Английская Википедия:Irgenhausen Castrum

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox Roman Limes fort Irgenhausen Castrum is a Roman fort at Irgenhausen, situated on Pfäffikersee lake shore in Switzerland. It was a square fort, measuring Шаблон:Convert in square, with four corner towers and three additional towers. The remains of a stone wall in the interior were probably a spa.

Geography

Файл:Irgenhausen - castrum IMG 5409.jpg
As seen from the south
Файл:Irgenhausen - castrum IMG 5388.jpg
As seen from the northwest
Файл:Irgenhausen castrum (S) IMG 3436.JPG
As seen from the southeast

The castrum is situated on the Bürglen hill in Irgenhausen, a village of the municipality of Pfäffikon in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. Bürglen (Swiss German: "small castle") is a Шаблон:Convert high drumlin, Шаблон:Convert from the eastern shore of Pfäffikersee, situated between Pfäffikon and Kempten, the site of another Roman settlement nearby.

History

In the Roman era, along Pfäffikersee there was a Roman road from Centum Prata (Kempraten) on OberseeLake Zürich via Vitudurum (Oberwinterthur) to Tasgetium (Eschenz) on the Rhine. To secure this important transport route, the castrum was built. The native name of the fort is unknown; Irgenhausen was mentioned in AD 811 as Camputuna sive Irincheshusa, so maybe the castrum's name was Cambodunum, the Roman name of the neighboring village of Kempten.

In 1865, Jakob Messikommer succeeded the dating of finds at Irgenhausen, because of his experience in the dating of peat and concurrent findings at the Irgenhausen Castrum.[1] In 1897, stones of the ruined building (believed at the time to be those of a medieval castle) were used for the construction of a factory nearby; the dilapidation was stopped by the Antiquarische Gesellschaft in Zürich in order to start archaeological investigations, carried out between 1898 and 1908, and to preserve the walls. The castrum was set under federal protection as "Kastell Irgenhausen" in 1909. Walter Mittelholzer made an aerial exploration of the fort and the surrounding area, whereupon in the closer environment Roman villae rusticae, among them one in Kempten, were localized and excavated. In 1957, the land and the castle were sold to the community of Pfäffikon.

Architecture

Файл:Irgenhausen castrum 1907 IMG 3391.jpg
Excavations in 1907 showing the hypocaustum of the villa rustica, with the castle wall to the left

For the dating of the fort there are two theories: the first assumes that the fort was built at the time of the Emperor Diocletian around AD 294–295. The other theory, based on the Roman coins found inside the castrum, dated the construction from 364 to 375, in the era of the Emperor Valentinian II. As early as AD 400 the castrum was evacuated and destroyed by Alamanni invaders.

The excavations restored a Шаблон:Convert high foundation wall that has an almost square outline of Шаблон:Convert x Шаблон:Convert, and thus an area of only 0.366 hectares. The fort had four corner towers (Шаблон:Convert x Шаблон:Convert), a gate tower on the southeast side and three low towers on the north, west and south front (Шаблон:Convert), and an approximately Шаблон:Convert strong enclosing wall. The materials used by the Roman soldiers derived from glacial deposits, furthermore, there is a mixture of sernifit from Glarus, limestone and conglomerate. The walls of the towers measure between Шаблон:Convert up to Шаблон:Convert. The main access was from the south through the gate in the middle of the eastern front. The other three sides hide small side entrances.

In addition to the remains of the towers and surrounding wall, there were found the remains of stone interior buildings: a three-roomed building was seen as a spa. Another building with three rooms has been interpreted as principia, (Шаблон:Abbr "primary buildings"), the headquarters of the fort. At the southern corner tower a hypocaust system of an older villa rustica from the 1st to the 3rd century was excavated. The other buildings were made of wood and therefore cannot be individually identified. However, some military barracks, a horreum and a praetorium was probably built inside the fort. In the middle of the hill there was a sunken room. Most of the relics found inside the fort date from the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD and are thought to be relics of the villa rustica on whose ruins the fort was built. At the present time, a red ribbon in the wall shows where the Roman wall ends and the restored wall begins.

Gallery

Cultural heritage

The building is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class B object of regional importance.[2]

Literature

  • Beat Horisberger, Bettina Hedinger, Florian Hoek, Roger Büsser: Römisches Landleben im Zürcher Oberland. Huber + Co. AG, Frauenfeld 2007. Шаблон:ISBN
  • Antiquarische Gesellschaft Zürich: Zeitreise: Irgenhausen. Archäologische Entdeckungen rund um das römische Kastell Pfäffikon Irgenhausen: von der Jungsteinzeit bis zu den Ausgrabungen vor hundert Jahren. Zürcher Oberland Buchverlag, Wetzikon 1999. Шаблон:ISBN

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Castles of Zurich Шаблон:Authority control