Английская Википедия:Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal
The Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal comprise several elongated river valleys in the southern lowland Terai part of the country. These tropical valleys are enclosed by the Himalayan foothills, viz the Mahabharat Range and the Sivalik Hills farther south.[1][2]
These valleys are part of the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion.[3] They are filled up with coarse to fine alluvial sediments.[4] The Chitwan Valley and the Dang and Deukhuri Valleys are some of the largest Inner Terai Valleys. Malaria was prevalent in this region until the late 1950s. Since its eradication, the area became a viable destination for large-scale migration of people from the hills who transformed the area from virgin forest and grassland to farmland.[5]
Geology
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Unreferenced section The Inner Terai valleys lie between the Sivalik Hills and Mahabharat Range. They hold flat plains with winding rivers that shift their courses from time to time, running northwest or southeast along the axis of the Sivalik Hills.
Climate
The Terai has a humid, subtropical climate. The mean annual rainfall at the Rampur weatherstation in Chitwan was Шаблон:Convert between 1995 and 2006. More than 80% of the total annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon season from June to September. Average temperatures ranged from Шаблон:Convert in January to Шаблон:Convert in June.[6]
In the past, the inner and outer Terai were a formidable barrier between Nepal and potential invaders from India because marshes and forests were infested by anopheline mosquitos that transmitted virulent strains of malaria, especially during the hot spring and rainy summer monsoon.
History
Until the mid 18th century, the Terai was divided into several smaller kingdoms, and the forests were little disturbed.[7] After the unification of Nepal in the late 1760s, the rulers granted large areas of fertiIe land and forest resources to members of the royal family, officials, priests and selected groups of the society. The beneficiaries of these grants had the right to collect revenues from cultivated land and forest products. They appointed tax collectors who were also responsible for reclamation of land and establishment of settlements.[8] In the late 1920s, the Rana rulers ordered the clearing of forests and extraction of timber for export to India in order to collect revenues. Cleared areas were subsequently used for agriculture.[7]
Tharu people have been living in the Terai for many centuries, and reputedly had an innate resistance to malaria.[9] After malaria was eradicated using DDT in the mid-1950s, people from the hills migrated to the Terai. Timber export continued to 1969. In 1970, the king granted land to loyal ex-army personnel in the districts of Jhapa, Sunsari, Rupandehi and Banke, where seven colonies were developed for resettling about 7,000 people. They acquired property rights over uncultivated forest and waste land, thus accelerating the deforestation process in the Terai.[8]
Environmental issues
The well-meaning malaria eradication campaign has had unexpected consequences by opening up the Terai region to human settlement. The Inner Terai valleys are home to a rich and diverse ecosystem. Since the early 1990s, however, the forests have been increasingly destroyed because of growing demands for timber and agricultural land.[10][11] This has led to concerns about the risk of losing many rare plant.[12][13]
The valleys also mitigate the severity of floods on the Gangetic plains. During heavy rainfall forests absorb water. During floods, rivers overflow their banks and flood adjacent forests. Later the forests gradually release water back into the rivers. Deforestation reduces this buffering effect. It also accelerates soil erosion, causing downstream rivers to silt up and overflow their banks.[14] The frequency and severity of flooding in the Gangetic plain and Bangladesh has steadily increased in recent years. Deforestation of the Terai appears to be one of the major causes.[15] The Indian and Nepalese governments are cooperating in measures including construction of barrages and dams in the Terai, such as the Koshi Barrage.[16] However, these efforts may have mixed results. They contain floodwater in the short term, but may increase the problem in the longer term by reducing water velocity in the rivers downstream, and thus accelerating silting and reducing the drainage capacity of the rivers.[17]
Valleys
The major Inner Terai Valleys are listed from west to east. Click on the terrain and satellite imagery links to see vegetation, rivers, topography, roads and towns.
Western Terai
Markers at valleys Jogbudha (J), Surkhet (S), Dang (A) and Deukhuri (E) terrain satellite
Surkhet Valley
The Surkhet Valley is situated in the Surkhet district, mid-western Nepal. The valley is about Шаблон:Cvt above sea level, forming an ellipse about Шаблон:Cvt east-west by Шаблон:Cvt north-south. It is drained by the Bheri River, a tributary of the Karnali.[18] The district is the homeland of the Raji people.[19] Tharu people from Dang settled in the valley since at least the 19th century.[20]
Imagery of Surkhet (S): terrain satellite
Dang and Deukhuri Valleys
Both valleys are located in the Dang Deukhuri District of the Rapti Zone in mid-western Nepal.[20] The Dang Valley lies between the Mahabharat Range in the north and the Churia Range in the south.[21] It forms a nearly Шаблон:Cvt plain within a local drainage basin of less than Шаблон:Cvt. It is drained by the Babai River, and is one of the largest Inner Terai valleys.[22]
The Deukhuri Valley is southeast of the Dang Valley and extends about Шаблон:Cvt in WNW-ESE direction with a maximum width of Шаблон:Cvt.[23] It forms a nearly Шаблон:Cvt plain within a drainage basin of Шаблон:Cvt.[22] The valley is drained by the West Rapti River.[23]
The Mahendra Highway passes through the Deukhuri Valley.[22] Both valleys are settled by Tharu people.[20]
Imagery of Dang (A) and Deukhuri (E): terrain satellite
Central Terai
Chitwan Valley
The Chitwan Valley, the biggest valley in Nepal, encompasses the districts of Makwanpur, Chitwan and Nawalpur of central Nepal. The Chitwan Valley lies south-west of the Kathmandu valley and it has 600 square miles in area. After the re-structuring of the country in 2015, two districts of this valley, namely, Makwanpur and Chitwan lies in Bagmati Province and Nawalpur district lies in Gandaki Province. It is Шаблон:Convert long and roughly Шаблон:Convert wide. The cities of Bharatpur, Ratnanagar, Hetauda and Kawasoti are in the valley. It is drained by the Rapti River flowing from the Mahabharat Range near Hetauda, then west down the valley to join the bigger Narayani River west of Meghauli situated within the valley.
Imagery of Chitwan (C): terrain satellite
The Chitwan National Park, Nepal's first national park established in 1973, was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1984. It contains the largest and least disturbed natural Sal hill forest and associated communities. Its fauna comprises Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, great one-horned rhinos, wild Asian elephant, gaur, golden monitor lizard, gharial and marsh crocodile.[24]
Eastern Terai
Kamala Valley
The Kamala Valley, also called Udayapur Valley is in Udayapur district in southeastern Nepal. It is about Шаблон:Cvt long and between Шаблон:Cvt and Шаблон:Cvt wide. It is drained by the Triyuga river flowing east to join the great Koshi River. This valley lies between the Mahabharat Range to the north and the Sivalik Hills to the south, with an average elevation of about Шаблон:Cvt.[25]
The mouth of the valley opens onto a Шаблон:Cvt rectangle of land where the Triyuga meets the Koshi river above the Koshi Barrage. It was designated the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve in 1976, and is home to the last remaining population of wild Asian water buffalo in Nepal. The reserve is mostly wetlands, subject to seasonal flooding, but also includes some grasslands and small patches of riverine forest. It is a Ramsar Site.[24]
Imagery of Kamala valley: terrain satellite
Traditionally, the Kamala Valley was primarily inhabited by the Dhanwar people (or Danuwar),[26] but there is a fast-growing population of migrants from the Nepali hills and from India.
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Dinerstein, E., Loucks, C. (2001). Шаблон:WWF ecoregion
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (2006). Climatological Records of Nepal (Several Volumes), Babarmahal, Kathmandu.
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Gautam, A. P., Shivakoti, G. P., & Webb, E. L. (2004). A review of forest policies, institutions, and changes in the resource condition in Nepal. International Forestry Review 6 (2): 136–148.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Regmi, R. R. (1994). Deforestation and Rural Society in the Nepalese Terai. Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology 4: 72–89.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ An Overview of Floral Diversity in Wetlands of Terai Region of Nepal: M. Siwakoti, Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University Swayambhu, Nepal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Sharmai, D. R. (1988). Archaeological Remains of the Dang Valley. Ancient Nepal 88: 8–15.
- ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 Kimura, K. (1998). Geomorphic Development of the Deukhuri Dun, Nepal Sub-Himalaya. The science reports of the Tohoku University, 7th series.
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Khatry, P. (1995). The Manjani System of the Danuwar State of the Kamala Valley: A Brief Study of an Egalitarian Judiciary. Contributions to Nepalese Studies 22 (1): 43–55.
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