Английская Википедия:Irene-class cruiser
Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article
Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship class overviewШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsThe Шаблон:Lang class was a class of protected cruisers built by the Imperial German Navy (Шаблон:Lang) in the late 1880s. The class comprised two ships, Шаблон:SMS and Шаблон:SMS; they were the first protected cruisers built by the German Navy. As built, the ships were armed with a main battery of fourteen Шаблон:Convert guns and had a top speed of Шаблон:Convert. They were modernized in 1899–1905, and their armament was upgraded with new, quick-firing guns.
Both ships served in the East Asia station with the East Asia Squadron; Шаблон:Lang played a major role in the seizure of the Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory in November 1897. Both ships returned to Germany at the turn of the 20th century, and remained in European waters until 1914, when they were removed from active service. They were reduced to secondary roles then, and continued to serve until the early 1920s, when they were sold for scrap.
Design
In 1883, General Leo von Caprivi became the Chief of the Imperial Admiralty, and at the time, the pressing question that confronted all of the major navies was what type of cruiser to build to replace the obsolete rigged screw corvettes that had been built in the 1860s and 1870s. Cruisers could be optimized for service with the main fleet or for deployments abroad, and while the largest navies could afford to build dedicated ships of each type, Germany could not. The Шаблон:Lang (Imperial Diet) would not provide funding for such types. Furthermore, the navy had completed the cruiser construction program under the fleet plan of 1873 with the screw corvette Шаблон:SMS, which removed Caprivi's ability to use an approved fleet plan to justify further cruisers. The previous practice of building rigged corvettes for overseas use and avisos for fleet defense against small craft would no longer be tenable.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Despite the Шаблон:Lang's reluctance to fund new warships, many of the fleet's oldest cruising vessels were in need of replacement; the next scheduled to be replaced was the old screw frigate Шаблон:SMS. Caprivi initially requested funding to replace the ship in 1883, which the Шаблон:Lang rejected. Caprivi, a general whose career had been spent in the Imperial German Army, created an Admiralty Council on 16 January 1884 to advise him, and the particulars of the next cruiser to be built was among the topics discussed. The council recommended a ship with the following characteristics: sufficient seaworthiness to permit operations in all sea and climate conditions; enough speed to catch or evade likely opponents; cruising radius necessary for long-range operations; and gun power strong enough to defeat expected opponents, but not to exceed 5 to 8% of the ship's displacement. The council discussed the matter over the course of several meetings in January, which Caprivi recorded in a memorandum dated 11 March. The document, which laid out Caprivi's thoughts on future naval construction in general, included requirements for 1st- and 2nd-class cruisers.Шаблон:Sfn
As work began on refining the proposals, the council set displacement at Шаблон:Cvt for the 1st-class variant, armament as a main battery of Шаблон:Cvt guns along with three torpedo tubes, speed was to be Шаблон:Convert, and the cruising radius must meet a minimum of Шаблон:Convert. A 2nd-class version was also created on a displacement of Шаблон:Cvt, with scaled down specifications in all other categories. The fleet's chief designer, Alfred Dietrich, set about turning these broad parameters into a proper design, but he quickly determined that no ship could be built to those specifications on the allotted displacement. He enlarged the 1st-class design significantly and increased displacement to Шаблон:Cvt, and completed the design on 28 April 1885. Caprivi approved the plans on 1 May.Шаблон:Sfn
The historians Hans Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, and Hans-Otto Steinmetz remark that the new ships had "all the disadvantages of a compromise," and that they would not prove suitable as a fleet cruiser.Шаблон:Sfn Dirk Nottelmann concurred, noting that the ships "were neither well suited for fleet work nor for the increasing tasks in distant waters, like has been the case for most dual-purpose designs until today."Шаблон:Sfn
General characteristics
The ships were Шаблон:Convert long at the waterline and Шаблон:Convert long overall. They had a beam of Шаблон:Convert and a draft of Шаблон:Convert forward. They displaced Шаблон:Convert at designed displacement and Шаблон:Convert at full load. The hull was constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames, and the outer hull consisted of wood planking covered with Muntz copper sheathing to prevent fouling. The stem was made of bronze below the waterline and iron above. The hull was divided into ten watertight compartments and had a double bottom that extended for 49 percent of the length of the hull.Шаблон:Sfn
The ships were very good sea boats; they ran very well before the wind, and were very handy. They lost minimal speed in hard turns and suffered from moderate roll and pitch. In heavy seas, the ships were capable of only half speed, as both suffered from structural weakness in the forecastle. They had a transverse metacentric height of Шаблон:Convert. The ships had a crew of 28 officers and 337 enlisted men. The ships carried a number of smaller boats, including two picket boats, one pinnace, two cutters, one yawl, and two dinghies. Searchlight platforms were added to the foremast Шаблон:Convert above the waterline.Шаблон:Sfn
Machinery
Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s propulsion system consisted of two horizontal, 2-cylinder double-expansion steam engines that drove a pair of screw propellers. The engines needed to be arranged horizontally to fit them under the ship's deck armor. The engines were divided into their own engine rooms. Шаблон:Lang was equipped with a pair of three-bladed screws Шаблон:Convert in diameter; Шаблон:Lang had slightly larger Шаблон:Convert screws with four blades. Steam was provided by four coal-fired fire-tube boilers, which were ducted into a pair of funnels. Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s engines were manufactured by Wolfsche, while AG Germania produced those for Шаблон:Lang. The ships were equipped with a pair of electrical generators that produced Шаблон:Convert at 67 volts. Шаблон:Lang was later equipped with three generators with a combined output of Шаблон:Convert at 110 volts. Steering was controlled by a single rudder.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The ships' engines were rated at Шаблон:Convert and provided a top speed of Шаблон:Convert, though on trials, Шаблон:Lang reached a maximum of Шаблон:Convert, while Шаблон:Lang made Шаблон:Convert. The ships had a range of approximately Шаблон:Convert at a cruising speed of Шаблон:Convert. Despite the original requirement to be able to steam for 5,000 miles, Dietrich had been unable to significantly increase the coal storage when he enlarged the design. Additionally, the Wolfsche engines were notoriously inefficient. Worse still, the horizontal arrangement limited the piston stroke, which further reduced their efficiency.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Armament and armor
The ships were armed with a main battery of four 15 cm RK L/30 guns in single pedestal mounts, supplied with 400 rounds of ammunition in total. These guns were placed in sponsons on each quarter. They had a range of Шаблон:Convert. The ships also carried ten shorter-barreled 15 cm RK L/22 guns in single mounts. These guns had a much shorter range, at Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The gun armament was rounded out by six 3.7 cm revolver cannon, which provided close-range defense against torpedo boats.Шаблон:Sfn They were also equipped with three Шаблон:Cvt torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes, two launchers were mounted on the deck and the third was in the bow, below the waterline.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The ships were protected with compound steel armor. The armor deck consisted of two layers; on the flat, the layers were Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert thick, for a total thickness of Шаблон:Cvt. On the sides, the deck sloped downward and increased in thickness to 20 mm and Шаблон:Cvt, totaling Шаблон:Cvt of protection. The coaming was Шаблон:Convert thick and was backed with Шаблон:Convert thick teak. The conning tower had 50 mm thick sides and a 20 mm thick roof. The ships were equipped with cork cofferdams to contain flooding in the event of damage below the waterline.Шаблон:Sfn
Modifications
The ships were modernized in Wilhelmshaven between 1892 and 1893. The ships' armament was significantly improved; the four L/30 guns were replaced with 15 cm SK L/35 guns with an increased range of Шаблон:Convert. Eight [[10.5 cm SK L/35|Шаблон:Cvt SK L/35]] quick-firing (QF) guns were installed in place of the L/22 guns, and six [[5 cm SK L/40 gun|Шаблон:Cvt SK L/40]] QF guns were added. The latter were placed in pairs, two on the stern, two amidships, and the other two on either side of the foremast.Шаблон:Sfn The alterations to the ships' guns allowed the number of officers to be reduced to 17, though enlisted ranks increased to 357.Шаблон:Sfn Some equipment was removed in an effort to reduce the ship's excessive weight, including anti-torpedo nets, an auxiliary boiler, the steam winch used to hoist the ship's boats, and other miscellaneous equipment. Both ships had their funnels increased in height. Шаблон:Lang also had her bulwarks lowered and her anchor chains altered.Шаблон:Sfn
After returning from East Asia in 1899, Шаблон:Lang received a minor refit that included increasing coal storage capacity, which came at the expense of a two-thirds' reduction in the magazine capacity for the 15 cm guns. She also had a searchlight installed on her foremast. The work was carried out between 1903 and 1905. Despite reports to the contrary, Шаблон:Lang was not similarly refitted at that time.Шаблон:Sfn
Ships
| Name | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Shipyard |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:SMS | May 1886Шаблон:Sfn | 23 July 1887Шаблон:Sfn | 25 May 1888Шаблон:Sfn | AG Vulcan, Stettin |
| Шаблон:SMS | 22 September 1887Шаблон:Sfn | 19 November 1889Шаблон:Sfn | Шаблон:Lang, Kiel |
Service history
Both Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang saw extensive service with the German fleet in home waters early in their careers. Both ships frequently escorted Kaiser Wilhelm II's yacht, Шаблон:Lang, on cruises throughout Europe; Шаблон:Lang accompanied the Kaiser on a voyage to the Mediterranean Sea in 1889–1890, and Шаблон:Lang escorted Шаблон:Lang for a number of cruises in northern European waters, including two visits to Norway. Шаблон:Lang also cruised in the Mediterranean in 1892, to represent Germany at celebrations marking the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's first voyage across the Atlantic. Both ships were refitted in the early 1890s.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In 1894, Шаблон:Lang was deployed to East Asian waters; Шаблон:Lang joined her the following year.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang was one of three ships involved in the seizure of the naval base at the Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory in November 1897, led by Admiral Otto von Diederichs.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang was in dock for engine maintenance at the time, and so she was not present during the operation.Шаблон:Sfn As a result of the seizure, the Cruiser Division was reorganized as the East Asia Squadron.Шаблон:Sfn Both ships were present in the Philippines in the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Manila Bay between American and Spanish squadrons during the Spanish–American War in 1898.Шаблон:Sfn Diederichs hoped to use the crisis as an opportunity to seize another naval base in the region, though this was unsuccessful.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang returned to Germany in 1899 and was modernized in 1899–1903. Шаблон:Lang followed her sister back to Germany in 1901, but was not modernized. Both ships remained out of service until early 1914, when they were retired from front-line service and used for secondary duties. Шаблон:Lang was converted into a submarine tender. She served in this capacity until 1921, when she was sold for scrap and broken up the following year. Шаблон:Lang was reduced to a naval mine storage hulk in February 1914 and ultimately broken up for scrap in 1922.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Notes
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Reflist
References
- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
Further reading
Шаблон:Irene class cruiser Шаблон:German protected cruisers
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