Английская Википедия:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
Шаблон:Short descriptionШаблон:No footnotes
Шаблон:IPA notice In historical linguistics, the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (also called the Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic nasal spirant law) is a description of a phonological development that occurred in the Ingvaeonic dialects of the West Germanic languages. This includes Old English, Old Frisian, and Old Saxon, and to a lesser degree Old Dutch (Old Low Franconian).
Overview
The sound change affected sequences of vowel + nasal consonant + fricative consonant. ("Spirant" is an older term for "fricative".) The sequences in question are -ns-, -mf-, and -nþ-, preceded by any vowel.Шаблон:Sfn The nasal consonant disappeared, sometimes causing nasalization and compensatory lengthening of the vowel before it. The nasalization disappeared relatively soon after in many dialects along the coast, but it was retained long enough to prevent Anglo-Frisian brightening of Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfn The resulting long nasalized vowel Шаблон:IPA was rounded to Шаблон:IPA in most languages under various circumstances.Шаблон:Sfn
In Old Saxon on the other hand, the nasal consonant is later restored in all but a small handful of forms, so that Old Saxon Шаблон:IPA ('five') appears as Шаблон:IPA in all Middle Low German dialects, while Old Saxon Шаблон:IPA ('mouth') appears as Шаблон:IPA in all Middle Low German dialects. The Old Saxon words Шаблон:IPA ('goose') and Шаблон:IPA ('us') appear variably with and without a restored consonant, an example being the combination of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA on the Baltic coast.
The sequence -nh- had already undergone a similar change in late Proto-Germanic several hundred years earlier, and affected all Germanic languages, not only the Ingvaeonic subgroup (see Germanic spirant law).Шаблон:Sfn The result of this earlier change was the same: a long nasal vowel. However, the nasalization in this earlier case did not cause rounding of nasal Шаблон:IPA in Old Saxon, which instead became simple Шаблон:IPA, while the later Ingvaeonic spirant law resulted in Шаблон:IPA. In Old English and Old Frisian, rounding occurred here as well, giving Шаблон:IPA in both cases. It was this earlier shift that created the n/∅ in think/thought and bring/brought.
Examples
Compare the first person plural pronoun "us" in various old Germanic languages:
- Gothic uns
- Old High German uns (dative) or unsih (accusative)
- Old Dutch uns
- Old English ūs
- Old Frisian ūs
- Old Saxon ūs (accusative also unsik)
Gothic represents East Germanic, and its correspondence to German and Standard Dutch shows it retains the more conservative form. The /n/ has disappeared in English, Frisian, Old Saxon (New Low German has both us and uns), and dialectal Dutch with compensatory lengthening of the /u/. This phenomenon is therefore observable throughout the "Ingvaeonic" languages. It does not affect High German, East Germanic or North Germanic.
Likewise:
- Proto-Germanic *tanþs > English tooth, North Frisian tôs, toss (vs. Low German Tähn, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish tand, German Zahn, Icelandic tönn).Шаблон:Sfn
- Proto-Germanic *anþeraz > English other, Icelandic aðrir, West Frisian oar, West Flemish (Frans-Vlaams) aajer, Old Saxon ōðar, āthar (vs. Low German anner, German/Dutch ander [þ > d], Icelandic: annað/annar/önnur, Swedish annat/annan/andre/andra, Danish anden/andet/andre).Шаблон:Sfn
- Proto-Germanic *gans > English goose, West Frisian goes, guos, Low German Goos (vs. Dutch gans, German Gans).Шаблон:Sfn
- Proto-Germanic *fimf > English five, West Frisian fiif, East Frisian fieuw, Dutch vijf, Low German fiew, fiev, fief (vs. German fünf, Icelandic fimm, Danish and Swedish fem).Шаблон:Sfn
- Proto-Germanic *samftō, -ijaz > English soft, West Frisian sêft, Low German sacht, Dutch zacht [ft > xt] (vs. German sanft).Шаблон:Sfn
English
English shows the results of the shift consistently throughout its repertoire of native lexemes. One consequence of this is that English has very few words ending in -nth; those that exist must have entered the vocabulary subsequent to the productive period of the nasal spirant law:
- month – derives from Old English Шаблон:Lang (compare German Шаблон:Lang); the intervening vowel rendered the law inapplicable here.
- tenth – from Middle English Шаблон:Lang. The original Germanic Шаблон:Lang, which was regularised to *tehunþô in early Ingvaeonic, was affected by the law, producing Old English Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (Modern English tithe). But the force of analogy with the cardinal number ten caused Middle English speakers to recreate the regular ordinal and re-insert the nasal consonant.
- plinth – a loanword in Modern English from Greek (Шаблон:Lang "brick, tile").
- amaranth – a double loanword from Greek, "ἀμάραντος" : amárantos (undying) + "ἄνθος" : ánthos (flower).
Likewise, the rare occurrences of the combinations -nf-, -mf- and -ns- have similar explanations.
- answer – originally had an intervening stop: Old English Шаблон:Lang, cf. Dutch antwoord, German Antwort.
- unfair – the prefix un- is still productive.
Dutch
Although Dutch is based mostly on the Hollandic dialects, which in turn were influenced by Frisian, it was also heavily influenced by the Brabantian dialect which tends not to show a shift. As a result, the shift is generally not applied but is still applied to some words. For example Dutch Шаблон:Lang vs. German Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang vs. Шаблон:Lang. Coastal dialects of Dutch tend to have more examples, e.g. standard Dutch Шаблон:Lang "mouth" vs. Hollandic Шаблон:Lang (earlier Шаблон:Lang) "slit between sandbanks where tidal streams flow into". Brabantian dialects tend to have fewer examples, having unshifted examples in a few cases where standard Dutch has the shift, as in the toponyms Шаблон:Lang (Veldhoven), Шаблон:Lang (Baarle-Hertog), etc. cognate to standard Dutch Шаблон:Lang "south".
German
Шаблон:Original research section The spirant law was originally active in Central Franconian dialects of High German, which is proof that it was not entirely restricted to Ingvaeonic. Compare for example Luxembourgish Шаблон:Lang ("us"), Gaus ("goose", now archaic). Modern Standard German is based more on eastern varieties which are not affected by the shift. The standard language does, however, contain a number of Low German borrowings with it. For example Süden ("south", ousting Old High German Шаблон:Lang), or sacht ("soft, gentle", alongside native sanft).
In some High and Highest Alemannic German dialects, there is a similar phenomenon called Staub's law, for example Шаблон:Lang ("us", Standard German uns), füüf ("five", Standard German fünf), or treiche ("drink", Standard German trinken).
References
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Markey, Thomas L. Germanic dialect grouping and the position of Ingvæonic.(Inst. f. Sprachwissenschaft d. Univ. Innsbruck, 1976.) Шаблон:ISBN
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
