	Шаблон:Anchorbhā́s "light"; bhānú "light, ray, sun"
*bʰewg- "to enjoy, benefit"			fungor "I perform, execute, discharge; finish, complete, end" > fungible, defunct; fūnctiō "performance, execution (of a task)" > function		bhuj-, bhunákti "(s/he) enjoys; consumes, eats, drinks; uses, utilizes"
Шаблон:PIE "to make use of, have enjoyment of"	brook (< OE brūcan) "(old meaning) to use, enjoy"; Ger brauchen "to need, require"		fruor "I enjoy, derive pleasure from"; frūctus "enjoyment, delight, satisfaction; produce, product, fruit; profit, yield, outcome" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; frūmentum "corn, grain"; frūx, frūgēs "fruits of the earth, produce" > frugal
Шаблон:PIE "to point out";	toe (< OE tā); token (< OE tācn); teach (< OE tǣċan)		dīcō "I say, utter; mention, talk"; digitus "finger, toe, digit"	díkē "custom, manner, fashion; law, order, right; judgement, justice"; δεῖγμᾰ "specimen, sample; pattern"	diśáti "(s/he) points out, shows;teaches, informs; orders, commands, bids"; deśá- "point, region, spot, part; province, country"
Шаблон:PIE "to own, obtain, come in possession of"; Шаблон:PIE "to possess, own"	own (< OE āgen); owe (< OE āgan); OE āga "owner"; ought, aught (< OE ǣht)				√īś, īṣṭe "(s/he) owns, possesses, is master of; rules"; īśá- "owning"; īśāná-, īśvara- "owner, master; ruler; epithets of the god Śiva"
Шаблон:PIE "to hold, overpower"	OE siġe "victory" < PGmc segaz (In personal names, e.g., Sigmund, Siegfried, etc.)	sigis "victory"; sigislaun "prize, spoils"	sevērus "severe, serious, strict, stern, stringent, austere, harsh, grave"	ékhō "I have, possess; hold, am able" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; ískhō "I hold back, restrain; stay; hold fast, maintain"; iskhū́s "strength, power, might"; héxis "possession, act of having; a certain state, condition" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; skhêma "form, shape, figure; appearance, show; bearing, look, air; stateliness, dignity; fashion, manner; character, persona; state, nature; species, kind; dance; sketch, outline, plan, scheme" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; okhurós "firm, lasting, stout"; skholḗ "leisure, free time; rest; philosophy; place where lectures are given" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag; Héktōr lit. "conqueror"; skhétlios "able to hold out, steadfast, unflinching"	sáhate "(s/he) overcomes, vanquishes, conquers, prevails; is able, capable; bears, endures"; sáhas "strength, power, force"; sā́ḍhṛШаблон:Efn "conqueror"				Gaul Sego- (in personal and tribal names) "victory"
Шаблон:PIE "to change status, ownership"; Шаблон:PIE "servant, worker, slave; orphan"	erf "heritage, inheritance" (< OE erfe);	Ger arbeit "work", Erbe heir	orbus "orphaned, parentless"	orphanós "orphan; childless; bereft"	árbha- "orphan; child; small"		OCS rabŭ "servant, slave" (< *ārbǔ); Czech orbota "hard work, slavery" > robot; Pol robić "to make, to do"
Шаблон:AnchorШаблон:PIE "to tear out, dig out, open, acquire" (See also *Hrewp-, *Hrewk-)			rudis "rough, raw, uncultivated; unrefined, unskilled" ⇒ Шаблон:NoteTag		róman "hair, body hair"		OCS runo "fleece"

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Dnghu. Proto-Indo-European Etymological Dictionary. (A revised edition of Julius Pokorny's Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, CCA-GNU)
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Delamarre, Xavier. Le Vocabulaire Indo-Européen. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. 1984. Шаблон:ISBN
• Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. Шаблон:ISBN.
• Kloekhorst, Alwin. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11996
• Matasovic, Ranko. Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 2009. Шаблон:ISBN
• Шаблон:Cite book

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin On numerals:

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book

On nature and the passage of time:

• Blažek, Václav. "Astronomická terminologie v indoevropských jazycích" [Astronomic terminology in Indo-European languages]. In: Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity. A, Řada jazykovědná = Linguistica Brunensia. 2005, vol. 54, iss. A53, pp. [31]-49. Шаблон:ISSN.
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal

On animals:

• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Huard, Athanaric. "On Tocharian B kents* and PIE *g̑hans- ‘goose’". In: wékwos: Revue d'études indo-européennes. Volume 5. Les Cent Chemins. 2019. Шаблон:ISBN.
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite news

On kinship and family:

• Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European *suHnu- 'son' and his relatives". In: Indogermanistik und Linguistik im Dialog. Akten der XIII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft von 21. bis 27. September 2008 in Salzburg, hrg. Thomas Krisch & Thomas Lindner. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2011. pp. 79–89. Шаблон:ISBN
• Cooper, Brian. "The Lexicology and Etymology of Russian Family Relationships". In: Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia Vol. 14. Issue 1. Kraków: 2009. pp. 153–176. Шаблон:ISBN
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal

On agriculture and produce:

• Blažek, Václav. "On Indo-European ‘barley’". In: Simmelkjaer Sandgaard Hansen, Bjarne; Nielsen Whitehead, Benedicte; Olander, Thomas; Olsen, Birgit Anette. Etymology and the European Lexicon. Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft (17-22 September 2012, Copenhagen). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2016. pp. 53–68. Шаблон:ISBN
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal

On colors:

• Шаблон:Cite journal

On verbs related to action and motion:

• Шаблон:Cite journal

On bodily functions:

• Шаблон:Cite journal [on PIE roots for sleep and dream]

External links

• Query Julius Pokorny's landmark Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch Шаблон:Dead link, the standard reference for Indo-European vocabulary. Complete coverage of cognates of each root (although Hittite and Tocharian coverage is spotty), highly accurate forms. Beware, roots are given in pre-laryngeal form and glosses are in German.
• American Heritage Indo-European Roots Index
• Database query to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary
• Index to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary
• Jonathan Slocum, Indo-European Lexicon from the University of Texas Linguistic Research Center
• IE-CoR (Indo-European Cognate Relationships)