Английская Википедия:Interflug

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox airline

Interflug GmbH (Шаблон:Lang-de; Шаблон:IPA-de)Шаблон:Refn was the national airline of the German Democratic Republic from 1963 to 1990. Based in East Berlin, it operated scheduled and chartered flights to European and intercontinental destinations out of its hub at Berlin Schönefeld Airport, focusing on Comecon countries. Interflug also had significant crop dusting operations. Following German reunification, the company was liquidated.

History

Founding years

Файл:Bundesarchiv DH 2 Bild-F-04180, Berlin-Schönefeld, Flughafenbau, Il14.jpg
An Ilyushin Il-14 of Interflug at Schönefeld Airport in 1961, when the terminal building was under construction
Файл:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-K1027-0032, Berlin, Hochhaus, Interflug.jpg
Interflug office Haus des Reisens near Alexanderplatz in central East Berlin, 1971

Шаблон:Main Until 1945, Deutsche Luft Hansa had served as German flag carrier. Following the end of World War II and the subsequent allied occupation of Germany, all aircraft in the country were seized and the airline was liquidated. In 1954, a West German company acquired the Lufthansa trademark. In 1955, Deutsche Lufthansa was founded as a rival East German flag carrier. It soon became obvious that the East German airline would likely lose a lawsuit over the use of the Lufthansa branding. As a result, Interflug was set up on 18 September 1958 as a "back-up" company, initially intended to complement the East German aviation industry by operating chartered flights. In 1963, the East German Lufthansa was liquidated, officially due to poor profitability (though this step foreclosed the imminent stripping of the Lufthansa name). Its staff, aircraft fleet, and route network were transferred to Interflug, which henceforth served as the East German flag carrier.[1][2]

East German national airline

As a state-owned airline, Interflug and its approximately 8,000 employees were under the control of the National Defense Council, in supreme command of the East German armed forces. The majority of Interflug pilots were reserve officers of the National People's Army (and as such were required to be members of the Socialist Unity Party), and its aircraft could be requisitioned for military purposes at any time. Some were agents of the Stasi, the East German secret police. [3] Klaus Henkes, who became General Director of the airline in 1978, had previously served as General of the East German Air Force.[4] Applicants for flight attendant jobs had to be approved of by the Stasi, which assessed their political reliability, in an attempt to minimize espionage and defection to Western countries. Interflug crews who associated with employees of airlines from non-socialist countries risked suspension. Each flight crew was assigned a political officer who gave political lectures during flights. All aircraft in the fleet were bugged by the Stasi, including the lavatories and baggage compartments. [4]

The airline's route network and fleet of Soviet-built aircraft grew significantly in the 1960s. The Ilyushin Il-18 turboprop airliner became the workhorse of Interflug's short-haul flights during that period. The company had been the intended primary operator of the Baade 152, an early jet airliner constructed in East Germany.[5] Its development never went beyond the prototype phase and was abandoned in 1961. In 1969, the Tupolev Tu-134 was introduced, the first jet airliner operated by Interflug, used on European routes. The long range Il-62 joined the fleet in 1971. That same year, the number of Interflug passengers reached 1 million. At its peak, Interflug flew to destinations such as Havana, Cuba, Singapore and Conakry, Guinea. [6]

As a result of the 1970s energy crisis and increasing fuel prices, Interflug gradually dismantled its domestic route network. The last scheduled domestic flight, to transport prisoners from East Berlin to Erfurt, took place in April 1980.[7]

Late 1980s and German reunification

During the 1980s, Interflug's aging fleet caused increasing difficulties: fuel efficiency was inferior to that of contemporary western airliners, and noise pollution regulations meant the airline had to pay higher landing fees and was even banned from operating to some airports.[4] With some exceptions,Шаблон:Refn western-built airliners (most notably those produced by Boeing, McDonnell Douglas and Airbus) could not be delivered to Soviet bloc countries because of the CoCom embargo. Following a deal between Boeing and LOT Polish Airlines for the purchase of six Boeing 767 aircraft, and in order to acknowledge the Perestroika movement, commercial airliners were exempted from the trade embargo in 1988. Malév Hungarian Airlines also bought Boeing aircraft in 1988, and later that year, Interflug placed an order for three Airbus A310 long-haul aircraft, worth DM 420 million.[8][9][10] The deal was secured with the support of Franz Josef Strauss, then Minister-President of Bavaria, chairman of the Airbus supervisory board and responsible for West German loans to East Germany.

The first Airbus A310 was delivered to Interflug on 26 June 1989.[11] The East German crews for the new aircraft type were trained in West Germany; aircraft maintenance was also performed there. The A310 enabled non-stop flights to Cuba (flights had previously required a fuel stop at Gander International Airport in Canada).[3]

Following the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989 and the subsequent political upheaval in East Germany, several airlines expressed interest in buying parts of the highly unprofitable company to secure a share of the German air traffic market, especially in Berlin.[4] In early March 1990, Lufthansa signed a letter of intent to acquire 26 percent of Interflug,[12] but the offer was blocked by Germany's Federal Cartel Office.[13] Plans for a takeover by British Airways[14] did not materialize either (the UK airline instead founded Deutsche BA in 1992). On 1 July 1990, Interflug became a member of the International Air Transport Association (IATA).[15]

As a consequence of German reunification on 3 October 1990, Interflug came under the administration of the Treuhandanstalt, along with all other East German state property. As no buyers could be found, the liquidation of Interflug, which had 2,900 employees and 20 aircraft at the time, was announced on 7 February 1991.[13] The airline was then dismantled. The last commercial flight (on the Berlin-Vienna-Berlin route, using a Tu-134) took place on 30 April 1991.[16]

Legacy

Following the liquidation, a group of former Interflug employees acquired five of the company's Ilyushin Il-18 airliners and set up Il-18 Air Cargo, which soon became known as Berline, operating chartered cargo and leisure flights out of Schönefeld Airport. The company went bankrupt and ceased operations in 1994. [17]

The three Airbus A310 purchased by Interflug in 1988 were handed over by the Treuhandanstalt to the Federal Republic of Germany and became part of the German Air Force,[18] used for VIP transport of high-ranking politicians like the German president or chancellor.

Several former Interflug aircraft have been preserved in different places in Germany.[19]

Route network

Файл:Tupolev Tu-134 DM-SCZ Interflug AMS 11.09.77 edited-2.jpg
Interflug Tupolev Tu-134 at Amsterdam Airport in 1977
Файл:Ilyushin Il-18 (DDR-STO).jpg
Interflug Ilyushin Il-18 during chartered service at Gatwick Airport, United Kingdom, 1985
Файл:Interflug Ilyushin Il-62 Bidini.jpg
Interflug Ilyushin Il-62 at Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport, 1988
Файл:Interflug Airbus A310-300 Manteufel.jpg
Interflug Airbus A310 at Schönefeld Airport, 1990

As the national airline of East Germany from 1963 to 1991, Interflug operated scheduled passenger flights to the following destinations.Шаблон:Refn

Шаблон:Inc-transport

City State Airport Commenced Ceased
Tirana Albania Tirana Airport 1963[20]
Algiers Algeria Maison Blanche Airport ca. 1966[21]
Vienna Austria Vienna International Airport ca. 1970[6] 1991[22]
Dhaka Bangladesh Tejgaon Airport ca. 1977[23]
Brussels Belgium Brussels Airport ca. 1982[24]
Burgas Bulgaria Burgas Airport ca. 1982[24]
Sofia Bulgaria Sofia Airport 1963[20] 1991[22]
Varna Bulgaria Varna Airport ca. 1977[23] 1991[22]
Beijing China Beijing Capital International Airport 1989[4][9] 1991[22]
Havana Cuba José Martí International Airport ca. 1975[7] 1991[22]
Larnaca Cyprus Larnaca International Airport ca. 1977[23] 1991[22]
Nicosia Cyprus Nicosia International Airport ca. 1966[21] 1974
Bratislava Czechoslovakia Bratislava Airport ca. 1977[23]
Poprad Czechoslovakia Poprad-Tatry Airport ca. 1977[23]
Prague Czechoslovakia Ruzyně Airport 1963[20] 1991[22]
Copenhagen Denmark Copenhagen Airport ca. 1970[6] 1991[22]
Cairo Egypt Cairo International Airport ca. 1966[21] 1991[22]
Helsinki Finland Helsinki Airport ca. 1977[23] 1991[22]
Barth East Germany Barth Airport 1963[25] 1977[7]
East Berlin East Germany Schönefeld Airport (hub) 1963[20] 1991[22]
Dresden East Germany Klotzsche Airport 1963[25]
1990[26] 		ca. 1978[23]
1991
Erfurt East Germany Erfurt Airport 1963[25] 1980[7]
Heringsdorf East Germany Heringsdorf Airport 1963[25] 1979[7]
Leipzig East Germany Schkeuditz Airport 1963[20] 1991[22]
Cologne West Germany Cologne Bonn Airport 1990[26]
Düsseldorf West Germany Düsseldorf Airport 1989[3]
Hamburg West Germany Hamburg Airport 1990[26]
Athens Greece Ellinikon International Airport 1979[27] 1991[22]
Conakry Guinea Conakry International Airport ca. 1966[21]
Budapest Hungary Ferihegy Airport 1963[20]
Baghdad Iraq Saddam International Airport 1963[20]
Tel Aviv Israel Ben Gurion Airport 1991[22]
Milan Italy Linate Airport ca. 1980[27] 1991[22]
Rome Italy Fiumicino Airport ca. 1980[27] 1991[22]
Beirut Lebanon Beirut International Airport 1963[20]
Tripoli Libya Tripoli International Airport ca. 1982[24] 1991[22]
Bamako Mali ca. 1966[21]
Valletta Malta Malta International Airport 1991[22]
Maputo Mozambique Maputo International Airport ca. 1975[7]
Amsterdam Netherlands Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ca. 1977[23] 1991[22]
Lagos Nigeria Murtala Muhammed International Airport ca. 1982[24] ca. 1991
Karachi Pakistan Jinnah International Airport ca. 1977[23]
Warsaw Poland Okęcie Airport 1963[20] 1991[22]
Bucharest Romania Băneasa Airport 1963[20] 1991[22]
Singapore Singapore Singapore Changi Airport 1988[4][9]
Kyiv Soviet Union Boryspil International Airport ca. 1982[24]
Leningrad Soviet Union Pulkovo Airport ca. 1977[23] 1991[22]
Minsk Soviet Union Minsk National Airport ca. 1982[24]
Moscow Soviet Union Vnukovo Airport
Sheremetyevo Airport 		1963[20] 1991[22]
Stockholm Sweden Stockholm Arlanda Airport ca. 1982[24] 1991[22]
Damascus Syria Damascus Airport ca. 1966[21]
Bangkok Thailand Don Muang Airport 1989[4] 1991[22]
Monastir Tunisia Monastir Airport 1991[22]
Tunis Tunisia Tunis–Carthage International Airport ca. 1982[24] 1991[22]
Istanbul Turkey Istanbul Atatürk Airport ca. 1977[23] 1991[22]
Dubai United Arab Emirates Dubai International Airport 1991[22]
Hanoi Vietnam Gia Lam Airport ca. 1975 1978
Hanoi Vietnam Noi Bai International Airport ca. 1978[7] 1991[22]
Belgrade Yugoslavia Belgrade Airport 1963[20] 1991[22]
Ljubljana Yugoslavia Brnik Airport ca. 1982[24]
Split Yugoslavia Split Airport ca. 1982[24]
Zagreb Yugoslavia Zagreb Airport ca. 1966[21] 1991[22]

Flights to Western countries

Файл:Berlin-wall-map en.svg
A map showing the border crossings between West and East Berlin. The checkpoint at Waltersdorfer Chaussee could only be used by West Germans travelling to and from nearby Schönefeld Airport (click to enlarge).

As an East German state-owned company, Interflug had the important role of securing foreign currency reserves, as the East German mark was considered a weak currency. For most of its existence, Interflug was not a member of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and could therefore significantly undercut the ticket prices of other European carriers.[27] From the 1970s, more effort was put into operating chartered flights to Mediterranean and Black Sea holiday resorts, many of which specifically catered to West Germans. (Travel restrictions applied to East Germans). Starting in that period, Interflug gained traffic rights to several destinations in Western Europe.[6] All these flights could be booked at travel agencies in West Berlin and West Germany, which had signed sale contracts with Interflug. To simplify the transfer of passengers from West Berlin to and from Schönefeld Airport, a dedicated border crossing checkpoint was inaugurated at Waltersdorfer Chaussee, and scheduled shuttle buses were operated from the Central Bus Terminal in the Westend locality.[27]

By the early 1980s, low Interflug ticket prices led to a severe decline of holiday flights at Berlin Tegel Airport in West Berlin. Pilots at Pan Am, which had a hub at Tegel, reportedly considered operating flights to Greece without pay to allow the airline to compete with Interflug.[27]

Interflug signed an agreement with Turkish Airlines giving the two airlines exclusive rights to offer dedicated flights for Turkish Gastarbeiter to and from West Germany and West Berlin.[4] In the 1980s, Interflug set up a partnership with KLM for a joint operation on the East Berlin-Amsterdam route. Of the six weekly flights, two were operated by KLM's Fokker F28 Fellowships, and four by Interflug's Tu-134s and Il-62s. As neither airline was allowed to cross the intra-German border,Шаблон:Refn the KLM flights were routed via Denmark, and Interflug used a southern routing over Czechoslovakia.[28]

During the annual Leipzig Trade Fair, at that time considered the most important meeting place for businesspeople and politicians from both sides of the Iron Curtain, Lufthansa and Interflug were granted special permits to operate flights between Leipzig and West Germany. In 1986, Lufthansa and Interflug applied for joint traffic rights for year-round scheduled intra-German flights over the Iron Curtain, which were initially rejected by the Western Allies (likely due to concerns that their unique market position for flights to and from Berlin might be weakened),[29] and only granted in August 1989. Interflug was then able to launch flights on the Leipzig-Düsseldorf route, while Lufthansa began serving the Frankfurt-Leipzig leg.[3] In 1990, Interflug added flights from Dresden to Hamburg and Cologne.[26]

Fleet

Файл:Iljuschin Il-14 Interflug DM-SAB Innenraum (02).JPG
Interior view of a preserved Ilyushin Il-14 once operated by Interflug (2008).

Over the years, Interflug operated the following aircraft types on its commercial flights:Шаблон:Refn[2][11][30]

Aircraft Introduced Retired
Aero Ae-45 1956 1961
Airbus A310 1989 1991
Antonov An-2 1957 1962
Antonov An-24 1966 1975
Dash 8-100Шаблон:Refn 1990 1991
Let 410UVP 1991
Ilyushin Il-14 1955 1967
Ilyushin Il-18 1961 1991
Ilyushin Il-62 1970 1991
Tupolev Tu-124
Tupolev Tu-134 1969 1991
Tupolev Tu-154M 1991

Accidents and incidents

Fatal

  • On 26 July 1964, an Interflug Antonov An-2 (registered DM-SKS) crashed near Magdeburg, killing the two occupants.[31]
  • The Königs Wusterhausen air disaster, the deadliest to date in Germany with 156 fatalities (and second-deadliest in the world at the time, only surpassed by All Nippon Airways Flight 58) occurred on 14 August 1972, when an Interflug Ilyushin Il-62 (registered DM-SEA), then one of the world's largest passenger jets, crashed during an emergency landing attempt near Schönefeld Airport. The aircraft, registered DM-SEA, was the first Il-62 operated by Interflug. Shortly into the Berlin-Burgas flight, the aircrew encountered problems with the elevators caused by a fire in the cargo bay, which destroyed part of the rear fuselage. The aircrew subsequently tried to return to the airport, ultimately sending the airplane into an uncontrolled descent.[6][32]
  • On 1 September 1975, an Interflug Tupolev Tu-134 (registered DM-SCD) crashed during its approach into Leipzig/Halle Airport, killing 27 of the 34 people on board (three crew and four passengers survived). The aircraft had been travelling from Stuttgart, West Germany, to Leipzig (such flights were only operated during the Leipzig Trade Fair). It was later determined that the pilots had not properly checked the aircraft's altitude, leading to a descent below the glide slope and a collision with an antenna mast.[33]
  • On 26 March 1979, a cargo-configured Interflug Ilyushin Il-18 (registered DM-STL) overshot the runway at Luanda Airport in Angola following an engine failure during the take-off run. The aircraft broke up and erupted into flames, killing all ten people on board.[34][35]
  • On 17 June 1989, an Ilyushin Il-62 (registered DDR-SEW) operating Interflug Flight 102 to Moscow overshot the runway during a take-off attempt at Schönefeld Airport and caught fire, killing 21 of the 103 passengers on board (all ten crew members survived), and one person on the ground. The accident started when a rudder jammed because of a locking tab that had been left in place during maintenance. When instructed to apply reverse thrust, the flight engineer mistakenly switched the engines off. Because the accident occurred on the anniversary of the 1953 East German uprising, the resulting tense atmosphere in the GDR initially led to suspicions of sabotage, delaying medical assistance to survivors.[36]

Non-fatal

  • On 22 November 1977, an Interflug Tu-134 (registered DM-SCM) on a flight from Moscow was damaged beyond repair in a landing accident at Schönefeld Airport. The aircraft, with 74 people aboard, crashed into the runway due to an excessive sink rate caused by faulty handling of the autopilot.[37]
  • On 11 February 1991, Interflug's scheduled Berlin-Moscow flight was involved in a go-around incident at Sheremetyevo Airport. The captain of the Airbus A310 (registered D-AOAC) disagreed with the flight computer settings for the go-around, and the resulting opposite control inputs from the flight computer caused a total of four stalls, including one that pitched the aircraft up to 88 degrees (nearly vertical). The pilots eventually recovered control and landed the aircraft. Taking place after the crash of an Airbus A320 during a 1988 demonstration flight, the incident further demonstrated the danger of aircrews inadvertently or deliberately countermanding automatic safety protocols built into modern jetliners.[38]Шаблон:Failed verification[39]

Criminal incidents

  • On 10 March 1970, a hijacking attempt occurred on an Interflug flight from East Berlin to Leipzig. Armed with pistols, a young husband and wife, Eckhard and Christel Wehage, demanded the pilot fly the Antonov An-24 – which had 15 other passengers on board – to Hanover in West Germany to escape the Iron Curtain.[40] The pilot claimed not to have enough fuel, and the Wehages agreed to fly to Tempelhof Airport in West Berlin. The plane returned to Schönefeld Airport instead, leading the Wehages to kill themselves.[41]
  • A similar hijacking attempt failed during an Interflug flight from Erfurt to East Berlin on 30 January 1980.[42]
  • On 20 December 1980, Interflug Flight 302 from East Berlin to Budapest was subjected to a bomb threat. En route, a handwritten note was discovered claiming a bomb was hidden on the Tupolev Tu-134 and would be triggered once the aircraft descended below Шаблон:Convert. The crew decided to divert to Poprad, a Czechoslovak airport located at an elevation of Шаблон:Convert. There, a backpack was found which did not belong to any of the passengers. No information was released about its contents.[43]

In popular culture

  • The East German TV series Treffpunkt Flughafen was produced between 1985 and 1986. In eight episodes, it deals with the fictional crew of an Interflug Ilyushin Il-62, and their (often negative) experiences and adventures in foreign countries, which the average East German citizen could either not afford or was not allowed to travel to.[3][44]
  • The intentional landing of a former Interflug Ilyushin Il-62 on a Шаблон:Convert long grass runway in Gollenberg on 23 October 1989 received widespread media attention. The aircraft, donated by the airline, was commanded by Шаблон:Ill and has been preserved there ever since to commemorate aviation pioneer Otto Lilienthal.[45]

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category-inline

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ 20,00 20,01 20,02 20,03 20,04 20,05 20,06 20,07 20,08 20,09 20,10 20,11 Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 21,5 21,6 Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ 22,00 22,01 22,02 22,03 22,04 22,05 22,06 22,07 22,08 22,09 22,10 22,11 22,12 22,13 22,14 22,15 22,16 22,17 22,18 22,19 22,20 22,21 22,22 22,23 22,24 22,25 22,26 22,27 22,28 22,29 22,30 22,31 Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ 23,00 23,01 23,02 23,03 23,04 23,05 23,06 23,07 23,08 23,09 23,10 Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 24,3 24,4 24,5 24,6 24,7 24,8 24,9 Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 25,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 27,3 27,4 27,5 Шаблон:Cite journal
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journalШаблон:Dead link
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ 1979 crash at the Aviation Safety Network
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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