Английская Википедия:Interregnum (Transjordan)

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

The Interregnum (between rulers) period in Transjordan was a short period during which Transjordan had no established ruler or occupying power that lasted from the end of the Franco-Syrian War on 25 July 1920 until the Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan in April 1921.

Transjordan was in the British sphere of influence, but the British did not send an army or administration, and the government of the Hashemite Arab Kingdom of Syria under Prince Faisal had collapsed after being defeated by the French during the Battle of Maysalun in July 1920. British High Commissioner for Palestine Herbert Samuel wrote that the area was "left politically derelict"; the region was extremely poor, sparsely populated, and widely considered ungovernable.Шаблон:Sfn

The British administration in the neighbouring Mandatory Palestine were split over whether to influence the region or not. The World Zionist Organization tried and failed to have the area added to Mandatory Palestine and be included in the Balfour Declaration. The efforts of High Commissioner for Palestine Herbert Samuel to place the region under direct British rule were overruled by the British Foreign Minister Lord Curzon.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Prince Abdullah entered Transjordan in November 1920 and set about expanding his influence and gained control over most of the Transjordan region by March 1921. With the declared goal of liberating Syria from French rule, he built alliances with Arab nationalists who fled Damascus following Maysalun and local tribes.Шаблон:Sfn Having established himself in Amman, Abdullah agreed with British Colonial Secretary, during the March 1921 Cairo Conference, on a six months trial, which was later extended indefinitely. Abdullah's establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan in April 1921, a British protectorate with independence but suzerainty to the British Empire, marked the beginning of the Jordanian monarchy. Britain's support to establishing Arab monarchies led by sons of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca in former territories of the Ottoman Empire, became known as the "Sharifian Solution".

British decision not to impose direct occupation

Файл:The high commissioner's first visit to Transjordan, in Es-Salt..jpg

Herbert Samuel's proclamation in Salt, on 21 August 1920 in the courtyard of the Assumption of Our Lady Catholic Church. Samuel was admonished a few days later by Curzon, who instructed that: "There must be no question of setting up any British administration in that area".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Development of policy

In early 1920, two principles emerged within the British government: the first was that the Palestine government would not extend east of the Jordan, and the second was the government's chosenШаблон:Snd albeit disputedШаблон:Snd interpretation of the 1915 McMahon-Hussein Correspondence which proposed that Transjordan had been included in the area of "Arab independence" whilst Palestine had been excluded.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

At the beginning of the interregnum in Transjordan, the British suddenly wanted to know 'what is the "Syria" for which the French received a mandate at San Remo?' and "does it include Transjordania?".Шаблон:Efn British Foreign Minister Curzon ultimately decided that it did not and that Transjordan would remain independent, but in the closest relation with Palestine.Шаблон:Efn

Zionist efforts to add Transjordan to the Palestine administration

On 6 August 1920, British Foreign Secretary Earl Curzon wrote to newly appointed High Commissioner Herbert Samuel regarding Transjordan, stating: "I suggest that you should let it be known forthwith that in the area south of the Sykes-Picot line, we will not admit French authority and that our policy for this area to be independent but in closest relations with Palestine."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Samuel replied to Curzon, "After the fall of Damascus a fortnight ago...Sheiks and tribes east of Jordan utterly dissatisfied with Shareefian Government most unlikely would accept revival,"Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and asked to put parts of Transjordan directly under his administrative control.Шаблон:Efn Two weeks later, on 21 August, Samuel then visited Transjordan without authority from London; at a meeting with 600 leaders in Salt, he announced the independence of the area from Damascus and its absorption into the mandate, quadrupling the area under his control by tacit capitulation. Samuel assured his audience that Transjordan would not be merged with Palestine.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Curzon was in the process of reducing British military expenditures and was unwilling to commit any significant resources to an area considered to be of marginal strategic value.Шаблон:Sfn Curzon immediately repudiated Samuel's action; on 26 August he sent, via the Foreign Office, a restatement of his instructions to minimize the scope of British involvement in the areaШаблон:Snd in particular stating that "There must be no question of setting up any British administration in that area".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn At the end of September 1920, Curzon instructed Vansittart to leave the eastern boundary of Palestine undefined, and to avoid "any definite connection" between Transjordan and Palestine, in order to leave the way open for an Arab government in Transjordan.Шаблон:Efn

Curzon wrote in February 1921: "I am very concerned about Transjordania... Sir H.Samuel wants it as an annex of Palestine and an outlet for the Jews. Here I am against him."Шаблон:Sfn

Local governments

Following Samuel's speech in August 1920, the British began to encourage the setting up of local autonomous governments in the following regions. Six junior political officers were sent to the region to advise on the creation of self-government; no military support was provided, they were given limited financial support, and some of the officers could not speak Arabic.Шаблон:Sfn The arrangement lasted until April 1921, although by early February 1921 the British had concluded that "[Abdullah's] influence has now completely replaced that of the local governments and of the British advisers in Trans-Jordania".Шаблон:Sfn

Ajlun region

Major FitzRoy Somerset and Captain Reginald Monckton were the assigned British political officers.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The area was the most densely populated in the countryШаблон:Sfn and was subsequently split into four governments: Jabal Ajlun, Kura, Irbid, and Jerash.Шаблон:Sfn The Jerash Local Government was led by Muhammad Ali Al-Mughrabi.

Balqa region

Salt

Major J. N. Camp and Captain Chisholm Dunbar Brunton were the assigned British political officers,Шаблон:Sfn later handing over to Captain Frederick Peake, who took overall control of the gendarmerie.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Amman

Captain Alan Kirkbride (younger brother of Alec) was the assigned British political officer.Шаблон:Sfn

Kerak region

Captain Alec Kirkbride was the assigned British political officer.Шаблон:Sfn

Named by Kirkbride as the "National Government of Moab".

Considered the most successful of the governments.Шаблон:Sfn

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book available in pdf here
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite thesis
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book