Английская Википедия:Interchalcogen
The chalcogens react with each other to form interchalcogen compounds.[1]
Although no chalcogen is extremely electropositive,[note 1] nor quite as electronegative as the halogen fluorine (the most electronegative element), there is a large difference in electronegativity between the top (oxygen = 3.44 — the second most electronegative element after fluorine) and bottom (polonium = 2.0) of the group. Combined with the fact that there is a significant trend towards increasing metallic behaviour while descending the group (oxygen is a gaseous nonmetal, while polonium is a silvery post-transition metal[note 2]), this causes the interchalcogens to display many different kinds of bonding: covalent, ionic, metallic, and semimetallic.[note 3][1]
Known binary interchalcogens
| O | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O | Шаблон:Center | |||||
| S | Шаблон:Center | |||||
| Se | Шаблон:Center | |||||
| Te | Шаблон:Chem2 (many unknown) |
Шаблон:Chem2 (many unknown) |
Шаблон:Center | |||
| Po | Шаблон:Center (many unknown) |
(many unknown) | (unknown) | Шаблон:Center | ||
| Lv | Шаблон:Chem2 (predicted) |
Шаблон:Center (predicted) |
Шаблон:Center (predicted) |
Шаблон:Chem2 (predicted) |
(predicted) | (predicted) |
Bonding in the binary interchalcogens
Going down the above table, there is a transition from covalent bonding (with discrete molecules) to ionic bonding; going across the table, there is a transition from ionic bonding to metallic bonding. (Covalent bonding occurs when both elements have similar high electronegativities; ionic bonding occurs when the two elements have very different electronegativities, one low and the other high; metallic bonding occurs when both elements have similar low electronegativities.) For example, in the leftmost column of the table (with bonds to oxygen), Шаблон:Chem2 and Шаблон:Chem2 are purely covalent, Шаблон:Chem2 and Шаблон:Chem2 are polar molecules, Шаблон:Chem2 forms chained polymers (stretching in one dimension), Шаблон:Chem2 forms layered polymers (stretching in two dimensions), and Шаблон:Chem2 is ionic with the fluorite structure (spatial polymers, stretching in three dimensions); in the bottom row of the table (with bonds to polonium), Шаблон:Chem2 and PoS are ionic, Шаблон:Chem2 and Шаблон:Chem2 are semimetallic, and Шаблон:Chem2 is metallic.[1]
Summary of known binary interchalcogens
Sulfur chalcogenides
- Lower sulfur oxides, Шаблон:Chem2 where the ratio x:y is greater than 1:2
- Sulfur dioxide, Шаблон:Chem2
- Sulfur trioxide, Шаблон:Chem2
- Higher sulfur oxides, Шаблон:Chem2 where x > 3
Selenium chalcogenides
- Selenium dioxide, Шаблон:Chem2
- Selenium trioxide, Шаблон:Chem2
- Mixtures of selenium and sulfur in different concentrations with covalent bonding, Шаблон:Chem2
- "Selenium monosulfide", SeS
- "Selenium disulfide", Шаблон:Chem2, actually a 2:1 mixture of cyclo-Шаблон:Chem2 and cyclo-Шаблон:Chem2
- "Selenium trisulfide", Шаблон:Chem2, actually occurring as an 8-membered cyclic compound Шаблон:Chem2 (diselenacyclooctasulfane), where two sulfur atoms in the molecule of cyclooctasulfur are replaced by selenium atoms
Tellurium chalcogenides
- Tellurium monoxide, TeO (unstable transient species)
- Tellurium dioxide, Шаблон:Chem2
- Tellurium trioxide, Шаблон:Chem2
- Ditellurium pentoxide, Шаблон:Chem2[2]
- Many "alloys" of tellurium and sulfur in different concentrations with semimetallic bonding, Шаблон:Chem2
- Many "alloys" of tellurium and selenium in different concentrations with semimetallic bonding, Шаблон:Chem2
Polonium chalcogenides
- Polonium monoxide, PoO
- Polonium dioxide, Шаблон:Chem2
- Polonium trioxide, Шаблон:Chem2
- Polonium sulfide, PoS
- Many "alloys" of polonium and selenium in different concentrations with semimetallic bonding, Шаблон:Chem2
- Many "alloys" of polonium and tellurium in different concentrations with semimetallic bonding, Шаблон:Chem2
Livermorium chalcogenides
Due to the short half-life of all known livermorium isotopes, all proposed compounds shown are theoretical.
- Livermorium(II) oxide, LvO
- Livermorium(IV) oxide, Шаблон:Chem2
- Livermorium sulfide, LvS
- Livermorium selenide, LvSe
- Many "alloys" of livermorium and tellurium in different concentrations with semimetallic bonding, Шаблон:Chem2
- Alloys of livermorium and polonium in different concentrations with metallic bonding, Шаблон:Chem2
See also
Notes
References
Ошибка цитирования Для существующих тегов <ref> группы «note» не найдено соответствующего тега <references group="note"/>
