Английская Википедия:Inflected preposition
Шаблон:More citations needed In linguistics, an inflected preposition is a type of word that occurs in some languages, that corresponds to the combination of a preposition and a personal pronoun. For instance, the Welsh word Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA) is an inflected form of the preposition i meaning "to/for him"; it would not be grammatically correct to say *Шаблон:Lang.
Terminology and analysis
There are many different names for inflected prepositions, including conjugated preposition, pronominal preposition, prepositional pronoun, and suffixed pronoun.[1] (But note that the term prepositional pronoun also has a different sense, for which see Prepositional pronoun.)
Historically, inflected prepositions can develop from the contraction of a preposition with a personal pronoun; however, they are commonly reanalysed as inflected words by native speakers and by traditional grammar.
Language change over time can obscure the similarity between the conjugated preposition and the preposition-pronoun combination. For example, in Scottish Gaelic "with" is Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA and "him" is Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, but "with him" is Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.
Distribution
Insular Celtic
All Insular Celtic languages have inflected prepositions; these languages include Scottish Gaelic, Irish, Manx, Welsh, Cornish and Breton.
Scottish Gaelic
The following table shows the inflected forms of the preposition Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss. These forms are a combination of preposition and pronoun, and are obligatory; that is, the separate preposition plus pronoun Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss is ungrammatical. Also no separate pronoun may also be given after these combined forms. (So Шаблон:Lang is ungrammatical.)
Singular Plural 1st Person Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang 2nd Person Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang 3rd Person Masculine Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Feminine Шаблон:Lang
Welsh
The following table shows the colloquial inflected forms of the preposition Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss. The optional pronouns that follow the inflected forms are given in parentheses.
Singular Plural 1st Person Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang 2nd Person Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang 3rd Person Masculine Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Feminine Шаблон:Lang
The sentence Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss required the inflected form of Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang is not grammatically correct.
The following table gives the inflected colloquial forms of the preposition Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss. The optional pronouns that follow the inflected forms are given in parentheses.
Singular Plural 1st Person Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang 2nd Person Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang 3rd Person Masculine Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Feminine Шаблон:Lang
Semitic
Inflected prepositions are found in many Semitic languages, including Hebrew,[2] Arabic, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and Amharic.
For example, the Arabic preposition Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA) Шаблон:Gloss inflects as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA) Шаблон:Gloss, Шаблон:Lang) (Шаблон:IPA) Шаблон:Gloss, Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA) Шаблон:Gloss, etc.
Iranic languages
Some Iranic languages, including Persian, have developed inflected prepositions. For example, Persian Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Gloss becomes Шаблон:Transl; Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Gloss becomes Шаблон:Transl. These forms are non-obligatory and are used especially in the colloquial register, though some of them are also possible in the standard language. As the two examples show, they are not mere contractions but a system of inflectional endings attached to the preposition.
Other languages
Languages that do not have full paradigms of inflected prepositions may nonetheless allow contraction of prepositions and pronouns to a more limited extent.
In formal registers of Polish, a handful of common prepositions allow amalgamated forms with third-person pronouns: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss → Шаблон:Lang.[3] However, these contracted forms are very archaic and rarely heard in daily speech.
In many Iberian Romance languages, such as Spanish and Portuguese, the preposition Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss has special forms incorporating certain pronouns (depending on the language). For example, in Spanish and Asturian Шаблон:Lang means Шаблон:Gloss. Historically, this developed from the Latin use of Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss after a pronoun, as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss.
Inflected postpositions
As languages can make use of postpositions rather than prepositions, so do some languages have inflected postpositions. Bororo, an indigenous language of Brazil, uses postpositions in all contexts: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss. When these modify a pronoun rather than a full noun, the phrase contracts into an inflected postposition[4] (and therefore looks like a pronominal prefix, rather than a suffix as in the examples above: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss).
See also
- Breton language: Grammar
- Arabic grammar
- Hebrew grammar
- Irish morphology
- Portuguese personal pronouns
- Scottish Gaelic grammar
- Welsh morphology
- Hungarian noun phrases#Postpositions with personal suffixes
References
External links
- Examples of Irish prepositional pronouns
- Explanation of Scottish prepositional pronouns
- Prepositions with suffixes in Biblical Hebrew
- Prepositions with pronominal suffixes in Biblical Hebrew
