Английская Википедия:Intercalary month (Egypt)

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Hatnote Шаблон:See also The intercalary month or epagomenal days[1] of the ancient Egyptian, Coptic, and Ethiopian calendars are a period of five days in common years and six days in leap years in addition to those calendars' 12 standard months, sometimes reckoned as their thirteenth month. They originated as a periodic measure to ensure that the heliacal rising of Sirius would occur in the 12th month of the Egyptian lunar calendar but became a regular feature of the civil calendar and its descendants. Coptic and Ethiopian leap days occur in the year preceding Julian and Gregorian leap years.

Шаблон:Anchor

Names

Шаблон:Hiero Шаблон:Hiero The English names "intercalary month" and "epagomenal days" derive from Latin Шаблон:Lang ("proclaimed between")[2] and Greek epagómenoi (Шаблон:Lang)Шаблон:Sfnp or epagómenai (Шаблон:Lang, "brought in" or "added on"),[3] Latinized as Шаблон:Lang. The period is also sometimes known as the "monthless days".[4]

In ancient Egypt, the period was known as the "Five Days upon the Year" (Шаблон:Lang-egy),Шаблон:Sfnp the "Five Days" (Шаблон:Lang)Шаблон:Sfnp or "Those upon the Year" (Шаблон:Lang), the last of which is transliterated as Шаблон:Nowrap.[5] Parker also proposed that in some cases the intercalary month was known by the name Thoth (Шаблон:Lang) after the festival that gave its name to the following month.Шаблон:Sfnp

In modern Egypt, the period is known as Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfnp or Шаблон:Nowrap (Шаблон:Lang-cop, Pikouji n'Abot, Шаблон:Abbr.Шаблон:Nbsp"The Little Month") and Al-Nasi (Шаблон:Lang-arz, en-Nasiʾ, Шаблон:Abbr.Шаблон:Nbsp"The Postponement"), after Nasi' of the Pre-Islamic calendar. The Arabic name is also romanized as Nasie.[6]

In Ethiopia, the period is known as Paguemain,[7] Phagumien (Шаблон:Lang-amh, Ṗagʷəmen),[8] Pagume,Шаблон:Sfnp or Pagumay[9] (Шаблон:Lang, Ṗagume).

Egyptian calendars

Ancient

Шаблон:Hiero Шаблон:Hiero Шаблон:Hiero Шаблон:Hiero Шаблон:Hiero Шаблон:Further Until the Шаблон:Nowrap the beginnings of the months of the lunar calendar were based on observation,Шаблон:Sfnp beginning at dawn on the morning when a waning crescent moon could no longer be seen.Шаблон:Sfnp The intercalary month was added every two or three years as needed to maintain the heliacal rising of Sirius within the fourth month of the season of Low Water.Шаблон:Sfnp This month may have had as many as 30 days.Шаблон:Sfnp According to the civil calendar, the months fell in order with the rest regardless of the state of the moon. They always consisted of 30 days, each individually named and devoted to a particular patron deity, but the year was always followed by an intercalary month of only five days. Owing to the lack of a leap day, the calendar slowly cycled relative to the solar year and Gregorian date until the Ptolemaic and Roman eras.

The period of the intercalary month was considered spiritually dangerousШаблон:Sfnp and the pharaoh performed a ritual known as "Pacifying Sekhmet" (Шаблон:Lang) to protect himself and the worldШаблон:Sfnp from that god's plague.Шаблон:Sfnp The period seems to have usually been a time of rest, placed between the New Year's Eve celebrations on 30Шаблон:NbspWep Renpet and the New Year's celebrations beginning on 1Шаблон:NbspThoth.Шаблон:Sfnp Scribes sometimes omitted the entire period from their records of the year.Шаблон:Sfnp Torches were carriedШаблон:Sfnp and apotropaic charms were drawn on linen and worn around the neck.Шаблон:Sfnp

The period was known as the "birthdays of the gods" as early as the Pyramid Texts.Шаблон:Sfnp By the early Middle Kingdom, the days were specified and ordered:Шаблон:Sfnp

Throughout the days, their connections to the solar boat of Ra, fish, and a "creator of terror" (Шаблон:Lang) were also stressed.Шаблон:Sfnp In all but a handful of texts, however, the days are merely numbered as "Day ~ of the Five Days upon the Year".Шаблон:Sfnp

Ptolemy III's Canopus Decree was an attempted calendrical reform in 239Шаблон:NbspBC which would have inserted a sixth day into the intercalary month, but it was abandoned due to the hostility of the priests[10] and people of Egypt. The leap day was finally established by Augustus in 30, 26,Шаблон:Sfnp or 25Шаблон:NbspBC.[10] Under this "Alexandrian calendar", the epagomenal days ran from Julian 24 August to 28 August in common years and to 29 August in leap years.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn

Coptic

Шаблон:Further In the present-day Coptic calendar, the intercalary month remains the same as the Alexandrian dates in the Julian calendar. In terms of the Gregorian calendar, it has begun on 6 September[1] and ended on 10 September in common years and 11 September in leap years since ADШаблон:Nbsp1900 ([[Anno Martyrum|Шаблон:Sc]]Шаблон:Nbsp1616)[11] and will continue to do so until ADШаблон:Nbsp2100 ([[Anno Martyrum|Шаблон:Sc]]Шаблон:Nbsp1816).Шаблон:Sfnp In that year, the Gregorian calendar's lack of a leap day will cause the Coptic month to advance another day relative to it[12] and it will run from 7 September to 11 September. Coptic leap years are not computed as divisors of four in that calendar's Diocletian era but occur in the year prior to the Gregorian leap year.Шаблон:Efn

The Coptic liturgical calendar of the month consists of:[6]

Coptic Julian Gregorian Commemorations
Intercalary

1

24 August 6 September
2 25 August 7 September
  • Departure of St. Titus, the Apostle.
  • Martyrdom of St. Isaiah, brother of Apa Hor
3 26 August 8 September
  • Commemoration of Raphael, the Archangel.
  • Martyrdom of St. Andrianus.
  • Departure of St. John XIV, the 96th Pope of Alexandria.
4 27 August 9 September
5 28 August 10 September
  • Departure of St. James, Bishop of Cairo.
  • Departure of Amos, the Prophet.
  • Departure of St. Parsoma, the "Naked".
  • Departure of St. John XV, the 99th Pope of Alexandria.
only in years before Julian leap years
(6) (29 August) (11 September)
  • Thanksgiving to God the Exalted.

Ethiopian calendar

Шаблон:Further In the present-day Ethiopian calendar, Paguemain or Pagume is identical to the Coptic intercalary month, beginning on 6 September and ending on 10 September in common years and 11 September in leap years.Шаблон:Sfnp Its leap years occur at the same timeШаблон:Sfnp[8] and its dates will also shift forward one day relative to the Gregorian calendar in ADШаблон:Nbsp2100[9] (2092Шаблон:Nbsp[[Ethiopian calendar|Шаблон:Sc]]).Шаблон:Sfnp

The unusual calendar is notably used in Ethiopian tourist information to advertise the country's "thirteen months of sunshine".Шаблон:Sfnp[7]

Mandaean calendar

Шаблон:Further The Mandaean calendar consisting of 12 30-day months, with 5 epagomenals inserted at the end of every 8th month (Mandaic: Šumbulta). These 5 extra days constitute the Parwanaya (or Panja) festival in the Mandaean calendar.[13]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Contains special characters Шаблон:Contains special characters

Шаблон:Contains special characters Шаблон:Noteslist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:Succession box Шаблон:S-end

Шаблон:Coptic months

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Citation.
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок takla не указан текст
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Citation.
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Citation.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Citation.
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Citation.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
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