Английская Википедия:Irḫan
Irḫan was a Mesopotamian god who personified the western branch of the Euphrates, which in the first millennium BCE became its main course. The name could also refer to the river itself. The woirship of Irḫan is sparsely attested, and many aspects of his character as a deity are uncertain. Two topics which continue to be a subject of debate among experts are his association or confusion with the snake god Nirah, and his proposed cosmogonic role.
Name
Irḫan was the Sumerian name of the western branch of the Euphrates.Шаблон:Sfn In Akkadian it was called Araḫtu.Шаблон:Sfn These names are cognates, and most likely both were derived from the Semitic root 'rḫ, "to go on route."Шаблон:Sfn Araḫtu grew in importance in the first millennium BCE, because the eastern branch flowing through cities such as Kish and Nippur, which was formerly the main course, became difficult to navigate.Шаблон:Sfn As a result, the name Araḫtu started to be used interchangeably with Purattu.Шаблон:Sfn
The name could be written both syllabically (ir-ḫa-an) and logographically (ÍD.dMUŠ.DIN.TIR.BALAG). Mixed writings, such as dMUŠ.ir-ḫa.DIN.BALAG, are also attested.Шаблон:Sfn It could also simply be represented by the logogram dMUŠ.Шаблон:Sfn However, it could also designate Ištaran,Шаблон:Sfn his messenger Nirah,Шаблон:Sfn the underworld god Ninazu,Шаблон:Sfn the tutelary god of Susa, Inshushinak,Шаблон:Sfn and the tutelary god of Eshnunna, Tishpak.Шаблон:Sfn
Character
Irḫan, when understood as a deity, was a deification of the river sharing his name.Шаблон:Sfn Snake-like characteristics were most likely ascribed to him,Шаблон:Sfn presumably in reference to the many meanders of the river he represented.Шаблон:Sfn
Sporadic references to Irḫan as a female figure are also known.Шаблон:Sfn
An unresolved problem in scholarship is whether Irḫan should be understood as a cosmogonic deity. Frans Wiggermann argues that the available evidence does not support this theory, with a possible exception being the pairing of Irḫan with Dur, a deity analogous to the cosmogonic mound, Duku, in an offering list from Ur.Шаблон:Sfn He points out that the god list An = Anum makes Irḫan a son of Lisin, which would not be a suitable ancestry for a cosmogonic deity.Шаблон:Sfn However, Wilfred G. Lambert argued that he should be understood as such.Шаблон:Sfn He interpreted the Kassite period personal name MUŠ-šar-ilāni, "MUŠ is the king of the gods," as referring to Irḫan as a theogonic figure.Шаблон:Sfn Analogous names invoking other deities, including both traditional pantheon heads and other gods, are also known.Шаблон:Sfn
Associations with other deities
Irḫan was at times confused with Nirah, the messenger of Ištaran.Шаблон:Sfn The early history of these two deities is not fully understood.Шаблон:Sfn It has been proposed that their names were cognate with each other, though the view that they shared the same origin is not universally accepted.Шаблон:Sfn Wilfred G. Lambert assumed that Irḫan and Nirah were fully interchangeable, and related not only theophoric names with the element dMUŠ, but also the snakes depicted on kudurru (boundary stones) to him.Шаблон:Sfn The latter are typically identified as Nirah instead.Шаблон:Sfn In some cases it is uncertain if dMUŠ should be read as Nirah or Irḫan, for example Paul-Alain Beaulieu is uncertain if the deity invoked in a single theophoric name from Achaemenid Ur, represented by the logographic writing dMUŠ, should be understood as Irḫan or Nirah.Шаблон:Sfn He tentatively transcribes the name in mention as Niraḫ-dān, "Nirah is powerful."Шаблон:Sfn It is also uncertain if the fourth king of the dynasty of Akshak known from the Sumerian King List should be read as Puzur-Nirah or Puzur-Irḫan.Шаблон:Sfn
A prayer to Nisaba known from Kalhu refers to Irḫan (dMUŠ) as father of this goddess as well as the "gods of the universe."Шаблон:Sfn It also identifies him with Ea.Шаблон:Sfn According to Wilfred G. Lambert, this specific genealogy appears to reflect "a desire not to have Anu as Nisaba's father."Шаблон:Sfn Her parentage is not consistent in other sources.Шаблон:Sfn
An Early Dynastic zami hymn compares the incantation goddess Ningirima to Irḫan, presumably based on their shared connection with snakes and water.Шаблон:Sfn However, it has also been proposed that the mention of Irḫan simply indicates that Murum, Ningirima's cult center, was located on the waterway he corresponded to.Шаблон:Sfn
In the zi-pad3 litanies, Irḫan sometimes appears alongside Ninkasi, Ezina(/Ašnan) and Šakkan.Шаблон:Sfn
Worship
Irḫan is attested in theophoric names from Early Dynastic and Ur III period Ur.Шаблон:Sfn During the latter period, he was worshiped in this city during an annual festival of sowing.Шаблон:Sfn A temple dedicated to him is not directly attested, but based on the reference to a priest calling himself "the doorman of Irḫan" its existence is considered to be a possibility.Шаблон:Sfn A gudu priest of Irḫan is also attested.Шаблон:Sfn There is no direct evidence that he was ever actively worshiped outside Ur, though he is present in a text from Nippur in an unclear context.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, a cylinder of Gudea invokes "pure Irḫan of the Abzu."Шаблон:Sfn
Irḫan's cult apparently largely disappeared after the Ur III period.Шаблон:Sfn Only a single reference to Irḫan is presently known from the Old Babylonian literary corpus.Шаблон:Sfn He appears in a small fragment of a myth in which he apparently drinks beer during a divine banquet.Шаблон:Sfn According to Frans Wiggermann, a shrine dedicated to him also existed in the Ešarra temple complex in Assur.Шаблон:Sfn
A medical incantation prescribes drawing a picture of Irḫan with flour in order to cure rheumatism.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Bibliography
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