Английская Википедия:Indoor skiing
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Cleanup bare URLs Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Indoor skiing is done in a climate-controlled environment with artificially produced snow. This enables skiing and snowboarding to take place regardless of outdoor temperatures. Facilities for both alpine skiing and nordic skiing are available.
History
Since the early 20th century, there have been four major stages in the evolution of indoor snow centres.
Firstly, centres that had no refrigeration and used an artificial mixture of materials to create a surface substance something like snow, the first of these opened in Austria and Germany in the 1920s. The first recorded indoor “snow” slope was created at Berlin’s Automobilhalle in April 1927[1] gaining worldwide attention. According to contemporary reports a wooden slope was created about 720 feet long and sixty feet wide.[2]
The "snow" substitute used was invented and later patented[3] by a British diplomat, L. C. Ayscough, and involved a mixture of powdered mica, soda crystals and sawdust spread on a brush matting surface. The Berlin government were concerned about health risks from the mixture and commissioned the then head of its Municipal Health Bureau, Dr. Wilhelm von Drigalkski, to check it was safe for public use. He confirmed that it was and an order for 200 tons of the material to be delivered by train was placed.Шаблон:Citation needed
The slope was initially popular and a company was founded to build more slopes in Dresden, Munich, and Frankfurt. It is not known if these were ever created.Шаблон:Citation needed
A second indoor centre using "Ayscough snow", planned to be a more permanent facility, opened in Austria in November 1927. Known as Schneepalast (German: Snow Palace), it was opened in the Austrian capital Vienna in the abandoned Vienna Northwest Railway Station established by the Norwegian ski jumper Dagfinn Carlsen.[4][5] The track in the Шаблон:Convert ski area was built on a wooden ramp. A ski jump made it possible to jump up to Шаблон:Convert. Skiers had to walk up the artificial mountain, because there was no ski lift.[6] However, sledges could be pulled up with an electrically-operated system. The artificial snow had been made by the English experimenter James Ayscough from soda.Шаблон:Clarify
After the initial excitement enthusiasm for "Ayscough snow" rapidly waned however as users decided it was not particularly slippery and the initial whiteness rapidly discoloured. The Vienna facility closed in May 1928.[7]
The second attempt at indoor snow centres came three decades later with the first centre that used real snow or crushed ice which was transported inside to a slope covered by a roof and open to urban skiers during cold months of the year in the city of Sayama, Japan.[7] This centre opened in 1959 and continues to operate, although now with on-site snowmaking rather than bringing in snow by lorry.
Thirdly came the first generation of refrigerated indoor centres which used either a chemical mixture to simulate snow or scraped ice. The first three of these opened in 1988, each claiming to be the first in the world. These were Mt Thebarton in Adelaide, Australia, Casablanca in Belgium,[8] and Ski in Tsudanuma in Japan.[9]
The fourth and current stage of indoor snow centre development came when centres which used ‘real snow’, made by snow-making machines, with no chemical additives, began to appear. These are now the norm for most of the 140 centres that have been built since the first, which was The Snowdome at Tamworth in the UK which opened in May 1994.[10]
Present Day
Since the first indoor snow centre was built in Berlin in 1926, 149 indoor snow centres have been operated, most of them since 1990. 113 are currently operational in 35 countries on 6 continents.[11]
Most offer skiing and snowboarding but some, primarily in sub-tropical areas in southeast Asia that do not normally see natural snowfall, exist as snow experience centres offering activities like sledging, snowman building and snowball fights.[12]
The number of centres being built continues to grow and 2019 saw more indoor snow centres open worldwide than any other year. Analysis of the last three decades of indoor snow centre construction saw 2010-19 had the most indoor snow centres built (60), up from 43 between 2000 and 2009 and 34 built in the 1990s.[11]
Asia (especially China) saw the most-new indoor snow centres built since 2010, as it did in the 1990s (back then most were built in Japan). Between those two decades Europe built the most facilities in the first decade of this century. The past decade saw the first indoor snow centres open in Africa (Egypt), North America (USA) and South America (Brazil).[11]
Three of the five-biggest indoor snow centres in the world, including two with 50,000sqm+ (500,000+ square feet) indoor snow space, opened in a 12 month period from March 2019 to March 2020.[11]
Many of the indoor snow centres built in recent years are in China which has 34 centres, almost five times more than the next closest country (The Netherlands, with seven). China’s SUNAC group has become the world’s largest operator of indoor snow centres, operating seven centres, including the world’s three largest. Two more are under construction, most of these opened in 2019-20.[11]
List of Alpine ski halls by country
- Mt Thebarton Snow and Ice, Adelaide. Operated 1987 - 2005. Built in a state without any ski resorts, it was probably the world's first indoor ski slope on artificial snow.[13]
- Swiss Pavilion at World Expo 88, Brisbane. Two lifts operated for six months. Included a ski slope on artificial snow serviced by a handle tow and a double chairlift operating on a rectangular route.[14][15]
- Harbin Wanda Indoor Ski and Winter Sports Resort located in Harbin, Heilongjiang, world's largest indoor ski resort with Шаблон:Cvt of indoor snow.[16]
- Yinqixing indoor skiing, Shanghai
- Sunac Snow Park, Guangzhou
- Sunac Snow Park, Wuxi
- Sunac Snow Park, Kunming
- Sunac Snow Park, Chengdu
- Sunac Snow Park, Chongqing
- SnowWorld Amnéville, SnowHall Amnéville, France
- alpinCenter Bottrop in the SnowFunPark in Wittenburg with a Шаблон:Convert slope and a 31 percent grade.
- SnowDome Bispingen, Bispingen.
- Alpenpark Neuss (SnowWorld), 300m slope.
- Trans Snow World in Bekasi, first of a series of snow parks that are opening across Indonesia, which includes also a ski slope and ski lifts. It is possible to ski and learn skiing by Ski Club Indonesia, first Ski operator and association in Indonesia
- Sayama ski resort, Tokorozawa
- SnowWorld, Landgraaf with a total of Шаблон:Convert of snow. In 2003, the first indoor snowboard FIS WorldCup contest was held here.
- SnowWorld, Zoetermeer
- SnowWorld, Rucphen
- SnowWorld, Terneuzen
- De Uithof, The Hague
- SnowWorld, Amsterdam
- Montana Snowcenter, Westerhoven
- SNØ, Lørenskog with a total of Шаблон:Convert. Has a Шаблон:Convert alpine ski track and a Шаблон:Convert cross-country skiing track suspended from the roof. One-of-a-kind combination of these winter sports.Шаблон:Citation needed Opened January 2020. https://snooslo.no
- Snejcom, Moscow. http://www.snej.com
- SnowZone, in Madrid, has Шаблон:Convert of snow areas, including a Шаблон:Convert slope (over 25% grade), a Шаблон:Convert slope, chairlifts, and other winter sports facilities.[17]
- Ski Dubai, Mall of the Emirates, Dubai. A 22,500 sq. meter area covered with real snow throughout the year. The temperature is maintained at -1 to -2 degree with capacity of 1,500 visitors.
- Ski Egypt, Mall of Egypt, 6th of October. It has the only indoor ski slope in Africa with the main slope being Шаблон:Convert long.
- Chill Factore, Шаблон:Convert outside Manchester,[18] with a Шаблон:Convert main slope.
- Snowzone Castleford, near Leeds with a Шаблон:Convert main slope.[19]
- Xscape Milton Keynes, in Central Milton Keynes with a Шаблон:Convert main slope.[20]
- Snowdome at Tamworth, near Birmingham with a Шаблон:Convert slope and two smaller beginner areas Шаблон:Convert long.[21]
- Snow Centre at Hemel Hempstead[22]
- Snow Factor at Braehead Soar[23] (permanently closed)
- Big SNOW American Dream, American Dream Meadowlands, (Meadowlands Sports Complex), East Rutherford, New Jersey (Opened on 5 December 2019)[24]
Nordic ski tunnels (Cross-country skiing )
| Location | Name | Length | Opened |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Flagicon Sotkamo | DNA Ski Tunnel | 1,200 m (3,937 ft) | 1997 |
| Шаблон:Flagicon Jämijärvi | Jämi Ski Tunnel | 1,250 m (4,101 ft) | 2002 |
| Шаблон:Flagicon Uusikaupunki | Vahterus Ring and Vahterus Ring II | 1,000 m (3,281 ft) | Nov 2005 |
| Шаблон:Flagicon Paimio | Ski Tunnel Paippi and Ski Tunnel Paippi II | 700 m (2,297 ft) | before 2006 |
| Шаблон:Flagicon Leppävirta | Vesileppis Ski Arena | before 2006 | |
| Шаблон:Flagicon Torsby | Fortum Ski Tunnel Torsby | 1,287 m (4,222 ft) | 16 Jun 2006 |
| Шаблон:Flagicon Oberhof | DKB Skisport-Halle Oberhof | 1,754 m (5,755 ft) | 24 Aug 2009 |
| Шаблон:Flagicon Helsinki | Kivikko ski hall | 1,100 m (3,609 ft) | 1 Sep 2009 |
| Шаблон:Flagicon Gothenburg | Skidome | 1,200 m | 9 July 2015 |
| Шаблон:Flagicon Planica | Planica Underground XC tunnel | 800 m | 2016 |
| Шаблон:Flagicon Gällö | Midsweden 365 | 1,400 m | 23 Sep 2017 |
| Шаблон:Flagicon Jilin | Beishan Indoor Ski Resort | 1,308 m | 2019 |
References
External links
- ↑ https://www.flaneurin.at/kunstschnee-anno-schnee/ Kunstschnee anno Schnee
- ↑ Berlin Schneepalast, Ski Jumping Hill Archive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite patent
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Australian Ski Lift Directory, section 18. Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Australian Ski Lift Directory notes on Expo '88 lifts
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
