Английская Википедия:Integer BASIC

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Integer BASIC is a BASIC interpreter written by Steve Wozniak for the Apple I and Apple II computers. Originally available on cassette for the Apple I in 1976, then included in ROM on the Apple II from its release in 1977, it was the first version of BASIC used by many early home computer owners.Шаблон:Sfn

The only numeric data type was the integer; floating-point numbers were not supported. Using integers allowed numbers to be stored in a much more compact 16-bit format that could be more rapidly read and processed than the 32- or 40-bit floating-point formats found in most BASICs of the era. This made it so fast that Bill Gates complained when it outperformed Microsoft BASIC in benchmarks. However, this also limited its applicability as a general-purpose language.Шаблон:Efn

Another difference with other BASICs of the era is that Integer BASIC treated strings as arrays of characters, similar to the system in C or Fortran 77. Substrings were accessed using array slicing rather than string functions. This style was introduced in HP Time-Shared BASIC, and could also be found in other contemporary BASICs patterned on HP, like North Star BASIC and Atari BASIC. It contrasted with the style found in BASICs derived from DEC, including Microsoft BASIC.

The language was initially developed under the name GAME BASIC and referred to simply as Apple BASIC when it was introduced on the Apple I. It became Integer BASIC when it was ported to the Apple II and shipped alongside Applesoft BASIC, a port of Microsoft BASIC which included floating-point support. Integer BASIC was phased out in favor of Applesoft BASIC starting with the Apple II Plus in 1979.

History

As a senior in high school, Steve Wozniak's electronics teacher arranged for the leading students in the class to have placements at local electronics companies. Wozniak was sent to Sylvania where he programmed in FORTRAN on an IBM 1130. That same year, General Electric placed a terminal in the high school that was connected to one of their mainframes running their time-sharing BASIC service, which they were heavily promoting at the time. After being given three days of access, the students were asked to write letters on why the school should receive a terminal permanently, but their efforts were ultimately unsuccessful.Шаблон:Sfn

Some years later, Wozniak was working at Hewlett-Packard (HP) running simulations of chip designs and logic layout for calculators.Шаблон:Sfn HP made major inroads in the minicomputer market with their HP 2000 series machines running a custom timesharing version of BASIC. For approximately Шаблон:US$, one could build up a reasonably equipped machine that could support between 16 and 32 users running BASIC programs. While expensive, it was still a fraction of the cost of the mainframe machinesШаблон:Efn and, for heavy users, less than the timesharing services.Шаблон:Efn HP followed this with the HP 9830, a desktop-sized machine for Шаблон:US$ that also ran BASIC, which Wozniak had access to.Шаблон:Sfn

In January 1975 the Altair 8800 was announced and sparked off the microcomputer revolution. In March, Wozniak attended the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club and began formulating the design of his own computer. One of the most important pieces of software for the Altair, and one of the most heavily pirated, was Altair BASIC from the recently formed Microsoft. Wozniak concluded that his machine would have to have a BASIC of its own, which would, hopefully, be the first for the MOS Technology 6502 processor. As the language needed 4 KB RAM, he made that the minimum memory for the design.Шаблон:Sfn

Wozniak's references for BASIC were a copy of 101 BASIC Computer Games and an HP BASIC manual.Шаблон:Sfn He did not know that HP's BASIC was very different from the DEC BASIC variety used in 101 Games, which was also the basis of Microsoft BASIC for the Altair. Based on these sources, Wozniak began sketching out a syntax chart for the language. The design initially included floating-point support, but still hoping he might publish the first BASIC on the 6502 and become "a star", he decided to abandon floating-point and write a separate integer math system to save a few weeks programming time.Шаблон:Sfn

Wozniak would later describe his language as "intended primarily for games and educational uses".Шаблон:Sfn Referring to it throughout development as "GAME BASIC", Wozniak wrote the code by hand, translating the assembler code instructions into their machine code equivalents and then uploading the result to his computer.Шаблон:Sfn Without any training on how to write a computer language, he used his HP calculator experience to implement a stack machine to interpret expressions. Once the basic routines were up and running, he worked on the other commands one-by-one in a modular fashion. With every visit to the Homebrew club, he demonstrated a few more features added in the last month.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Apple 1 Advertisement Oct 1976.jpg

Ad for the Apple I computer noting Apple's policy of providing free or inexpensive software for its computers.

In early 1976 ads for its Apple I computer, Apple Inc made the claims that "our philosophy is to provide software for our machines free or at minimal cost" and "yes folks, Apple BASIC is Free". This was printed shortly after Bill Gates's infamous Open Letter to Hobbyists that suggested that people were robbing him by copying versions of Altair BASIC.

Wozniak had helped Steve Jobs, who worked for Atari, with a redesign of Breakout. At some later point, he decided to see whether one could write the game in BASIC. He added commands to read paddle controllers and over a series of quick edits had a version of the game up and running. To improve its playability, he added a speaker to make clicks when the ball hit things. While showing it to Jobs, Wozniak demonstrated that he could quickly change the colors that his game used, just by altering the source code. Wozniak later wrote that he had proved that "software was much more flexible than hardware", and that he and Jobs realized that "now, anyone could create arcade games without having to design it in hardware."Шаблон:Sfn

Wozniak did complete a floating-point library for the 6502 and published it in the August 1976 edition of Dr. Dobb's Journal. This library was later made part of the ROMs for the Apple II. Wozniak began work on back-porting the floating-point code into Apple BASIC, but got sidetracked in the task of designing a floppy disk controller for what became the Disk II. Mike Markkula said the company would go to the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas if the disk system was ready in time, so Wozniak and Randy Wigginton worked on it non-stop through the 1977 holidays.Шаблон:Sfn

When he returned to the topic of floating-point in BASIC, Jobs complained it was taking too long. Without Wozniak being aware, the company had already arranged a license with Microsoft to receive their recently completed 6502 version of the Altair code. Examining the MS code, Wozniak decided that it was easier to add graphics support to their code than add floating-point his own BASIC, as the latter required hand-patching of the original machine code while MS's was written in assembler and more easily modified. The development of Apple's BASIC ended in favor of what became Applesoft BASIC. Wozniak later noted, "My biggest disappointment was going to the awful string functions like Шаблон:Code and Шаблон:Code instead of my own".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

When the Apple II shipped in the summer of 1977, Integer BASIC was supplied in ROM, while Applesoft BASIC shipped on cassette. This changed with the introduction of the Apple II Plus in 1979, when Applesoft was put in the ROM.Шаблон:Sfn

Description

Program editing

Like most BASIC implementations of the era, Integer BASIC acted as both the language interpreter as well as the line editing environment. When BASIC was running, a Шаблон:Code command prompt was displayed where the user could enter statements.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Unlike later home computer platforms, BASIC was not the default environment when the Apple I started, it normally started in the monitor. BASIC was started by pressing Шаблон:Key pressШаблон:Key press.Шаблон:Sfn

Statements that were entered with leading numbers are entered into the program storage for "deferred execution",Шаблон:Sfn either as new lines or replacing any that might have had the same number previously.Шаблон:Sfn Statements that were entered without a line number were referred to as commands, and ran immediately.Шаблон:Efn Line numbers could be from 0 to 32767,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn and lines could contain up to 128 characters.Шаблон:Sfn

Integer BASIC also included the Шаблон:Code command to automatically enter line numbers at a given starting number like Шаблон:Code, adding 10 to the last number with every new line. Шаблон:Code would begin numbering at line 300 by fives; 300, 305, etc. Automatic numbering was turned off by entering Шаблон:Code.Шаблон:Sfn

One interesting feature of the editor was that a section of the screen could be set aside as the "window", where live updates took place. This was normally the entire screen, but it could be limited to a smaller area by Шаблон:Codeing values into memory locations 32 through 35.Шаблон:Sfn This feature could be used to create an editable text area while the rest of the screen was in graphics mode.Шаблон:Sfn

Debugging

As in most BASICs, programs were started with the Шаблон:Code command, and as was common, could be directed at a particular line number like Шаблон:Code.Шаблон:Sfn Execution could be stopped at any time using Шаблон:Key pressШаблон:Sfn and then restarted with Шаблон:Codetinue, as opposed to the more typical Шаблон:Code.Шаблон:Sfn

For step-by-step execution, the Шаблон:Code instruction could be used at the command prompt or placed within the program itself. When it was turned on, line numbers were printed out for each line the program visited. The feature could be turned off again with Шаблон:Code.Шаблон:Sfn

A somewhat unusual feature was the Шаблон:Code (for "display") command. When encountered in a program, from that point on any changes to a variable's value would be displayed. For instance, Шаблон:Code would display the value of X every time it changed, along with the line number where the change occurred.Шаблон:Sfn As with TRACE, DSP was turned off with Шаблон:Code.Шаблон:Sfn

Variable names

Where Dartmouth BASIC and HP-BASIC limited variable names to at most two characters (either a single letter or a letter followed by one digit), and where MS-BASIC allowed a letter followed by an optional letter or digit (ignoring subsequent characters), Integer BASIC was unusual in supporting any length variable name (e.g., SUM, GAMEPOINTS, PLAYER2). The only caveat was that variable names could not contain reserved words; for example, THISCOLOR and COLORFUL were invalid variable names because they contained the keyword Шаблон:Code, a system command.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, lines were limited to 128 characters, so variable names could not exceed that length.Шаблон:Sfn

Mathematics

Integer BASIC, as its name implies, uses integers as the basis for its math package. These were stored internally as a 16-bit number, little-endian (as is the 6502). This allowed a maximum value for any calculation between -32767 and 32767; although the format could also store the value -32768, BASIC could not display that number. Calculations that resulted in values outside that range produced a Шаблон:Code.Шаблон:Sfn

Infix operators included Шаблон:Code (addition), Шаблон:Code (subtraction), Шаблон:Code (multiplication), Шаблон:Code (division), MOD (remainder) and exponent using the Шаблон:Code character. Binary operators included Шаблон:Code, Шаблон:Code and Шаблон:Code. Binary comparisons included the standard set of Шаблон:Code, Шаблон:Code, Шаблон:Code, Шаблон:Code, Шаблон:Code, Шаблон:Code and the HP-inspired Шаблон:Code, which was equivalent to <>.Шаблон:Sfn

Only single-dimension arrays were allowed, limited in size only by the available memory.Шаблон:Sfn Mathematical functions were sparse; only Шаблон:Code (absolute value), Шаблон:Code (sign) and Шаблон:Code (random number) were supported.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast to MS-derived versions, where the parameter was ignored and Шаблон:Code always returned a value 0..<1, Integer BASIC used the parameter; Шаблон:Code returned an integer from 0 to 5.Шаблон:Sfn

Strings

Integer BASIC's string handling was based on the system in HP BASIC. This treated string variables as arrays of characters which had to be Шаблон:Codeed prior to use. This is similar to the model in C or Fortran 77. This is in contrast to MS-like BASICs where strings are an intrinsic variable-length type. Before MS-derived BASICs became the de facto standard, this style was not uncommon; North Star BASIC and Atari BASIC used the same concept, as did others.

Strings in Integer Basic used a fixed amount of memory regardless of the number of characters used within them, up to a maximum of 255 characters.Шаблон:Sfn This had the advantage of avoiding the need for the garbage collection of the heap that was notoriously slow in MS BASICШаблон:Efn but meant that strings that were shorter than the declared length was wasted.

Substring access was provided through array slicing syntax. For instance, Шаблон:Code printed the first six characters of Шаблон:Code, characters 0 through 5.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Concatenation was provided using the same system, Шаблон:Code replaced any characters starting at position 5 with the string "ABC".Шаблон:Sfn This contrasts with the DEC/MS-style string handling which uses string functions like Шаблон:Code to access substrings and Шаблон:Code for concatenation.Шаблон:Efn

As many of the features that would be provided by string functions were instead provided by array slicing, the selection of string functions was reduced. Шаблон:Code returned the length of a stringШаблон:Sfn and Шаблон:Code returned the ASCII numeric code for the first letter in a string.Шаблон:Sfn It lacked an equivalent of the Шаблон:Code that returned the ASCII character with a given numeric code.Шаблон:Sfn

Graphics and sound

When launched, the only game controller for the Apple was the paddle controller, which had two controllers on a single connector. The position of the controller could be read using the Шаблон:Code function, passing in the controller number, 0 or 1, like Шаблон:Code, returning a value between 0 and 255.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

The Apple machines did not include dedicated sound hardware, only a simple "beeper". Producing sounds was accomplished by Шаблон:Codeing the memory-mapped location of the speaker, -16336.Шаблон:Efn Repeatedly PEEKing that value produced tones, and the manual suggested using a mathematical expression to do this, like Шаблон:Code.Шаблон:Sfn

Support for graphics was more detailed. Graphics mode was turned on with the Шаблон:Code statement and off with Шаблон:Code.Шаблон:Sfn Drawing was modal and normally started by issuing a command to change the color, which was accomplished by setting a pseudo-variable; Шаблон:Code would set the drawing color to 12, light green. One could then Шаблон:Code to produce a single spot of that color,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Code to draw a horizontal line at row 20 that spanned the screen, or Шаблон:Code to draw a shorter vertical line down column 7.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Code returned the color of the screen at X,Y.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

Input/output

Integer BASIC lacked any custom input/output commands, and also lacked the Шаблон:Code statement and the associated Шаблон:Code. To get data into and out of a program, the input/output functionality was redirected to a selected card slot with the Шаблон:Code and Шаблон:Code, which redirected output or input (respectively) to the numbered slot. From then on, data could be sent to the card using conventional Шаблон:Code commands and read from it using Шаблон:Code.Шаблон:Sfn

Other notes

Integer BASIC included a Шаблон:Code feature, which positioned the cursor on a given column from 0 to 39. It differed from the versions found in most BASICs in that it was a command with a following number, as opposed to a function with the value in parentheses; one would move the cursor to column 10 using Шаблон:Code in Integer BASICШаблон:Sfn whereas in MS this would be Шаблон:Code. Additionally, the Шаблон:Code command worked similar to Шаблон:Code but added vertical spaces instead of horizontal. For unexplained reasons, in this case the coordinates were from 1 to 24 rather than 0 to 23.Шаблон:Sfn

Integer BASIC included a Шаблон:Code command to exit from loops.Шаблон:Sfn This popped the topmost item off the FOR stack. Atari BASIC also supported the same command, while North Star BASIC used Шаблон:Code.

The Integer BASIC ROMs also included a machine code monitor, "mini-assembler", and disassembler to create and debug assembly language programs. Wozniak hand-assembled the monitor as the Apple II's first program, then used it to write Integer BASIC.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Reserved words

Apple BASIC

Apple BASIC had the following commands:

AUTO val1, val2
CLR [CLEAR]
DEL val1, val2
LIST val1, val2
RUN val1
SCR [SCRATCH / NEW]
HIMEM = expr
LOMEM = expr
(LET) var = expr
INPUT (prompt,) var1, var2 ...
PRINT item(s)
TAB expr
FOR var = expr1 TO expr2 STEP expr3
NEXT var
IF expr THEN statement
IF expr THEN line number
GOTO expr
GOSUB expr
RETURN
DIM var1(expr1), var2(expr2) ...
REM text
END
POKE expr1, expr2
CALL expr
Functions: ABS(), SGN(), PEEK(), RND(), LEN()

Integer BASIC

Integer BASIC added the following:

COLOR = expr
CON [CONTINUE]
DSP
GR
HLIN expr1, expr2 AT expr3
MAN
NEW [replaces SCR]
NOTRACE
PLOT expr1, expr2
POP
TEXT
TRACE
VLIN expr1, expr2 AT expr3
Function: ASC(), PDL(), SCRN(X,Y)

Implementation

Integer BASIC read the lines typed in by the user from a buffer and ran them through a parser which output a series of tokens. As part of this process, simple syntax errors were detected and listed. If the parsing was successful, the line number (if present) was converted from ASCII decimal format into a 16-bit integer and any keywords into a 7-bit integer token.Шаблон:Sfn

Some keywords were represented by multiple tokens; for instance, where Microsoft BASIC had one token for the keyword Шаблон:Code, Integer BASIC had three tokens: one if the keyword was followed by no arguments, one if followed by an arithmetic expression, and one if followed by a string literal.

Numeric literals, like the value 500, were converted into their 16-bit (two-byte) binary representation, in this case, Шаблон:Mono hexadecimal. To indicate this was a value and not a keyword, a single byte between Шаблон:Mono and Шаблон:Mono was inserted in front of the two-byte value.Шаблон:Efn String literals, like "HELLO WORLD" were instead converted by setting the high bit of each character so that Шаблон:Code was stored as Шаблон:Mono. Variable names were converted in the same fashion, with the letters converted to have their high-bit turned on, and any digits in the name represented by the corresponding Шаблон:Mono through Шаблон:Mono, so that the variable Шаблон:Code would be tokenized as Шаблон:Mono.Шаблон:Sfn

If the line was entered without a line number, the code was then executed directly from the buffer. If it had a line number, it was copied from the buffer into the program storage area.Шаблон:Sfn

The runtime interpreter used two stacks for execution: one for statement keywords and the other for evaluating the parameters. Each statement was given two priorities: one that stated where it should occur in a multi-step operation, like a string of mathematical operations to provide order of operations, and another that suggested when evaluation should occur, for instance, calculating internal values of a parentheses formula. When variables were encountered, their name was parsed and then looked up in the variable storage area. If it was not found, it was added to the end of the list. The address of the variable's storage, perhaps freshly created, was then placed on the evaluation stack.Шаблон:Sfn

ROM details

SWEET16

Шаблон:Main In addition to Integer BASIC, the Apple ROMs contained a custom assembler language known as SWEET16. SWEET16 is based on bytecodes that run within a simple 16-bit virtual machine. This model was used so memory could be addressed via indirect 16-bit pointers and 16-bit math functions calculated without the need to translate those to the underlying multi-instruction 8-bit 6502 code. The entire virtual machine was written in only 300 bytes. Code can call SWEET16 by issuing a subroutine call, and then return to normal 6502 code when the 16-bit operations are complete.Шаблон:Sfn

SWEET16 was not used by the core BASIC code, but was later used to implement several utilities. Notable among these was the line renumbering routine, which was included in the Programmer's Aid #1 ROM, added to later Apple II models and available for user installation on earlier examples.

Floating point

Although Integer BASIC contained its own math routines, the Apple II ROMs also included a complete floating-point library located in ROM memory between Шаблон:Code and Шаблон:Code. The source code was included in the Apple II manual. BASIC programs requiring floating-point calculations could CALL into these routines.

Performance

Because Integer BASIC processed more of the original source code into tokens, the runtime was faster than versions that required additional runtime parsing. For comparison, Tiny BASIC tokenized only the line number, while MS BASICs tokenized only the keywords. So for instance, while Integer BASIC would convert the line Шаблон:Code entirely into tokens that could be immediately read and performed, in MS BASIC only the line number and GOTO would be tokenized, the "200" was left in its original ASCII format and had to be re-parsed into a 16-bit integer every time the line was encountered.

Additionally, working solely with integer math provides another major boost in speed. This is due both to the smaller 16-bit format requiring fewer memory accesses, as well as removing the need to move the floating-point decimal after calculations. As many computer benchmarks of the era were small and often performed simple math that did not require floating-point, Integer BASIC trounced most other BASICs.Шаблон:Efn

On one of the earliest known microcomputer benchmarks, the Rugg/Feldman benchmarks, Integer BASIC was well over twice as fast as Applesoft BASIC on the same machine. In the Byte Sieve, where math was less important but array access and looping performance dominated, Integer BASIC took 166 seconds while Applesoft took 200. It did not appear in the Creative Computing Benchmark, which was first published in 1983, by which time Integer BASIC was no longer supplied by default.

The following test series, taken from both of the original Rugg/Feldman articles, show Integer's performance relative to the MS-derived BASIC on the same platform.

System	CPU	BASIC	Test 1	Test 2	Test 3	Test 4	Test 5	Test 6	Test 7
Apple II	6502 @ 1 MHz	Integer BASIC	1.3	3.1	7.2	7.2	8.8	18.5	28.0
Apple II	6502 @ 1 MHz	Applesoft BASIC	1.3	8.5	16.0	17.8	19.1	28.6	44.8

Here is a summary of what each test did:

• Test 1: simple loop to 1000.
• Test 2: loop with compare to 1000.
• Test 3: same as 2 with added multiplication, division, addition subtraction by same variable.
• Test 4: same as 3 with added multiplication, division, addition subtraction by constants.
• Test 5: same as 4 with added subroutine call.
• Test 6; same as 5 with added inner loop.
• Test 7: same as 6 with added table population.

Sample code

The following is a version of Breakout written in the 1977 version of Integer BASIC for the Apple II, which was listed in the Apple II Mini Manual.Шаблон:Sfn There are a number of known bugs in this version.

The program starts by setting the display to Шаблон:Code and then Шаблон:Code to clear the screen. Lines 20 through 27, and the associated subroutines at line 100 and 200, are the color selection code Wozniak demonstrated for Jobs. Line 30 sets up the text window with Шаблон:CodeШаблон:Efn and then uses a series of Шаблон:Code and Шаблон:Code statements to draw the playfield and the score display in the text window. The entire main loop runs from line 40 through 90 with associated subroutines. Another large amount of code near the end of the program is concerned with printing the final score. Other notes of interest include the Шаблон:Code (not-equal) comparisons on line 20, the production of a high-pitch sound using a string of Шаблон:Codes on line 65 compared to a lower-pitched tone using a loop on line 70, and the mix of graphics and text on a single display.Шаблон:Efn

5 TEXT: CALL -936: VTAB 4: TAB 10: PRINT "*** BREAKOUT GAME ***": PRINT
7 PRINT "  OBJECT IS TO DESTROY ALL BRICKS WITH 5 BALLS": FOR N=1 TO 7000: NEXT N
10 DIM A$(20),B$(20): GR: PRINT: INPUT "HI, WHAT'S YOUR NAME? ",A$:A=1:B=13:C=9:D=6:E=15: PRINT "STANDARD COLORS,"; A$;
20 INPUT "? ",B$: IF B$#"N" AND B$#"NO" THEN 30: FOR I=0 TO 39: COLOR=I/2*(I<32): VLIN 0,39 AT I
25 NEXT I: POKE 34,20: PRINT: PRINT: PRINT: FOR I=0 TO 15: VTAB 21+I MOD 2: TAB I+I+1: PRINT I;: NEXT I: POKE 34,22: VTAB 24: PRINT: PRINT "BACKGROUND";
27 GOSUB 100: A=E: PRINT "EVEN BRICK";: GOSUB 100: B=E: PRINT "ODD BRICK";: GOSUB 100: C=E: PRINT "PADDLE";: GOSUB 100: D=E : PRINT "BALL";: GOSUB 100
30 POKE34,20:COLOR=A:FORI=0TO39:VLIN0,39ATI:NEXTI:FOR I=20TO34STEP2:TAB I+1:PRINT I/2-9;:COLOR=B:VLIN 0,39 AT I:COLOR=C:FOR J=I MOD 4 TO 39 STEP4
35 VLIN J,J+1 AT I: NEXT J,I: TAB 5: PRINT "SCORE = 0": PRINT: PRINT: POKE 34,21: S=0: P=S: L=S: X=19: Y=19: X=19
40 COLOR=A:PLOTX,Y/3:X=19:Y=RND(120):V=-1:W=RND(5)-2:L=L+1:IFL>5THEN140:TAB6:PRINT"BALL #";L:PRINT:FORI=1TO100:GOSUB200:NEXTI:M=1:N=0
50 J=Y+W: IF J>=0 AND J<120 THEN 60: W=-W: J=Y: FOR I=1 TO 6: K=PEEK(-16336): NEXT I
55 IF PEEK(-16287)>127 THEN SW=1-SW
60 I=X+V: IF I<0 THEN 400: GOSUB 200: COLOR=A: K=J/3: IF I>39 THEN 70: IF SCRN(I,K)=A THEN 90: IF I THEN 120: N=N+1: V=(N>9)+1: W=(K-P)*2-5:M=1
65 Z = PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336): GOTO 90
70 FOR I=1 TO 6: M=PEEK(-16336): NEXT I: I=X: M=0
80 V=-V
90 PLOT X,Y/3: COLOR=E: PLOT I,K: X=I: Y=J: GOTO 50
99 PRINT "INVALID.  REENTER";
100 INPUT " COLOR (0 TO 15)",E: IF E<0 OR E>15 THEN 99: RETURN
120 IF M THEN V=ABS(V): VLIN K/2*2,K/2*2+1 AT I: S=S+I/2-9: VTAB 21: TAB 13: PRINT S
123 Q = PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)-PEEK(-16336)
124 IF S<720 THEN 80
130 PRINT "CONGRATULATIONS, YOU WIN.": GOTO 150
140 PRINT "YOUR SCORE OF ";S;" IS ";: GOTO 141+S/100
141 PRINT "TERRIBLE!": GOTO 150
142 PRINT "LOUSY.": GOTO 150
143 PRINT "POOR.": GOTO 150
144 PRINT "FAIR.": GOTO 150
145 PRINT "GOOD.": GOTO 150
146 PRINT "VERY GOOD.": GOTO 150
147 PRINT "EXCELLENT.": GOTO 150
148 PRINT "NEARLY PERFECT."
150 PRINT "SAME COLORS";: GOTO 20
200 IF SW THEN 220: Q=(PDL(0)-5)/6: IF Q<0 THEN Q=0
205 IF Q>=34 THEN Q=34: COLOR=D: VLIN Q,Q+5 AT 0: COLOR=A: IF P>Q THEN 210: IF Q THEN VLIN 0,Q-1 AT 0: P=Q: RETURN
210 IF P=Q THEN RETURN: IF Q#34 THEN VLIN Q+6,39 AT 0: P=Q: RETURN
220 Q=(Y-5)/3+RND(3)*SGN(W)*(X<10 AND V<0): IF Q<0 THEN Q=0: GOTO 205
400 FOR I=1 TO 80: Q=PEEK(-16336): NEXT I: GOTO 40

References

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite magazine
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite magazine
• Шаблон:Cite magazine
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite web

External links

• Apple II Integer Basic Disassembly, manually decompiled version by Paul Santa-Maria
• INTEGER BASIC Reference – From Landsnail.com's "Apple II Programmer's Reference" website
• Apple-1 BASIC firmware card designed by John Calande, schematic included