Английская Википедия:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox organization

The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP; Шаблон:IPAc-en) is an international non-governmental organization whose mission is to assist in the worldwide development of physics, to foster international cooperation in physics, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity.[1][2] It was established in 1922 and the first General Assembly was held in 1923 in Paris.[3] The Union is domiciled in Geneva, Switzerland.[4]

IUPAP carries out this mission by: sponsoring international meetings; fostering communications and publications; encouraging research and education; fostering the free circulation of scientists;[5][6] promoting international agreements on the use of symbols, units, nomenclature and standards;[7][8] and cooperating with other organizations on disciplinary and interdisciplinary problems.[9][10][11]

IUPAP is a member of the International Science Council.

IUPAP is the lead organization promoting the adoption of the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development,[12] a proposal to be considered by the 76th session of the UN General Assembly.

History

In 1919 was formed the International Research Council[13] “largely through the representatives of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, and of the Royal Society, London, to coordinate international efforts in the different branches of sciences, under whose aegis international associations or unions in different branches of science could be formed".

In accordance with this principle, the 1922 General Assembly of the IRC convened at Brussels and a number of physicists present decided that the formation of a Physics Union was imperative.

Thirteen countries (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Empire of Japan, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and Union of South Africa) immediately announced their adherence to the new Union.

An Executive committee was formed which undertook to prepare rules, regulations, and activities of the organization. The committee consisted of ten distinguished physicists:- W.H. Bragg, M. Brillouin, O.M. Corbino, M. Knudsen, M. Leblanc, R.A. Millikan, H. Nagaoka, E. Van Aubel, and H. Abraham. The committee had Bragg as President, Van Aubel as Vice-President, and Abraham as Secretary.

This was the birth of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.

Committees and governance

The Union is governed by its General Assembly, which meets every three years. The Council is its top executive body, supervising the activities of the nineteen specialized International Commissions and the four Affiliated Commissions – it typically meets once or twice per year. The Union is composed of Members representing identified physics communities. At present 60 Members adhere to IUPAP. The Members are represented by Liaison Committees. Members of the Council and Commissions are elected by the General Assembly, based on nominations received from Liaison Committees and existing Council and Commission members.[14]

The IUPAP specialised Commissions are:

C1. Commission on Policy and Finance

C2. Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses & Fundamental Constants

C3. Commission on Statistical Physics

C4. Commission on Astroparticle Physics. The commission was previously known as the Commission on Cosmic Rays.

C5. Commission on Low Temperature Physics

C6. Commission on Biological Physics

C8. Commission on Semiconductors

C9. Commission on Magnetism

C10. Commission on the Structure and Dynamics of Condensed Matter

C11. Commission on Particles and Fields

C12. Commission on Nuclear Physics

C13. Commission on Physics for Development

C14. Commission on Physics Education

C15. Commission on Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

C16. Commission on Plasma Physics

C17. Commission on Laser Physics and Photonics

C18. Commission on Mathematical Physics

C19. Commission on Astrophysics

C20. Commission on Computational Physics

The Affiliated Commissions are:

AC1. International Commission for Optics

AC2. International Commission on General Relativity and Gravitation

AC3. International Commission for Acoustics

AC4. International Commission on Medical Physics

AC5. International Association of Physics Students

AC6. History and Philosophy of Physics

In addition IUPAP has established a number of Working Groups, among others the International Committee for Future Accelerators (WG1)[15][16] and Women in Physics (WG5),[17] to provide an overview of important areas of international collaboration in physics.

Each year, IUPAP endorses approximately 30 international conferences and awards grants to the majority of them. Applications for sponsorship can be made via the IUPAP website.

Sponsored conferences fall into four categories:

General Conferences - Type A

These provide a broad overview of an entire field (typically the field of interest to a Commission), and normally occur at two- or three-year intervals, as advances in the field warrant. Attendance in the range of 750–1000 would be anticipated.

Topical Conferences - Type B

These concentrate on broad sub-fields (e.g. nuclear spectroscopy, nuclear reaction mechanisms, heavy ion physics, are possible sub-fields in the field of Nuclear Physics). They would normally be scheduled in the years between the corresponding Type A General conferences. Attendance in the range of 300-600 individuals would be anticipated.

Special Conferences - Type C

These concentrate on much more specialised topics than in the case of Type B Conferences (e.g. angular correlations, lifetime measurements, neutron resonance studies in the field of Nuclear Physics). Attendance in the range of 50-200 would be anticipated.

Workshops in Developing Countries - Type D

These concentrate on meeting the needs of a developing region. Unlike the Type A, B and C conferences, they do not need to be truly international, but should involve neighbouring countries, and they should address the needs of the region. One Type D conference will be approved each year. All applications for Type-D Conferences must be submitted to the Commission on Physics for Development (C13).

IUPAP commissions sponsor various awards for scientists. These include:

  • The IUPAP Young Scientist Prize, approved and adopted at the 2005 General Assembly for all commissions. The prize was renamed Early Career Scientist Prize at the General Assembly 2021.[18]
  • The SUNAMCO Medal, given by the Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (C2)
  • The Boltzmann Medal, awarded by the Commission on Statistical Physics (C3)
  • The Fritz London Memorial Prize, given by the Commission on Low Temperature Physics (C5)
  • The Young Author Best Paper Award, established by the Commission on Semiconductors (C8) and sponsored by the semiconductor industries of USA, Japan and Europe
  • ICM Award in Magnetism, established by the Commission on Magnetism (C9)
  • The Kennedy Reed Medal for Outstanding Contributions to the Enhancement of Physics in Developing Countries (C13)
  • The ICPE Medal, sponsored by the Commission on Physics Education (C14)
  • Penning Award Excellence in Low-Temperature Plasma Physics, established by the Commission on Plasma Physics (C16)
  • ICO Prize, awarded by the Affiliated Commission for Optics (AC1)
  • ICO Galileo Galilei Award, awarded by the Affiliated Commission for Optics (AC1)

Member States of IUPAP

IUPAP was founded by 13 states:- Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Empire of Japan, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and Union of South Africa in 1922. Since then many new members have joined the union.Today the IUPAP consists of 56 member states.

Below is the list of Member States of IUPAP:

List of the Current and Former Member States of IUPAP[19]
Country Shares

(2015)

Votes

(2015)

Year of

Joining

Year of

ceasing to

be a member

Rejoining

(1)

Rejoining

(2)

1 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 2009
2 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 1951 1984
3 Шаблон:Flag 4 3 1925
4 Шаблон:Flag 2 2 1957
5 Шаблон:Flag 4 3 1922
6 Шаблон:Flag 8 4 1951
7 Шаблон:Flag 8 4 1922
8 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 1984
9 Шаблон:Flag (PRC) 15 5 1984
10 Шаблон:Flag (Taiwan) 5 3 1984
11 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 2009 2017
12 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 1993
13 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 2003
14 Шаблон:Flag 4 3 1993
15 Шаблон:Flag 3 2 1922
16 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 2002
17 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 2009 No Voting rights[20]
18 Шаблон:Flag 3 2 1947
19 Шаблон:Flag 15 5 1922
20 Шаблон:Flag 15 5 1954
21 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 ?
22 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 2009
23 Шаблон:Flag 3 2 1948
24 Шаблон:Flag 8 4 1948
25 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 ?
26 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 1966
27 Шаблон:Flag 2 2 1951
28 Шаблон:Flag 12 5 1923
29 Шаблон:Flag 15 5 1922
30 Шаблон:Flag 2 1 2018
31 Шаблон:Flag (ROK) 10 5 1969
32 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 2002
33 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 2002
34 Шаблон:Flag 2 2 1925
35 Шаблон:Flag 4 3 1922
36 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 1954
37 Шаблон:Flag 3 2 1922
38 Шаблон:Flag 0 0 1951 2017
39 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 2009
40 Шаблон:PHL 1 1 2009
41 Шаблон:Flag 4 3 1922
42 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 1984
43 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 1947 1960-87 2009
44 Шаблон:Flag 18 6 1992
45 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 1990
46 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 ? No voting rights
47 Шаблон:Flag 2 2 2009
48 Шаблон:SVK 1 1 1993
49 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 1993
50 Шаблон:Flag 3 2 1922
51 Шаблон:Flag 8 4 1922
52 Шаблон:Flag 8 4 1923
53 Шаблон:Flag 4 3 1922
54 Шаблон:Flag 1 1 2005
55 Шаблон:Flag 15 5 1922
56 Шаблон:Flag 18 6 1922
Шаблон:Flag 0 0 1963
Шаблон:Flag 0 0 1957
Шаблон:Flag 1 1 2009 2017
Шаблон:Flag 1 1 2009 2017
Шаблон:Flag 1 1 1969 No voting rights
Шаблон:Flag 1 1 1948 2017
Шаблон:Flag 1960
Шаблон:Flag 1 1 1995 2017
Шаблон:Flag 0 0 1990
Шаблон:Flag

(membership renewed as China-Taipei)

1934 1984
Шаблон:Flag

(succeeded by Russia)

18 6 1957 1991
Шаблон:Flag 0 0 1954 1992

List of IUPAP Presidents

The IUPAP President is the head of the Executive Council. IUPAP Presidents are elected by the General Assembly. During the election of the Executive Council, the future President is also elected to the post of President-Designate. Thus in every Executive Council the current President-Designate will succeed the incumbent President.

Below is the list of IUPAP Presidents since its inception in 1922.

Term President Nationality
1922–1931 Sir Willilam Henry Bragg[2] Шаблон:UK
1931–1934 Robert Andrews Millikan[9] Шаблон:USA
1934–1947 Mann Siegbahn[3] Шаблон:SWE
1947–1951 Hendrik Anthony Kramers[21] Шаблон:NLD
1951–1957 Sir Nevill Francis Mott[22][23] Шаблон:UK
1957–1960 Edoardo Amaldi[24] Шаблон:ITA
1960–1963 Homi Jehangir Bhabha[3] Шаблон:IND
1963–1966 Louis Eugène Félix Néel[3] Шаблон:FRA
1966–1969 Dmitrii Ivanovich Blokhintsev[25] Шаблон:USSR
1969–1972 Robert Fox Bacher[9] Шаблон:USA
1972–1975 Heinz Maier-Leibnitz[26] Шаблон:GER
1975–1978 Sir Clifford Charles Butler[27] Шаблон:UK
1978–1981 Leonard Sosnowski [28] Шаблон:POL
1981–1984 Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Шаблон:SWE
1984–1987 David Allan Bromley[29] Шаблон:CAN/Шаблон:USA
1987–1990 Larkin Kerwin[30] Шаблон:CAN
1990–1993 Yuri Andreevich Ossipyan[31] Шаблон:RUS
1993–1996 Yasatuka Yamaguchi [32] Шаблон:JPN
1996–1999 Jan S. Nilsson [33][34] Шаблон:SWE
1999–2002 Burton Richter[35][36] Шаблон:USA
2002–2005 Yves Pierre Petroff Шаблон:FRA
2005–2008 Alan Astbury[37] Шаблон:CAN
2008–2011 Sukekatsu Ushioda Шаблон:JPN
2011–2014 Cecilia Jarlskog[38] Шаблон:SWE
2014–2017 Bruce McKellar[39] Шаблон:AUS
2017–2020 Kennedy J. Reed[38] Шаблон:USA
2020–2024 Michel Spiro[40] Шаблон:FRA

IUPAP reactions to sanctions in science

IUPAP, whose mission is to assist in the worldwide development of physics, to foster international cooperation, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity, has throughout its history defended the stand that no scientists should be barred from participating in conferences or events on the basis of their nationality or their affiliation.[2] Shortly after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, IUPAP issued a statement against the military offensive, while advocating for continued international scientific cooperation.[41][42][43] To alleviate sanctions in science and to promote principles and policies for international scientific collaboration,[44] IUPAP offers physicists, including students, from any country around the world, who feel excluded from academic exchange based exclusively on their affiliation and/or country of origin, to apply to use the IUPAP as their affiliation.[45][46][47][48]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:International Science Council Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Kerwin1969 не указан текст
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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