Английская Википедия:International Organization of Journalists
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish
The International Organization of Journalists (IOJ, Шаблон:Lang-fr) was an international press workers' organization based in Prague, Czechoslovakia, during the Cold War. It was one of dozens of front organizations launched by the Soviet Union in the late 1940s and early 1950s.[1][2] It was controlled in Prague by the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, with the assistance of KGB agents.[3] It was described by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency as "an instrumentality of Soviet propaganda".[4]
History
The International Organization of Journalists was formed at a congress held in Copenhagen in June 1946. At this meeting, the International Federation of Journalists and the International Federation of Journalists of the Allied and Free Countries merged into the new organization and for a time the new organization was broadly representative of the journalists of the world. However, by 1950 the IOJ had become dominated by communists and the non-communist member organizations had withdrawn. These would re-launch the International Federation of Journalists in 1952.[5]
A declassified Central Intelligence Agency document from 1955, described the IOJ as "an instrumentality of Soviet propaganda".[4] In a 2009 interview with the newspaper Helsingin Sanomat, the Finnish professor Kaarle Nordenstreng who was the chairman of the IOJ 1976–1990, acknowledged that they took orders from the Kremlin but maintained that their operations were far from straightforwardly following their directives.[6]
Organization
The decision-making body of the IOJ was Congress, which met every four years. Members of the IOJ, and delegations representing groups that had less than 20 members, had a voice, but no vote in the deliberation. Congress elected the Executive Committee, whose members could be nominated either by member federations or by the Congress itself. The Executive Committee met once a year. The IOJ Bureau was also elected by the Congress and consisted of the President, Secretary-General and a number of Vice-Presidents and met as required. Members of the Bureau were ex-officio members of the Executive Committee. The General Secretariat handled day-to-day administration of the IOJ and was headed by the General Secretary under the direction of the Bureau.[7] Originally headquartered in London, in June 1947, the IOJ moved to Opletalova 5, Prague II, [8] and in 1966, to Vinohradska 3, Prague 1,[9] and by 1978, to Parizska 9, 11001 Prague 1.[10]
Congresses
The IOJ held the following Congresses:[11]
- Copenhagen, June 1946
- Prague, June 1947
- Helsinki, September 1950
- Bucharest, May 1956
- Budapest, August 1962
- East Berlin, October 1966
Members
In October 1955 the International Organization of Journalists claimed to have 60,000 members in 51 countries: "national organizations" in 14 countries - Albania, Bulgaria, People's Republic of China, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union and North Vietnam; "national groups" in Mexico and Ceylon. It apparently had individual members in 33 further countries.[12]
In 1957, representatives of the French Journalists Union (an affiliated of the CGT), the Association of Polish Journalists, the All-China Journalists Association were mentioned as officers of the IOJ.[13]
In 1970 it declared that it had 150,000 members.[14]Шаблон:Page needed
In 1978 the following organizations were affiliated with IOJ:[15]
- Шаблон:Flag - Union of Algerian Journalists
- Шаблон:Flag - Press Syndicate of Cordoba
- Шаблон:Flag - Association of Journalists of Buenos Aires
- Шаблон:Flag - Democratic Union of Workers of the Bolivian Press
- Шаблон:Flag - National Union of Journalists (Cameroon)
- Шаблон:Flag - National Collegium of Journalists
- Шаблон:Flag - National Union of Congolese Journalists
- Шаблон:Flag - Czechoslovak Union of Journalists
- Шаблон:Flag - National Syndicate of Professional Journalists
- Шаблон:Flag - National Union of Journalists (El Salvador)
- Шаблон:Flag - Gambia Journalists' Association
- Шаблон:Flag - Union of Guyanese Journalists
- Шаблон:Flag - Japan Congress of Journalists
- Шаблон:Flag - Association of Japanese Journalists
- Шаблон:Flag, Шаблон:Flag - Association of Korean Journalists and Publishers in Japan
- Шаблон:Flag - Press Syndicate of Madagascar
- Шаблон:Flag - SWAPO, Journalists Branch
- Шаблон:Flag - National Union of Journalists (Nicaragua)
- Шаблон:Flag - General Union of Palestinian Writers and Journalists
- Шаблон:Flag - Federation of Journalists of Peru
- Шаблон:Flag - Council of Romanian Journalists
- Шаблон:Flag - South African Journalists Union, African National Congress
- Шаблон:Flag - Syrian Journalists' Union
- Шаблон:Flag - Association of the Uruguayan Press
- Шаблон:Flag - Democratic Yemeni Journalists Organization
- Шаблон:Flag - Association of Journalists of Zimbabwe
In addition to these, there were also "organizations, committees, groups or individuals" who were members in the following states: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Kampuchea, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, West Germany, East Germany, Ghana, Great Britain, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Poland, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, the USSR, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Togo, Trindiad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, the United States, Venezuela, Vietnam and Zaire.[16]
Publications
The IOJ published a monthly The Democratic Journalist in English, French, Spanish, German and Russian.[17] Other publications included Interpressgrafik, Journalists' affairs and Afrique mass media.[18]
Kaarle Nordenstreng published 3 parts of Useful Recollections on the history of IOJ.[19][20][21]
Affiliated people
- Jiří Hronek, Secretary General 1947–1951
- Krassimir Ivandjiiski, Bulgarian journalist
- Don Rojas, worked in the Prague office
- Kaarle Nordenstreng, Chairman 1976–1990, emeritus professor of journalism at the University of Tampere
See also
- World Federation of Scientific Workers
- Committee to Protect Journalists
- Reporters Without Borders
- The Coalition For Women In Journalism
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Political posters in Central and Eastern Europe, 1945-95: signs of the times. James Aulich, Marta Sylvestrová. p. 66
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Facts about international Communist front organisations p. 73
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Hoover Institution Yearbook on International Communist Affairs 1966 Stanford, Calif., Hoover Institution Press. pp.503-4
- ↑ Facts about international Communist front organisations p. 73
- ↑ Hoover Institution Yearbook on International Communist Affairs 1966 Stanford, Calif., Hoover Institution Press. p.503
- ↑ Coldrick, A. Percy and Jones, Philip. The international directory of the trade union movement New York : Facts on File, [1978] p.189
- ↑ Hoover Institution Yearbook on International Communist Affairs 1966 Stanford, Calif., Hoover Institution Press. p.503
- ↑ Facts about international Communist front organisations p. 74
- ↑ Facts about international Communist front organisations pp. 73-4
- ↑ Soviet propaganda: a case study of the Middle East conflict.
- ↑ Coldrick and Jones pp.190-1
- ↑ Coldrick and Jones p.191
- ↑ Facts about international Communist front organisations p. 74
- ↑ Coldrick and Jones p.190
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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