Английская Википедия:Institutes (Gaius)

The Institutes (Шаблон:Lang-la; from Шаблон:Lang, 'to establish')Шаблон:Sfn is a beginners' textbook on Roman private law written around 161 CE by the classical Roman jurist Gaius. The Institutes are considered to be "by far the most influential elementary-systematic presentation of Roman private law in late antiquity, the Middle Ages and modern times".^[1] The content of the textbook was considered to be lost until 1816, when a manuscript of it − probably of the 5th century − was discovered.^[2]

The Institutes are divided into four books. The first book considers the legal status of persons (Шаблон:Lang), the second and third deal with property rights (Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang), and the fourth discusses procedural actions (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn

Discovery and textual history

Шаблон:Lang

An almost complete version of the Institutes was discovered by Barthold Georg Niebuhr in 1816 in the form of a palimpsest in Verona (Austrian Empire [Italy]). Niebuhr had just accepted a post as Prussian ambassador to the Papal States, when he was dispatched to negotiate a Concordat with the Catholic Church.Шаблон:Sfn On his way to Rome, he systematically searched for palimpsests in various libraries, and discovered the respective manuscript in the Chapter Library of Verona. Under the visible text of the manuscript, which contained letters of Jerome, Niebuhr found an erased copy of the textbook, copied around 500 AD.Шаблон:Sfn The content of the Institutes had until then only been indirectly documented, for example in the Digestes. The manuscript discovered by Niebuhr is known today as the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

In a letter to Savigny, Niebuhr at first identified the manuscript as a work of Ulpian, but Savigny immediately suggested that it was, in fact, the famous work of Gaius.Шаблон:Sfn Savigny publicised the discovery of the manuscript and his conjecture, that the Institutes had been found, in the 1817 volume of his Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:Sfn

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The reason for Niebuhr's visit to Verona is still a somewhat contentious academic issue: Some scholars argue that Niebuhr was on a confidential mission to obtain the already discovered manuscript, while many others see a fortunate coincidence ("Шаблон:Lang").Шаблон:Sfn

Egyptian fragments

The authenticity of the text of the Шаблон:Lang was later confirmed by the discovery of further fragments of the Institutes: In 1927, a fragment of the Institutes was found in Oxyrhynchus on papyrus scrolls, which are believed to have been written between about 170 and 230 CE (P.Oxy.XVII 2103).Шаблон:Sfn^[3]^[4] A further fragment was located in 1933 and sold in Cairo (PSI XI, 1182)^[5] The seller claimed that the fragment stemmed from Antinoöpolis. A comparison of the fragment with the Шаблон:Lang again established the firm consistency of the Institutes.Шаблон:Sfn

Indirect transmission

The work of Gaius has also been indirectly handed down to modern times,Шаблон:Sfn as it was frequently used as a model for various legal writings during the 5th and 6th centuries. The so-called Шаблон:Ill provides relatively little insight into the text. The late antique manuscripts of the Шаблон:Ill and the so-called Шаблон:Ill (contained as part 3 [[[:Шаблон:Lang]]] of the Lex Romana Visigothorum of Alaric II)Шаблон:Sfn attained greater importance for research. Later known as components of the Corpus Juris Civilis, the influences of Gaius also found their way into the Digesta and the Institutiones Iustiniani.Шаблон:Sfn

Significance and authorship

Significance

The Institutes were produced around 161 CEШаблон:Sfn under Roman emperor Antoninus Pius, and are considered to be "by far the most influential elementary-systematic presentation of Roman private law in late antiquity, the Middle Ages and modern times".^[1] The Institutes were a didactic work.Шаблон:Sfn Some consider Gaius and his Institutes to be the "true architect of Justinian's collection"Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and to Justinian himself he was "Шаблон:Lang" ("our Gaius").Шаблон:Sfn

The Institutes are also distinguished by the fact that they are the only almost completely preserved work of classical Roman jurisprudence.Шаблон:Sfn Before the discovery of the Шаблон:Lang by Niebuhr, knowledge about classical Roman jurisprudence was only indirect through Justinian's compilation and classical Roman civil procedure had been entirely unknown.Шаблон:Sfn

Its didactic intent has been treated positively because of its greater apparent comprehensibility or 'simplicity'.Шаблон:Sfn as a kind of clarification or systematization. In addition, Gaius' legal thinking is said to be "much closer to the dogmatic tradition of continental [European] jurisprudence (i.e. the striving for systems, the effort to form concepts and to classify, and the tendency towards abstraction) than the method of any other ancient jurist".^[1]

Authorship

The extent to which the Institutes have been written by Gaius alone, and what part of them, if any, are, e.g. glosses or interpolations, is still only subject to scholarly speculation. However, scholars agree on the enormous significance of the (re-)discovery of the Institutes since "numerous legal institutions that the Justinianic commission left unmentioned as obsolete are known only through the new find".Шаблон:Sfn

Structure and influence

Structure of the Institutes

The Institutes are divided into a scheme of personal rights and family law (Шаблон:Lang), law concerning things (Шаблон:Lang) and procedural law (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn In personal and family law, a distinction is made between freemen and slaves. Property law is divided into corporeal things (Шаблон:Lang) and incorporeal things (Шаблон:Lang) as well as inheritance law (Шаблон:Lang), income law (Шаблон:Lang) and the law of obligations (Шаблон:Lang). Finally, procedural law distinguishes between Шаблон:Lang and obligatory Шаблон:Lang. Furthermore, obligations are divided into contractual (Шаблон:Lang) and tortious obligations (Шаблон:Lang).

Influence on later civil codes

The Шаблон:Ill of Gaius divides private law into Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn This classification, probably borrowed from the Hellenistic textbook pattern,Шаблон:Sfn replaced and levelled previous structures and became a basic model followed by many modern civil law systems. For example, the Austrian Шаблон:Lang (ABGB) is still structured according to the institutional system, in contrast to the German Шаблон:Lang (BGB), which follows the pandectistic system. Furthermore, the structure of the Institutes – Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang – were a model for the Castilian Шаблон:Lang, the French Шаблон:Lang and even the Corpus Juris Canonici.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Citing the Institutes

In academic literature the Institutes are sometimes cited as "Gai. 1,1" (referring to book 1, section 1 of the Institutes),Шаблон:Sfn while other authors prefer "Gai. inst. 4,44" (referring to book 4, section 44 of the Institutes).Шаблон:Sfn The Bluebook recommends the following citation style: "G. Inst. 1.144" (referring to book 1, section 144 of the Institutes).^[6]

Editions

Multiple editions of the Institutes have been published since the discovery of the Шаблон:Lang, beginning with the editio princeps of Шаблон:Ill (Berlin, 1820). The author of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica recommends the 1885 edition by Edward Poste, which includes an English translation.^[7] The editio maior of the Institutes is, however, still in the process of being published,Шаблон:Sfn It is edited by Martin David and Шаблон:Ill (Gai Institutionum commentarii quattuor: 1954, 1960, 1968 [books 1 and 2]) and Hein L. W. Nelson and Шаблон:Ill (Gai Institutiones: 1992, 1999, 2007 [book 3]).Шаблон:Sfn

Other editions include one by Emil Seckel and Шаблон:Ill (8th edition, Leipzig, 1939) and Francis de Zulueta, which contains Zulueta's own Latin text with an English translation and commentary (Oxford, 1946).

Шаблон:Cite book [Editio princeps]
Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Cite book [Contains an English translation]
Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Cite book [Contains an English translation]
Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Cite book [Contains an English translation]
Шаблон:Cite book [Contains a German translation]

References

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

External links

Шаблон:Authority control

[:0-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 Шаблон:Cite book

[2] Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia

[3] Шаблон:Cite web

[4] Шаблон:Cite web

[5] Шаблон:Cite web

[6] Шаблон:Cite web

[7] Шаблон:EB1911

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