Английская Википедия:Indonesians in Hong Kong

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox ethnic group Шаблон:Chinese

Шаблон:Ethnic Hong Kong sidebar Indonesians in Hong Kong, numbering 102,100,[1] form the second-largest ethnic minority group in the territory, behind Filipinos.[2] Most Indonesians coming to Hong Kong today are those who arrive under limited-term contracts for employment as foreign domestic helpers. The Hong Kong Immigration Department allows the Indonesian consulate to force Indonesian domestic helpers to use employment agencies.[3] Indonesian migrant workers in Hong Kong comprise 2.4% of all overseas Indonesian workers.[4] Among the Indonesian population is a group of Chinese Indonesians, many of them finding refuge in Hong Kong after the civil persecution of them.

Employment

Шаблон:Demographics and Culture of Hong Kong

Файл:Banner Victoria Park.jpg
Indonesians domestic helpers often gather in the area near Victoria Park on their days off.

In 2006, it was estimated that 102,100 Indonesians worked in Hong Kong,[1] of whom between 80 and 90% are estimated to be women.[5] This represents a growth of almost 250% from the 41,000 recorded six years earlier,[2] while during the same period, the number of domestic helpers from the Philippines declined. Some newspaper reports attributed this to the fact that Filipinas were "harder to manage",[6] and additionally to the better training of Indonesian domestic helpers. Employment agencies in Indonesia sending workers to Hong Kong typically provide at least three to six months of training in household work, including a basic course in Cantonese, whereas similar agencies in the Philippines provide only fourteen days of training. The Employment agencies in Indonesia also work together with agencies in Hong Kong to extract higher fees from Indonesians after they start working in Hong Kong. Part of this extra fee is the money that agencies pay to women in Indonesia to start the migration process.[7] The fees owed by the workers for training and housing are non-negotiable and usually figure as four to seven months of salary deduction (HK$21,000 or US$2,709).[8] Indonesian domestic helpers in Hong Kong are represented by two unions, the Indonesian Migrant Workers Union (IMWU) and Coalition of Indonesian Migrant Workers' Organisations (KOTKIHO, Koalisi Organisasi Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Hong Kong).[9]

According to organisations representing migrant workers, police intimidation of migrant workers is also a problem.[2] Underpayment of wages and employer abuse is also a problem; Indonesian workers are widely paid as little as HK$1800 to HK$2000 per month.[1][10] During the May 1998 riots in Jakarta, the Hong Kong government threatened to expel Indonesian labourers in Hong Kong in response to the Indonesian government's inaction on crimes committed against ethnic Chinese women; however, in the end, they did not act on this threat.[11]

Pre-migration experience

Pre-migration experience for inductees into the domestic labor migration system involves overcrowding, shortage of food and facilities, abuse, and exploitation because the minimum standard regulation of the training centers set by the Indonesian Labour Department are not enforced.[8] The camps in which the young women migrants are made to stay for the duration of their training also double as a system of incarceration. Following the period of training, the workers will spend up to a few years indefinitely detained until a job offer is made in order to prevent pregnancy and ensure that workers will be available when jobs are requested.[8]

The living conditions in the centers are very poor. Women are made to sleep on the floor packed tightly against each other, and only one bucket of water is afforded per person for bathing. There is little medical care for the health problems that result from these conditions, and physical and sexual abuse is a prevailing reality.[8] Even the trip from home to the migration center often involves being sexually abused by the training center recruiter.[8]

Remittances and savings

Indonesians in Hong Kong send remittances less frequently than Indonesians in Japan and Singapore, or Filipinos in Hong Kong;[12] they were also somewhat less likely than Filipinos to use a bank to send such remittances, instead relying on friends, remittance networks[13] such as Alipay or other informal networks such as hawala.[14] Contrary to the trend in Latin America, where remittances from relatives working in the United States are often used to meet daily expenses or for other consumption,[15] in one 2005 survey, more than half of Indonesian workers in Hong Kong reported that their families used their remittances to start businesses, each creating between one and five jobs.[5]

Religion

In 2009, there were 220,000 Muslims in Hong Kong, of which Indonesians formed an estimated 120,000.[16]

Within their communities, services are provided to Indonesian Muslims and other Muslims mainly by NGOs. Most of these NGOs have courses in Arabic and the Quran so that children and newly Muslim people can learn the religion practices and language they need. There are seven Islamic schools in Hong Kong, run mainly by Islamic NGOs, for example the Chinese Muslim Cultural and Fraternal Association.[17] Some of them have membership schemes and provide services like library, retails, etc.[18] Some of the people also gather in the Mosques during religious celebrations. If they seem to mainly interact within their own local communities, it is because their social values and moral standards are different from mainstream Hong Kong culture.[19]

Notable people

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Hong Kongers Шаблон:Indonesian diaspora

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Media Indonesia Online 30 November 2006
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 US Dept. of State 2000: Section 5
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Hugo 2000: 5
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Villalba 2005
  6. ↑ Pacific Business News 2004
  7. ↑ Palmer, Wayne. 2010. Costly inducements. In Inside Indonesia 100. Шаблон:Webarchive
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ IMWU 15 May 2005
  10. ↑ ATKI Primer on Illegal Salary Deductions to Indonesian Migrant Workers (IMWs) In Hong Kong Шаблон:Webarchive
  11. ↑ HRW 1998: Introduction
  12. ↑ Orozco 2005: 15
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Orozco 2005: 24
  15. ↑ Wall Street Journal 1 November 2006
  16. ↑ http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2009/en/pdf/C18.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
  17. ↑ 香港穆斯林辦學一覽表http://www.islam.org.hk/?action-viewnews-itemid-5046
  18. ↑ Islamic Union of Hong Kong-http://www.iuhk.org/
  19. ↑ 沈旭輝, 為伊斯蘭作嚮導-http://www.books4you.com.hk/
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Indonesians_in_Hong_Kong&oldid=15406311