Английская Википедия:Industrie und Glück
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title
Шаблон:Lang (Early Modern German for "Diligence and Fortune"Шаблон:Efn) is a pattern of French suited playing cards used to play tarock. The name originates from an inscription found on the second trump card. This deck was developed during the nineteenth century in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[1] The earliest known examples were made in Vienna in 1815. After the collapse of the empire in World War I, it remained the most widely used tarot deck in Central Europe and can be found throughout the former parts of the empire.[2]
Composition
In the Шаблон:Lang deck, each suit contains four face cards; the Jack, Cavalier, Queen, and King. The 5s through 10s in red suits and the 1s through 6s in the black suits are removed and 22 trumps are added for a total of 54 cards.[3] In Central European tarock games, the order of the black suits from highest to lowest goes from K, Q, C, J, 10, 9, 8, 7 but the red suits goes from K, Q, C, J, 1, 2, 3, 4. The Sküs (The Fool), named after the French Excuse, is considered the 22nd and highest trump and no longer has its excusing power despite its name.[4] The lowest trump is called the pagat after its Italian equivalent, il bagatto. Unlike the Italian tarocco decks which depict Renaissance allegorical motifs or even the French Tarot Nouveau which added modern themes, all Шаблон:Lang trumps illustrate genre scenes of rural life with no themes. All trumps except the unnumbered Excuse use Roman numerals unlike the Tarot Nouveau or Cego decks. The pip cards and face cards lack corner indices.
Around seven versions of this deck were once made, but only two have survived as standard packs. The older of the two surviving versions – designated by the IPCS as Type B – was established by 1865 and is still found today, primarily in the southern half of the former empire (Hungary, Croatia, Vojvodina, and Trieste) and the other later pattern – designated as Type C – in the northern half (Austria, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Romania). The southern version appeared around 1890 and can also be found where the northern version is sold but is not as widespread. Both share many pictures in the trump suit but some are arranged differently.[5] In the northern version, the 21st trump is nicknamed the Mond (moon) because it features a crescent moon. This was a result of a mistranslation of the French name monde for The World tarot card. The southern version, which is now manufactured only by Modiano and Piatnik, usually lacks the moon. The Czechs use the northern version but since receiving their independence at end of the First World War, the second trump has lacked the Шаблон:Lang inscription.[6]
A 78-card version by Piatnik was once made to play Grosstarock (No. 1938); it was also adapted for the Austrian game of Droggn, although players used only 66 cards from the pack.[7] There was also a mysterious 73-card version from the 1930s, also by Piatnik, which was composed like the 54-card deck but with 19 more trumps.[8][9][10][11] It is believed to have been used for a lost version of Minchiate.
Reprints of another early pattern, classified by the IPCS as the Type A Шаблон:Lang pattern, are occasionally produced as limited editions. Like the Type B southern pattern, Type A was established by 1865 but had largely died out by the time of the First World War.[12] Between 1910 and 1935, however, Piatnik produced a pack of cards using the Type A pattern, smaller in dimensions than the regular pack (52 x 97 mm as opposed to 63 x 113mm),Шаблон:Efn ostensibly more suited for the smaller hands of women players and known as Allerfeinste Damen Tarock or "Ladies Tarock". A facsimile was produced by Piatnik in 2019.[13]
Other uses of imagery
Though Шаблон:Lang packs were not designed for cartomancy, their imagery was incorporated into Argentine fortune telling decks produced in the mid-20th century and misleadingly presented as an ancient gypsy oracle.[14]
Footnotes
References
Шаблон:Tarot and Tarock card games Шаблон:Playing card decks
- ↑ Austrian Tarock Type A at the International Playing-Card Society. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ↑ Pollett, Andrea. Regional Tarock at Andy's Playing Cards. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ↑ Industrie und Gluck at Alta Carta. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ↑ McLeod, John. Tarot games at Pagat.com. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ↑ Austrian Tarock Type B at the International Playing-Card Society. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ↑ Austrian Tarock Type C at the International Playing-Card Society. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ↑ McLeod, John. Droggn at Pagat.com. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Fara, Rudolf and Salles, Maurice (2006) An interview with Michael Dummett: from analytical philosophy to voting analysis and beyond. Social Choice and Welfare, 27 (2). pp. 347-364. ISSN 1432-217X
- ↑ Unsolved Problems in Playing-Card Research at the International Playing-Card Society. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ↑ Pattern Sheet 14 at i-p-c-s.org. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ↑ Information card from the 2019 facsimile of the Piatnik Damen Tarock pack.
- ↑ Wintle, Adam. Cartas Gitanas at the World of Playing Cards. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
