Английская Википедия:Ingrian phonology
Ingrian is a nearly extinct Finnic language of Russia. The spoken language remains unstandardised, and as such statements below are about the four known dialects of Ingrian (Ala-Laukaa, Hevaha, Soikkola and Ylä-Laukaa) and in particular the two extant dialects (Ala-Laukaa and Soikkola).
The written forms are, if possible, based on the written language (referred to as kirjakeeli, "book language") introduced by the Ingrian linguist Шаблон:Ill in the late 1930s. Following 1937's mass repressions in the Soviet Union, the written language was abolished and ever since, Ingrian does not have a (standardised) written language.
Vowels
Шаблон:IPA notice The following chart shows the monophthongs present in the Ingrian language:
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| Close | i Шаблон:IPAlink | y Шаблон:IPAlink | (ь Шаблон:IPAlink) | u Шаблон:IPAlink |
| Mid | e Шаблон:IPAlink | ö Шаблон:IPAlink | o Шаблон:IPAlink | |
| Open | ä Шаблон:IPAlink | a Шаблон:IPAlink | ||
- The vowel Шаблон:IPA is only present in the stressed syllable of some Russian loanwords, like rьbakka ("fisher"); this vowel has been replaced by Шаблон:IPA in some dialects.[1]
All vowels can occur as both short (Шаблон:IPA) and long (Шаблон:IPA). The long vowel Шаблон:IPA is extremely rare, occurring in borrowed words like rььžoi ("red-haired"). The vowels Шаблон:IPA are often realised as either diphthongs (Шаблон:IPA) or diphthongoids (Шаблон:IPA) and in some dialects even as Шаблон:IPA.[1]
Diphthongs
Besides the diphthongs that arise due to diphthongisation of the long mid vowels (Шаблон:IPA), Ingrian has a wide range of phonemic diphthongs, present in both dialects:
| -i | -u | -i | -y | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a- | ai Шаблон:IPA | au Шаблон:IPA | ä- | äi Шаблон:IPA | äy Шаблон:IPA |
| i- | – | iu Шаблон:IPA | |||
| e- | ei Шаблон:IPA | eu Шаблон:IPA | |||
| o- | oi Шаблон:IPA | ou Шаблон:IPA | ö- | öi Шаблон:IPA | öy Шаблон:IPA |
| u- | ui Шаблон:IPA | – | y- | yi Шаблон:IPA | – |
Ingrian has only one falling phonemic diphthong, iä (Шаблон:IPA), which is only present in the personal pronouns miä ("I") and siä ("you", singular).
Vowel reduction
Vowel reduction is a very common feature of the Ala-Laukaa dialect, and is to a very restricted extent also present in Soikkola. The term refers to the process of acoustically weakening the unstressed vowels.
In Soikkola, vowel reduction is restricted to the vowels a and ä; These vowels are sometimes reduced to Шаблон:IPA, but mostly in quick speech, making it a purely phonetic feature:[1]
- linna Шаблон:IPA ("city")
- ilma Шаблон:IPA ("weather")
In Ala-Laukaa, this process is much more common. In open final syllables, the vowels Шаблон:IPA are reduced to Шаблон:IPA, the other vowels (Шаблон:IPA) are simply shortened (Шаблон:IPA). The process of reducing vowels is contrastive in Ala-Laukaa:[4]
- linna Шаблон:IPA ("city", Шаблон:Gcl) linnaa Шаблон:IPA ("city", Шаблон:Gcl)
In a closed final syllable, the reduction of the vowel Шаблон:IPA is much more uncommon, and occurs primarily in polysyllabic words. In words with three syllables and a long third syllable (in the form CVV), the penultimate syllable will reduce in the same way as described above. In three-syllable words with a short final syllable (in the form (C)CV), however, any short vowel in the second syllable will be reduced to Шаблон:IPA. In polysyllabic words, reduction of the even syllables doesn't occur after short syllables.
The reduced vowels in Ala-Laukaa Ingrian can further experience deletion:[1]
- istuisi ("he/she sat down") Шаблон:IPA
Vowel harmony
Ingrian, just like its closest relatives Finnish and Karelian, has the concept of vowel harmony. The principle of this morphophonetic phenomenon is that vowels in a word consisting of one root are all either front or back. As such, no native words can have any of the vowels {a, o, u} together with any of the vowels {ä, ö, y}.[2][5]
To harmonise formed words, any suffix containing one of these six vowels have two separate forms: a front vowel form and a back vowel form. Compare the following two words, formed using the suffix -kas: liivakas ("sandy") from liiva ("sand") and iäkäs ("elderly") from ikä ("age").[2][5]
The vowels {e, i} are considered neutral and can co-occur with both types of vowels. However, stems with these vowels are always front vowel harmonic: kivekäs ("rocky") from kivi ("rock").[2]
Compound words don't have to abide by the rules of vowel harmony, since they consist of two stems: rantakivi ("coastal stone") from ranta ("coast") + kivi ("stone").[2]
Consonants
The consonantal phonology of Ingrian varies greatly among dialects. For example, while Soikkola Ingrian misses the voiced-unvoiced distinction, it has a three-way consonant length distinction, missing in the Ala-Laukaa dialect.[1]
Soikkola dialect
| Labial | Dental | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p, b Шаблон:IPA link | t, d Шаблон:IPA link | k, g Шаблон:IPA link | ||
| Nasal | m Шаблон:IPA link | n Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | ||
| Fricative | f Шаблон:IPA link | s, z Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | h Шаблон:IPA link | |
| Lateral | l Шаблон:IPA link | ||||
| Trill | r Шаблон:IPA link | ||||
| Affricate | ts Шаблон:IPA link | c Шаблон:IPA link | |||
| Approximant | v Шаблон:IPA link | j Шаблон:IPA link |
- The velar nasal Шаблон:IPA is a form of Шаблон:IPA occurring before the plosive Шаблон:IPA (written ⟨nk⟩).
- The velar fricative Шаблон:IPA is a (half-)long version of Шаблон:IPA (written ⟨hh⟩).
- Common realisations of Шаблон:IPA are Шаблон:IPA (in most subdialects) and Шаблон:IPA (in some subdialects).[6]
- Шаблон:IPA is most commonly realised as the palatalised Шаблон:IPA
- Шаблон:IPA may be realised as the consonant cluster Шаблон:IPA.
Consonant length
Шаблон:Also In the Soikkola dialect, consonants have a three-way distinction in length. Geminates can be either short (1.5 times the length of a short consonant) or long (twice the length of a short consonant):[4]
- tapa Шаблон:IPA ("manner" Шаблон:Gcl)
- tappaa Шаблон:IPA ("he/she catches" also: "manner" Шаблон:Gcl)
- tappaa Шаблон:IPA ("to kill")
A similar phenomenon can be observed in the related Estonian language.
A word with the underlying structure *(C)VCVCV(C) is geminated to (C)VCˑVːCV(C) in the Soikkola dialect:
- omena Шаблон:IPA ("apple" Шаблон:Gcl; respelled ommeena)
- omenan Шаблон:IPA ("apple" Шаблон:Gcl; respelled ommeenan)
- orava Шаблон:IPA ("squirrel" Шаблон:Gcl; respelled orraava)
This rule however does not apply to forms that are underlyingly tetrasyllabic:
- omenaal (< *omenalla) Шаблон:IPA ("apple" Шаблон:Gcl)
- omenaks (< *omenaksi) Шаблон:IPA ("apple" Шаблон:Gcl)
Consonant voicing
The Soikkola dialect also exhibits a phonetic three-way voicing distinction for plosives and the sibilant:
- Intervocalically, short (ungeminated) consonants, when followed by a short vowel, are generally realised as semi-voiced, so Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA for Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively:[4][7]
- poika Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
- poikaa Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
- When preceding a hiatus, word-final consonants are also semi-voiced. When not, voicing assimilation occurs, resulting in voiced consonants (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA) before voiced consonants and vowels, and voiceless consonants (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA) before voiceless consonants:[4][7]
- pojat Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
- pojat nooret Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
- pojat suuret Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
- pojat ovat Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
- Word-initially, plosives and sibilants are generally voiceless. Some speakers, however, may pronounce Russian loanwords, deriving from Russian words with a word-initial voiced plosive, with a voiced initial consonant:[4]
- bocka Шаблон:IPA ~ Шаблон:IPA; compare also pocka Шаблон:IPA
Nasal assimilation
A word-final dental nasal (Шаблон:IPA) assimilates to the following stop and nasal:[7]
- meehen poika Шаблон:IPA
- meehen koira Шаблон:IPA
- kanan muna Шаблон:IPA
Some speakers also assimilate word-final Шаблон:IPA to a following liquid, glottal fricative or bilabial approximant:[7]
- meehen laps Шаблон:IPA
- joen ranta Шаблон:IPA
- miul on vene Шаблон:IPA
- varis on harmaa Шаблон:IPA
Ala-Laukaa dialect
| Labial | Dental | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p Шаблон:IPA link | b Шаблон:IPA link | t Шаблон:IPA link | d Шаблон:IPA link | k Шаблон:IPA link | g Шаблон:IPA link | |||
| Nasal | m Шаблон:IPA link | n Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | ||||||
| Fricative | f Шаблон:IPA link | s Шаблон:IPA link | z Шаблон:IPA link | š Шаблон:IPA link | ž Шаблон:IPA link | h Шаблон:IPA link | |||
| Lateral | l Шаблон:IPA link | ||||||||
| Trill | r Шаблон:IPA link | ||||||||
| Affricate | ts Шаблон:IPA link | c Шаблон:IPA link | |||||||
| Approximant | v Шаблон:IPA link | j Шаблон:IPA link | |||||||
- The velar nasal Шаблон:IPA only appears before the plosive Шаблон:IPA (written ⟨nk⟩) or Шаблон:IPA (written ⟨ng⟩)
- Шаблон:IPA may be realised as the consonant cluster Шаблон:IPA.
- Шаблон:IPA sometimes corresponds to Soikkola Шаблон:IPA and is thus written ⟨c⟩: compare mancikka (Soikkola Шаблон:IPA, Ala-Laukaa Шаблон:IPA).
Palatalisation
In the Ala-Laukaa dialect, phonetic palatalisation of consonants in native words occurs first of all before the vowels {y, i} and the approximant Шаблон:IPA:[1]
- tyttö Шаблон:IPA ("girl"); compare Soikkola Шаблон:IPA and Standard Finnish Шаблон:IPA.
The palatalised Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA may both be realised as Шаблон:IPA by some speakers. Furthermore, palatalisation before Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA that have developed from an earlier *Шаблон:IPA or *Шаблон:IPA respectively is rare:
- töö Шаблон:IPA ("you (plural)")
The cluster ⟨lj⟩ is realised as a long palatalised consonant in the Ala-Laukaa dialect:[7]
- neljä Шаблон:IPA ("four"); compare Soikkola Шаблон:IPA
- paljo Шаблон:IPA ("many"); compare Soikkola Шаблон:IPA
- kiljua Шаблон:IPA ("to shout"); compare Standard Finnish Шаблон:IPA
These same phenomena are noticed in the extinct Ylä-Laukaa dialect:[7]
- tyttö Шаблон:IPA ("girl")
- neljä Шаблон:IPA ("four")
Sibilant voicing
At the end of a word, the sibilant ⟨s⟩ is voiced:
- lammas Шаблон:IPA ("sheep")
- mees Шаблон:IPA ("man")
Like in the Soikkola dialect, when preceding a word beginning with a voiceless stop, this sibilant is again devoiced:
- lammas pellool Шаблон:IPA
- mees kyläs Шаблон:IPA
Prosody
Stress
Stress in Ingrian falls on the first syllable in native words, but may be shifted in loanwords. An exception is the word paraikaa (Шаблон:IPA, "now"), where the stress falls on the second syllable. Secondary stress falls on odd-numbered syllables or occurs as a result of compounding and isn't phonemic.[1][5]
References
