Английская Википедия:Ingush language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language Ingush (Шаблон:IPAc-en; Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Transliteration, pronounced Шаблон:IPA) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 500,000 people, known as the Ingush, across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia and Chechnya.
Classification
Ingush and Chechen, together with Bats, constitute the Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen.[1]
Geographic distribution
Ingush is spoken by about 353,000 people (2020),[2] primarily across a region in the Caucasus covering parts of Russia, primarily Ingushetia and Chechnya. Speakers can also be found in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Belgium, Norway, Turkey and Jordan.Шаблон:Citation needed
Official status
Ingush is, alongside Russian, an official language of Ingushetia, a federal subject of Russia.
Writing system
It is possible that during the period of 8–12th century, when the Temples like Tkhaba-Yerdy emerged in Ingushetia, a writing system based off a Georgian script emerged. This is attested by the fact that a non-Georgian name, 'Enola', was found written on the arc of Tkhaba-Yerdy.Шаблон:Sfn Furthermore, Georgian text was found on archaeological items in Ingushetia that could not be deciphered.Шаблон:Sfn
Ingush became a written language with an Arabic-based writing system at the beginning of the 20th century. After the October Revolution it first used a Latin alphabet, which was later replaced by Cyrillic.
| А а | Аь аь | Б б | В в | Г г | Гӏ гӏ | Д д | Е е |
| Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Кх кх | Къ къ |
| Кӏ кӏ | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Пӏ пӏ | Р р |
| С с | Т т | Тӏ тӏ | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Хь хь | Хӏ хӏ |
| Ц ц | Цӏ цӏ | Ч ч | Чӏ чӏ | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
| Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | Яь яь | Ӏ ӏ |
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | и/i Шаблон:IPAblink | varies Шаблон:IPAblink | у/u Шаблон:IPAblink |
| Mid | э/e Шаблон:IPAblink | varies Шаблон:IPAblink | о/o Шаблон:IPAblink |
| Low | аь/ea Шаблон:IPAblink | а/a Шаблон:IPAblink |
The diphthongs are иэ /ie/, уо /uo/, оа Шаблон:IPA, ий /ij/, эи /ei/, ои /oi/, уи /ui/, ов /ow/, ув /uw/.
Consonants
The consonants of Ingush are as follows,[3] including the Latin orthography developed by Johanna Nichols:[4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Epiglottal | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | palatalized | plain | |||||||
| Nasal | м m Шаблон:IPAblink | н n Шаблон:IPAblink | ||||||||
| Plosive | ejective | пӏ pʼ Шаблон:IPAblink | тӏ tʼ Шаблон:IPAblink | цӏ cʼ Шаблон:IPAblink | чӏ ch’ Шаблон:IPAblink | кӏ jkʼ Шаблон:IPAblink | кӏ kʼ Шаблон:IPAblink | къ qʼ Шаблон:IPAblink | ||
| voiceless | п p Шаблон:IPAblink | т t Шаблон:IPAblink | ц c Шаблон:IPAblink | ч ch Шаблон:IPAblink | к jk Шаблон:IPAblink | к k Шаблон:IPAblink | кх q Шаблон:IPAblink | ӏ w Шаблон:IPAblink | ъ ʼ Шаблон:IPAblink | |
| voiced | б b Шаблон:IPAblink | д d Шаблон:IPAblink | г jg Шаблон:IPAblink | г g Шаблон:IPAblink | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ф f Шаблон:IPAblink | с s Шаблон:IPAblink | ш sh Шаблон:IPAblink | х xШаблон:IPAblink | хь hw Шаблон:IPAblink | хӏ h Шаблон:IPAblink | |||
| voiced | в v Шаблон:IPAblink | з z Шаблон:IPAblink | ж zh Шаблон:IPAblink | гӏ gh Шаблон:IPAblink | ||||||
| Approximant | л l Шаблон:IPAblink | й j Шаблон:IPAblink | ||||||||
| Trill | voiceless | рхӏ rh Шаблон:IPAblink | ||||||||
| voiced | р r Шаблон:IPAblink | |||||||||
Dialects
Ingush is not divided into dialects with the exception of Шаблон:Ill (native name: Галай-Чӏож/Галайн-Чӏаж), which is considered to be transitional between Chechen and Ingush.Шаблон:Sfn
Grammar
Ingush is a nominative–accusative language in its syntax, though it has ergative morphology.[5]
Case
The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language[6] shows eight cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, dative, allative, instrumental, lative and comparative.
| Cases | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Absolutive | -⌀ | -azh / -ii, -i3 |
| Ergative | -uo / -z, -aa1 | –azh |
| Genitive | -a, -n2 | -ii, -i |
| Dative | -na, aa2 | -azh-ta |
| Allative | -ga | -azh-ka |
| Instrumental | -ca | -azh-ca |
| Lative | -gh | -egh |
| Comparative | -l | -el |
Tenses
| Stem[7] | Suffix | Tense | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive Stem | {-a} | Infinitive (INF) | laaca |
| (INFS) | {-a} | Imperative (IMP) | laaca |
| Present Stem | --- | Generic Present (PRES) | loac |
| (unmarked) | {-az&} | Simultaneous Converb (SCV) | loacaz& |
| {-ar} | Imperfect (IMPF) | loacar | |
| {-agDa} | FUTURE (FUT) | loacadda | |
| Past Stem | {-ar} | Witnessed Past (WIT) | leacar |
| (PAST) | {-aa}/{-na} | Anterior Converb (ACV) | leacaa |
| {-aa} + {-D} / {-na} + {-D} | Perfect (PERF) | leacaad | |
| {-aa} + {-Dar} / {-na} + {-Dar} | Pluperfect (PLUP) | leacaadar |
Numerals
Like many Northeast Caucasian languages, Ingush uses a vigesimal system, where numbers lower than twenty are counted as in a base-ten system, but higher decads are base-twenty.
| Orthography | Phonetic | Value | Composition |
|---|---|---|---|
| cwa | [t͡sʕʌ] | 1 | |
| shi | [ʃɪ] | 2 | |
| qo | [qo] | 3 | |
| d.i'1 | [dɪʔ] | 4 | |
| pxi | [pxɪ] | 5 | |
| jaalx | [jalx] | 6 | |
| vorh | [vʷor̥] | 7 | |
| baarh | [bar̥] | 8 | |
| iis | [is] | 9 | |
| itt | [itː] | 10 | |
| cwaitt | [t͡sʕɛtː] | 11 | 1+10 |
| shiitt | [ʃitː] | 12 | 2+10 |
| qoitt | [qoitː] | 13 | 3+10 |
| d.iitt1 | [ditː] | 14 | 4+10 |
| pxiitt | [pxitː] | 15 | 5+10 |
| jalxett | [jʌlxɛtː] | 16 | 6+10 |
| vuriit | [vʷʊritː] | 17 | 7+10 |
| bareitt | [bʌreitː] | 18 | 8+10 |
| tq'iesta | [tqʼiːestə̆] | 19 | |
| tq'o | [tqʼo] | 20 | |
| tq'ea itt | [tqʼɛ̯æjitː] | 30 | 20+10 |
| shouztq'a | [ʃouztqʼə̆] | 40 | 2×20 |
| shouztq'aj itt | [ʃouztqʼetː] | 50 | 2×20+10 |
| bwea | [bʕɛ̯æ] | 100 | |
| shi bwea | [ʃɪ bʕɛ̯æ] | 200 | 2×100 |
| ezar | [ɛzər] | 1000 | loan from Persian |
- Note that "four" and its derivatives begin with noun-class marker. d- is merely the default value.
Pronouns
| 1sg | 1plexcl | 1plincl | 2sg | 2pl | 3sg | 3pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | so | txo | vai | hwo | sho/shu | yz | yzh |
| Gen. | sy | txy | vai | hwa | shyn | cyn/cun | caar |
| Dat. | suona | txuona | vaina | hwuona | shoana | cynna | caana |
| Erg. | aaz | oaxa | vai | wa | oasha | cuo | caar |
| All. | suoga | txuoga | vaiga | hwuoga | shuoga | cynga | caarga |
| Abl. | suogara | txuogara | vaigara | hwuogara | shuogara | cyngara | caargara |
| Instr. | suoca(a) | txuoca(a) | vaica(a) | hwuoca | shuoca(a) | cynca | caarca(a) |
| Lat. | sogh | txogh | vaigh | hwogh | shogh | cogh | caaregh |
| Csn. | sol | txol | vail | hwol | shol | cul/cyl | caarel |
Word order
In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, verb-second order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause".[8]
Muusaa vy hwuona telefon jettazh
|Musa V.PROG 2sg.DAT telephone striking
|It's Musa. It's Musa on the phone for you. (After answering the phone.)
References
Bibliography
English sources
Russian sources
External links
Шаблон:InterWiki Шаблон:Portal
- Appendix:Cyrillic script
- Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Ingush)
- Ingush Language Project at UC Berkeley
- University of Graz report Шаблон:Webarchive
- Russian-Ghalghaj (Ingush) vocabulary
- Ingush 100-word Swadesh list at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Шаблон:Languages of Russia Шаблон:Northeast Caucasian languages Шаблон:Languages of the Caucasus Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Johanna Nichols, Ronald L. Sprouse, Ingush-English and English-Ingush dictionary. p 1
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокe27не указан текст - ↑ Johanna Nichols, Ingush Grammar (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011) Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Johanna Nichols, Ingush Grammar (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 19-21 Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Johanna Nichols, Case in Ingush Syntax and Johanna Nichols, Ingush Grammar (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010). Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Johanna Nichols, Ingush Grammar.
- ↑ Zev Handel, Ingush inflectional verb morphology: a synchronic classification and historical analysis with comparison to Chechen http://faculty.washington.edu/zhandel/Handel_Ingush.pdf.
- ↑ Nichols, Johanna. (2011). Ingush Grammar. Berkeley: The University of California Press. Pp. 678ff.
