Английская Википедия:Iris kashmiriana
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Speciesbox
Iris kashmiriana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kashmir, India. It has straight, sword-shaped, glaucous leaves, tall, thick stem with up 2 short branches, which hold 2–3 flowers, which can be white, cream or pale blue, lilac, lavender or blue-purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, although in Kashmir, it is also planted on graves.
Description
It has thick and stout rhizome,[1][2][3] which is fibrous,[4] and creeps along the ground.[5]
It has ensiform (sword-like),[4][5] yellowish-green,[6] or glaucous (blue-green),[1][2][3] straight,[1][2][3] leaves. They have scarious (paper-like) margins,[3] and ribs.[2][6] The herbaceous leaves,[4] can grow up to between Шаблон:Convert long,[1][2][7] and between Шаблон:Convert wide.[1][2][3]
It has an oval (in cross-section),[6] thick stem or peduncle,[2][8][9]Шаблон:Rp that can grow up to between Шаблон:Convert tall.[2][6][10] Occasionally, it can reach up to Шаблон:Convert tall.[1][11][12] It has 1–2 short,[5] 1 cm long,[1][2] branches (or pedicels).[1][2][10] The branching habit distinguishes it from Iris albicans (another white flowering tall bearded iris), which does not have branches.[7]
The stem has long,[2] green, spathes (leaves of the flower bud),[1][3][13] They are Шаблон:Convert long.[1][3][13] They appear from the middle of the stem, up towards the flowers,[2] and they have a narrow scarious margin,[3][5][13]
The stems (and the branches) hold several clusters of flowers,[5] normally between 2 and 3 flowers,[1][3][4] early in the season,[9]Шаблон:Rp between April and June.[3][4][13] Up to 4–6 flowers can be blooming at one time.[10]
It has a cylindrical,[5] perianth tube, that is white, with blue markings and yellow-green veins,[1][3] or green tube.[2] The tube is Шаблон:Convert long.[1][2][3]
The fragrant flowers,[6][7][14] also come in various shades. The most common,[2][6] are white,[7][15][16] or creamy white.[6] Or white tinged with blue.[13] Other forms found include pale blue,[4] lilac,[10][11][12] lavender or blue-purple,[4][6] the purple forms may not hybrids.[16] The white forms are very similar to Iris albicans.[14]
Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[9]Шаблон:Rp The falls are obovate, rounded or cuneate (wedge-shaped),[1][2][3] Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert wide.[1][2][3] They often have blue markings,[2] and yellow-green veining,[2] especially on the hafts (section of petal near the stem).[4][6][9]Шаблон:Rp In the centre of the fall, is a dense, narrow,[3] white beard of hairs, tipped with yellow.[1][2][3] The standards are obovate, oblong or elliptic shaped, Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert wide.[1][2][3] They have a short yellowish haft,[1][3] and sometimes have a sparse beard.[2]
It has style branch that is 5 cm long,[1][2] with an entire stigma,[1][3] and large and triangular crests.[2] It has white,[1][3] or cream,[2] filaments, that are 1.3–2 cm long.[1][2][3] It has 1.4 – 1.7 cm long anthers,[1][2][3] and cream pollen. It has a green ovary, that has ridges and grooves,[3] and is 1 – 1.2 cm long.[2]
After the iris has flowered, it rarely, produces a seed capsule, which is about Шаблон:Convert long and 2.2 cm wide, with thick and woody capsule walls.[1] Within the capsule, are wrinkled, globular, dark red-brown,[2] or red-brown seeds.[1][3]
Biochemistry
In 1956, a karyotype analysis was carried out on 40 species of Iris, belonging to the subgenera Eupogoniris and Pogoniris. It found that 24-chromosome tall bearded species could e divided into 3 karyotypes of Iris pallida. Iris kashmiriana has 2 pairs of median-constricted marker chromosomes, Iris illyrica, Iris cengialti, and Iris imbricata, lastly Iris variegata, Iris reginae (now classified as a synonym of Iris variegata), and Iris perrieri all have no median-constricted chromosomes.[17]
In 1990, 'Iriskashmirianin' flavonoid was found in Iris kashmiriana by Kacheroo.[18]
In 1996, a study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana, two new isoflavones, 'isocladrastin' and 'kashmigenin', were found.[19]
In 1998, a study was carried out on flower senescence (aging) in Iris kashmiriana.[20]
In 2008, a chemical study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana led to the isolation of three isoflavones characterized as (4'-hydroxy-8-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavone) 'isonigricin', (5,6-dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyisoflavone) 'isoirisolidone', and (5,7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyisoflavone) 'irisolidone'.[21]
In June 2012, a phytochemical study was carried out on 5 iris species growing in Kashmir, India. Including Iris crocea, Iris ensata, Iris germanica, Iris hookeriana and Iris kashmiriana. It found several flavonoids (including isoflavonoids, glycosides and tannins), within the irises.[22]
In December 2012, an evaluation study was carried out on the isoflavones ('isonigricin' and 'isoirisolidone'), isolated from the rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana, when used on T-lymphocytes and T-cell cytokines.[23]
In July 2013, a study was carried out of the use of methanolic extracts from the rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana to be used on epithelial cancerous tumors and other inflammatory diseases.[24]
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[9]Шаблон:Rp Iris kashmiriana is a tetraploid,[9]Шаблон:Rp[14] and has a chromosome count of 2n=24, 44, 48.[11][12][25]
Taxonomy
It has the common name of 'Kashmir Iris'.[3][13][26]
In India and Kashmir, it is known as 'mazamond',[13] 'mazarmund',[27][28][29] or 'safed mazarmond’.[3] Which is derived from 'Mazar' meaning graveyard,[13] or cemetery,[4] and 'Mond' meaning root or underground swollen portion, the rhizome.[13] Although, one source, declares that Iris nepalensis is known locally as 'mazarmund'.[30]
The Latin specific epithet kashmiriana refers to coming from Kashmir.[31][32][33] This is a feminine version of the name, compared to Delphinium kashmirianum (masculine form) and Tragopogon kashmirianus, the gender neutral form.[34]
It was brought to the UK by missionaries to Sir Michael Foster.[8] Then was introduced to Kew Gardens by Dr. Aitchison in about 1875.[5]
It was first published and described by John Gilbert Baker in Gardeners' Chronicle (Gard. Chron.) Series.2, page 744, in 1877.[3][35][36]
It was also published by Foster, Gard. Chron. 1883 (1): 275 1883,[3] Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 275. 1892; Baker, Handb. Irideae (Handbook of the Irideae): 38. 1892;[5] Wendelbo & Mathew in Rech. f., Fl. Iran. 112: 26. 1975; Mathew, Iris 30. 1981; N. Service in SGBIS, Guide Species Iris, 38. 1997. (Fig. 6, D-E).[1]
William Rickatson Dykes later re-classified Iris bartoni, which Foster had received from Newton Barton (a Major in the Honourable Artillery Company[37]) who found it in Kandahar, as a synonym of Iris kashmiriana.[6]
Iris kashmiriana was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 1 December 2004.[36]
It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life.[38] and is an accepted name by the RHS, and last listed in the 'RHS Plant Finder' in 2012.[39]
Distribution and habitat
It is native to the western Himalaya.[40] It is found Jammu & Kashmir,[14][2][11][41] and Jammu,[36]) Nepal,[14] Afghanistan,[8][14][41] and Pakistan,[8][9]Шаблон:Rp[27] (or Baluchistan,[1][6][10]). It is thought to be the most easterly species in the sub-genus of Iris section.[2] It has been introduced to Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan.[40][12][41]
It grows close to settlements,[2] as well as on open grassy slopes.[27] It can be found at an altitude of Шаблон:Convert above sea level[3][4][13] and also at 2500 ft to 9500 ft.[26][27]
Cultivation
It is not hardy in western Europe,[9]Шаблон:Rp and US.[8] It is difficult to keep growing in the UK, due to the fact that the rhizomes do not get high temperatures during the summer,[6] also it does not like damp winters.[2] It does have the reputation of wasting away after a good blooming period.[2]
It is not in general cultivation,[2] and is less common than other species in the section,[7] but it has established well in some gardens.[2]
It prefers to grow in well-drained and rich soils.[4]
It does not like shade.[2]
It can be grown in a rock garden.[4]
Dykes recommends a planting time of between August and September.[6]
It is listed as an endemic ornamental garden plant with Iris hookeriana and Iris duthiei (a synonym of Iris kemaonensis) in Kashmir.[42] In India, it grows in gardens,[1][9]Шаблон:Rp[41] on the earth daubed roofs of houses,[26] (similar to Iris tectorum in Japan).[7]
On 5 July 1889, specimens of the iris were collected from near to the town of 'Erzinghan', in Turkey, for the Museum Natural History, Paris.[43]
Specimens can be found at Kashmir University Botanic Garden (KUBG).[3][44]
In flower arrangements, the average vase life of stems and flowers stored under dry conditions at 5 °C was about 7 and 10 days in distilled water and sucrose, respectively, whereas the wet stored stems at 5 °C exhibited a vase life of about 8 and 11 days, respectively.[44]
Propagation
Irises can generally be propagated by division,[45] or by seed growing.
Hybrids and cultivars
It was used in the past in several breeding programmes,[4][16] to create cultivars, due to the white flowers.[14] Mr Foster found 3 forms of the plant, varying in colour from white to purple, and introduced 'Miss Wilmott' (Foster 1910) and 'Kashmir White' (Foster 1912).[8] Mr Foster was uncertain of the parentage of the cross producing 'Kashmir White' and 'Miss Wilmott', but he thought that Iris kashmiriana was a parent. Later, Geddes Douglas in AIS Bulletin #87, p. 40–44 believed that 'Miss Wilmott' came not from Iris kashmiriana but from a cross of Iris cypriana and Iris pallida 'Dalmatica'.[5] Later, chromosomal counts proved that Iris kashmiriana' was not the parent plant, as it has a chromosomal count of 2n=12,44,48 and 'Kashmir white' has a count of 2n=50.[25]
But it is a tetraploid parent to many other modern bearded irises.[9]Шаблон:Rp
Iris kashmiriana cultivars include; 'Bartoni', 'Kashmiriana Purpurea' and 'Raniket'.[5]
Iris kashmiriana crosses include: 'Dalkish'.[5]
¼ Iris kashmiriana crosses include; 'Angkhor Vat', 'Argentina', 'Azulado', 'Blanche', 'Emily Pyke', 'Kalif', 'Leopardi', 'Lucero', 'Marion Mohr', 'Metauro', 'Micheline Charraire', 'Mt. Kosciusko', 'My Own', 'Mystery', 'Nanook', 'Nerva', 'Ningal', 'Santa Fe', 'Snow Shadow', 'Sophronia', 'Venus De Milo', 'Western Skies' and 'Willoughbey'.[5]
Toxicity
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[46]
Uses
Iris kashmiriana has been used as a medicinal plant in folk medicine.[15][24][28]
Normally, just the rhizome has been used,Шаблон:Citation needed but the whole plant has also been used.[28] The rhizome is peeled and dried,Шаблон:Citation needed then it is grind into powder and can be mixed with oil to make a paste.Шаблон:Citation needed The paste along with common salt is applied for rheumatism,[15] or applied externally for joint pain.[28][29] In the Bandipora area, the dried rhizome was used to treat eczma and respiratory problems.Шаблон:Citation needed
It was also used to treat asthma, cancer, inflammation, liver and uterine diseases.[24] It is medically important due to the pharmacologically active compounds (within the rhizome) including quinones, triterpenoids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids and stilbene glycosides.[24] Also isoflavones have been isolated from the rhizomes.[47]
It can also treat animal ailments.Шаблон:Citation needed The plant can also be used to treat hepatic disorders and dropsy in cattle.Шаблон:Citation needed Also, farmers of Jammu and Kashmir serve grinded Iris kashmiriana and jaggery to enhance milk yield.[48] It is also a natural antiparasitic, in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activities of methanol and aqueous extracts of Iris kashmiriana rhizome were used against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, such as Haemonchus contortus.[27]
The organic matter digestibility and chemical composition of livestock fodder growing in the Kashmir valley, India have been tabulated. Other species used also include: Phragmites australis, Nymphoides peltata, Echinochloa crus-galli, Cyperus rotundus, Panicum antidotale and Iris kashmiriana.[49]
The rhizome was also used as a rodent repellent.[29]
Culture
In Iran and Kashmir,[4] the plant and Iris germanica,[13] are most commonly grown on Muslim[7] grave yards.[2][9]Шаблон:Rp
References
Sources
- Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 30.
- Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
- Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
External links
Шаблон:Commons category-inline Шаблон:Wikispecies-inline
- ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15 1,16 1,17 1,18 1,19 1,20 1,21 1,22 1,23 1,24 1,25 1,26 1,27 Шаблон:EFloras
- ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 2,11 2,12 2,13 2,14 2,15 2,16 2,17 2,18 2,19 2,20 2,21 2,22 2,23 2,24 2,25 2,26 2,27 2,28 2,29 2,30 2,31 2,32 2,33 2,34 2,35 2,36 2,37 British Iris Society (1997) Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 3,11 3,12 3,13 3,14 3,15 3,16 3,17 3,18 3,19 3,20 3,21 3,22 3,23 3,24 3,25 3,26 3,27 3,28 3,29 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 4,11 4,12 4,13 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 5,00 5,01 5,02 5,03 5,04 5,05 5,06 5,07 5,08 5,09 5,10 5,11 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,00 6,01 6,02 6,03 6,04 6,05 6,06 6,07 6,08 6,09 6,10 6,11 6,12 Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 Kelly Norris Шаблон:Google books
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- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 13,00 13,01 13,02 13,03 13,04 13,05 13,06 13,07 13,08 13,09 13,10 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 14,5 14,6 Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 24,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 Dan H. Meckenstock Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 Ruskin Bond Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 27,3 27,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 28,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Maharaj Krishnen Kaul Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ D. Gledhill Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ Sue Gordon (Editor) Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ Julia Brittain Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ Gurcharan Singh Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ Шаблон:IPNI
- ↑ 36,0 36,1 36,2 Шаблон:GRIN
- ↑ Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ Шаблон:EOL
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 40,0 40,1 Шаблон:Cite POWO
- ↑ 41,0 41,1 41,2 41,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 44,0 44,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeШаблон:Google books
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