Английская Википедия:Ingrian dialects

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Hatnote Шаблон:Infobox dialect Ingrian dialects (Шаблон:Lang-fi) are the Finnish dialects spoken by Ingrian Finns around Ingria in Russia. Today, the Ingrian dialects are still spoken in Russia, Finland and Sweden. In 2010 there were only 20 300 Ingrian Finns left in Russia. The Ingrian dialects are gradually dying out, as primarily elderly people speak them anymore, and unlike Standard Finnish, the dialects are not taught in schools.

History

After Sweden annexed Ingria in 1617, many people moved to Ingria from Finland, at the time part of Sweden. After Russia annexed it again around 1700, many Russians moved in. However the Finnish language stayed because of the Lutheran church; the difference of religion made mixed marriages rare.

In 1900 the situation changed a lot. At first, minority languages were supported; however, around 1930 Finnish was banned and the Ingrian Finns were deported (Deportation of the Ingrian Finns, Genocide of the Ingrian Finns). Because of this, language communities broke and Russian influence became larger.

Grammar

The dialects' personal pronouns differ significantly from the standard language. Follows a comparison with the Karelian language and Standard Finnish:

Ingrian Finnish

	Singular	Plural
First Person	mie	myö
Second Person	sie	työ
Third Person	hiä	hyö

Karelian

	Singular	Plural
First Person	mie	myö
Second Person	sie	työ
Third Person	hiän	hyö

Standard Finnish

	Singular	Plural
First Person	minä	me
Second Person	sinä	te
Third Person	hän	he

Phonology

Шаблон:Also The phonology of Ingrian Finnish is very much alike that of the neighbouring Ingrian and Votic languages.

One process present in the dialects is the deletion of final front vowels and their replacement by palatisation, much like in Ala-Laukaa Ingrian and Votic:

äitj (Шаблон:IPA, "mother") for Standard Finnish äiti (Шаблон:IPA)

vesj (Шаблон:IPA, "water") for Standard Finnish vesi (Шаблон:IPA)

mäkj (Шаблон:IPA, "hill") for Standard Finnish mäki (Шаблон:IPA)

kylj (Шаблон:IPA, "village") for Standard Finnish kylä (Шаблон:IPA)

Another is the diphthongisation of historically long vowels in initial syllables, much like in the Karelian language:

piä (Шаблон:IPA, "head") for Standard Finnish pää (Шаблон:IPA)

kualj (Шаблон:IPA, "cabbage") for Standard Finnish kaali (Шаблон:IPA)

Like in the Ingrian language, Standard Finnish morphological -d- is often replaced by -v-, -vv- and -ij-:

sovan (Шаблон:IPA, "war", gen) for Standard Finnish sodan (Шаблон:IPA

pöyvvän (Шаблон:IPA, "table", gen) for Standard Finnish pöydän (Шаблон:IPA)

Finally, a shift of the diphthongs Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA (Шаблон:IPA in front-vocalic stems), Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively is present:

piänj (Шаблон:IPA, "small") for the Standard Finnish pieni (Шаблон:IPA).

Vocabulary

Historically, multiple Swedish loanwords have appeared in Ingrian Finnish. Furthermore, the dialects have borrowed extensively from the neighbouring Finnic languages. In more recent years, it has also borrowed extensively from the Russian language:

latjjat (Шаблон:IPA, "dress") from Russian платье (plat'je)

liäppä (Шаблон:IPA, "hat") from Russian шляпа (šljapa)

Example

Follows a sample text in Ingrian Finnish:

Ingrian Finnish	IPA	UPA	Standard Finnish	Translation
Oli yks mies elläi Mäni metsää hulkkumaa Ja öksy Ja siis jäi yöks makkaamaa Teki puun alla tulen Ja kävi makkaamaa.	Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:UPA Шаблон:UPA Шаблон:UPA Шаблон:UPA Шаблон:UPA Шаблон:UPA	Oli (yksi) mies eli Meni metsään hölskymään Ja eksyi Ja siinä jäi yöksi nukkumaan Teki puun alla tulen Ja kävi nukkumaan.	There lived a man He drifted into the forest And got lost And there he stayed to sleep for the night He made a fire under a tree And went to sleep.

See also

• Ingrian Finns
• Шаблон:Anli
• South Karelian dialects
• Savonian dialects