Английская Википедия:International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:IPA notice This chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.
See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.
- AmE, American English
- AuE, Australian English
- BahE, Bahamian English
- BarE, Barbadian English
- CaE, Canadian English
- CIE, Channel Island English
- EnE, English English
- FiE, Fiji English
- InE, Indian English
- IrE, Irish English
- JSE, Jamaican English
- NZE, New Zealand English
- PaE, Palauan English
- ScE, Scottish English
- SIE, Solomon Islands English
- SAE, South African English
- SSE, Standard Singapore English
- WaE, Welsh English
Chart
This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.
| IPA | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:IPA link | Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping Шаблон:IPA | |
| Шаблон:IPA link | Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation Шаблон:IPA | |
| Шаблон:IPA link | Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream Шаблон:IPA vs. I scream Шаблон:IPA | |
| ̩ | ̍ | Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden Шаблон:IPA |
See also
- English phonology
- List of dialects of the English language
- Phonetic alphabets
- Pronunciation respelling for English
- SAMPA chart for English
- Help:IPA/English
- Help:IPA/Conventions for English
Notes
References
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite document
- Шаблон:Cite dictionary
- Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
- ↑ Шаблон:IPA, is pronounced Шаблон:IPAblink in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like better, Шаблон:IPAblink in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and Шаблон:IPAblink non-initially in Irish English.
- ↑ Шаблон:IPA is pronounced Шаблон:IPAblink if preceded and followed by vowels in GA and Australian English.
- ↑ The labiodental fricative Шаблон:IPA is often pronounced as bilabial Шаблон:IPAblink after the bilabials Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA, as in up-front Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA, Cub fan Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA, tomfoolery Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA.
- ↑ The labiodental fricative Шаблон:IPA is often pronounced as bilabial Шаблон:IPAblink after the bilabials Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA, as in upvote Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA, obviate Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA, Humvee Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA.
- ↑ Шаблон:IPA is pronounced as a dental stop Шаблон:IPAblink in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with Шаблон:IPA in some varieties of English English, and merges with Шаблон:IPA in some varieties of Caribbean English. The dental stop Шаблон:IPAblink also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of Шаблон:IPA.
- ↑ Шаблон:IPA is pronounced as a dental stop Шаблон:IPA in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with Шаблон:IPA in some varieties of English English, and merges with Шаблон:IPA in some varieties of Caribbean English. Шаблон:IPAblink also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of Шаблон:IPA.
- ↑ The glottal fricative Шаблон:IPA is often pronounced as voiced Шаблон:IPAblink between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Initial voiced Шаблон:IPAblink occurs in some accents of the Southern Hemisphere.
- ↑ Шаблон:IPA is pronounced Шаблон:IPAblink before the palatal approximant Шаблон:IPA, sometimes even replacing the cluster /hj/, and sometimes before high front vowels.
- ↑ The bilabial nasal Шаблон:IPA is often pronounced as labiodental Шаблон:IPAblink before Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, as in symphony Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA, circumvent Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA, some value Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA.
- ↑ In some dialects, such as Brummie, words like ringer Шаблон:IPA, sing Шаблон:IPA, which have a velar nasal Шаблон:IPA in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional Шаблон:IPA, like "finger": Шаблон:IPA.
- ↑ Velarized Шаблон:IPAblink traditionally does not occur in Irish English; clear or plain Шаблон:IPAblink does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP, some other English accents, and South African English, however, have clear Шаблон:IPAblink in syllable onsets and dark Шаблон:IPAblink in syllable rimes.
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Sonorants are voiceless after a fortis (voiceless) stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
- ↑ L-vocalization in which l is pronounced as a kind of a back vowel (Шаблон:IPAblink or Шаблон:IPAblink, or non-syllabic Шаблон:IPA, forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel) occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents, such as African-American Vernacular English, Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, Standard Singapore English.
- ↑ Шаблон:IPA is pronounced as a tap Шаблон:IPAblink in some varieties of Scottish, Irish, Indian, Welsh, Northern England and South African English.
- ↑ The alveolar trill Шаблон:IPAblink only occurs in some varieties of Scottish, Welsh, Indian and South African English.
- ↑ R-labialization, in which r is pronounced as Шаблон:IPAblink, is found in some accents in Southern England.
- ↑ Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and many American South and New England dialects, distinguish voiceless Шаблон:IPAblink from voiced Шаблон:IPAblink; see wine–whine merger and voiceless labiovelar approximant.
- ↑ Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with Шаблон:IPA, see Lock–loch merger.
- ↑ This common English interjection is usually pronounced with Шаблон:IPAblink in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA
- ↑ Шаблон:IPA link only exists in Welsh English as an allophone of Шаблон:IPA in Welsh loan words. Other dialects usually replace it with Шаблон:IPA link.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 41,0 41,1 41,2 41,3 41,4 41,5 41,6 41,7 41,8 In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
- ↑ 42,0 42,1 42,2 42,3 42,4 See bad–lad split for this distinction.
- ↑ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics Шаблон:ISBN, pp. 84–92.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:IPA link~Шаблон:IPA link occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have Шаблон:IPA link.
- ↑ In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the Шаблон:Sc2 vowel (generally written o) appears as Шаблон:IPA link~Шаблон:IPA link instead of Шаблон:IPA link before the fricatives Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA and the velar nasal Шаблон:IPA; also usually before Шаблон:IPA, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before Шаблон:IPA (as in chocolate). See Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only Шаблон:IPA link occurs.
- ↑ 47,0 47,1 47,2 47,3 It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.
- ↑ 48,0 48,1 Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Often transcribed Шаблон:IPA for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
- ↑ The Шаблон:Sc2 vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'
- ↑ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.
- ↑ 53,0 53,1 53,2 53,3 53,4 53,5 Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs Шаблон:IPA is raised in certain cases, yielding Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of Шаблон:IPA. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right Шаблон:IPA and out Шаблон:IPA have raised vowels, but eyes Шаблон:IPA and loud Шаблон:IPA do not.
- ↑ Merging Шаблон:Sc2 and Шаблон:Sc2 is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.
- ↑ 55,0 55,1 55,2 55,3 55,4 55,5 55,6 See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction in some varieties.
- ↑ Sometimes transcribed for GA as Шаблон:IPA, especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as Шаблон:IPA.
