Английская Википедия:Irish conjugation

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Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Unreferenced

Irish verb forms are constructed either synthetically or analytically.

Synthetic forms express the information about person and number in the ending: e.g., Шаблон:Lang "I praise", where the ending -Шаблон:Lang stands for "1st person singular present". In this case, a pronoun is not allowed: *Шаблон:Lang is ungrammatical. Шаблон:Lang is allowed but using the -Шаблон:Lang ending is more common.

Analytic forms are those whose endings contain no information about person and number, and a pronoun is necessary: e.g., Шаблон:Lang "you (pl.) praise", where the ending -Шаблон:Lang expresses only the present tense, and the pronoun Шаблон:Lang "you" (pl.) must accompany it in order to express "2nd person plural".

In addition to the three persons, Irish also has an impersonal form (also called the "autonomous" form), which is used in forming the passive and can conveniently be translated with "one" or "someone" as the subject. Shown below are the distribution of synthetic and analytic forms in the standard language; in the dialects, other patterns may be found, although some of the most important distinctions made in certain dialects are pointed out in this article.

See Irish orthography for the pronunciation of verb endings.

Regular verbs

There are two conjugation classes of regular verbs, as illustrated below. Forms in italics are not part of the standard language. The suffixes shown change to agree with the word ending in a velarised ("broad") consonant or palatalised ("slender") consonant. In the examples below, verbs ending with "broad" consonants are shown above those ending with "slender" consonants.

In the imperfect, preterite, and conditional, a consonant-initial stem undergoes lenition (and dialectally is preceded by Шаблон:Lang), while a vowel-initial stem is prefixed by Шаблон:Lang. A stem beginning with Шаблон:Vr + a vowel takes both, e.g. Шаблон:Lang "wait", Шаблон:Lang "he waited". The preterite impersonal, e.g. Шаблон:Lang "one waited", neither undergoes lenition nor receives Шаблон:Lang. The -Шаблон:Vr- in future and conditional stems is pronounced Шаблон:IPA; except in the conditional 2nd person singular and the impersonal, where it remains Шаблон:IPA.

1st conjugation

Tense Particle Mutation Ending
Analytic Synthetic
Singular Plural Impersonal
1st 2nd 1st 2nd 3rd
Indicative Present — — -(e)ann -(a)im -(a)ir -(a)imid rowspan="2" Шаблон:N/A -(a)id -t(e)ar
Past Imperfect Lenition -(e)adh -(a)inn -t(e)á -(a)imis -(a)idís -t(a)í
Past Perfect Lenition Шаблон:N/A -(e)as -(a)is -(e)amar -(e)abhar -(e)adar -(e)adh
Future — -f(a)idh -f(e)ad -f(a)ir -f(a)imid rowspan="2" Шаблон:N/A -f(a)id -f(e)ar
Conditional Lenition -f(e)adh -f(a)inn -f(e)á -f(a)imis -f(a)idís -f(a)í
Imperative — -(e)adh -(a)im Шаблон:N/A -(a)imis -(a)igí/-(a)idh -(a)idís -t(e)ar
Subjunctive Present go Eclipsis -a/-e -(e)ad -(a)ir -(a)imid rowspan="2" Шаблон:N/A -(a)id -t(e)ar
Past dá Eclipsis -(e)adh -(a)inn -t(e)á -(a)imis -(a)idís -t(a)í
Past Participle — -ta/-te colspan="7" Шаблон:N/A
1st conjugation examples: Шаблон:Lang "to praise" and Шаблон:Lang "to understand"
Tense Analytic Synthetic
Singular Plural Impersonal
1st 2nd 1st 2nd 3rd
Indicative Present molann
tuigeann 		molaim
tuigim 		molair
tuigir 		molaimid
tuigimid 		rowspan="2" Шаблон:N/A molaid
tuigid 		moltar
tuigtear
Past
Imperfect 		mholadh
thuigeadh 		mholainn
thuiginn 		mholtá
thuigteá 		mholaimis
thuigimis 		mholaidís
thuigidís 		moltaí
tuigtí
Past
Perfect 		mhol
thuig 		mholas
thuigeas 		mholais
thuigis 		mholamar
thuigeamar 		mholabhar
thuigeabhar 		mholadar
thuigeadar 		mholadh
thuigeadh
Future molfaidh
tuigfidh 		molfad
tuigfead 		molfair
tuigfir 		molfaimid
tuigfimid 		rowspan="2" Шаблон:N/A molfaid
tuigfid 		molfar
tuigfear
Conditional mholfadh
thuigfeadh 		mholfainn
thuigfinn 		mholfá
thuigfeá 		molfaimis
thuigfimis 		mholfaidís
thuigfidís 		mholfaí
thuigfí
Imperative moladh
tuigeadh 		molaim
tuigim 		mol
tuig 		molaimis
tuigimis 		molaigí / molaidh
tuigigí / tuigidh 		molaidís
tuigidís 		moltar
tuigtear
Subjunctive Present go mola
go dtuige 		go molad
go dtuigead 		go molair
go dtuigir 		go molaimid
go dtuigimid 		rowspan="2" Шаблон:N/A go molaid
go dtuigid 		go moltar
go dtuigtear
Past dá moladh
dá dtuigeadh 		dá molainn
dá dtuiginn 		dá moltá
dá dtuigteá 		dá molaimis
dá dtuigimis 		dá molaidís
dá dtuigidís 		dá moltaí
dá dtuigtí
Past Participle molta
tuigthe 		colspan="7" Шаблон:N/A

2nd conjugation

Second stem verbs take the same base suffixes as first conjugation verbs, but add the infix in -Шаблон:Vr- (most forms), or -Шаблон:Vr- (in the future and conditional).

Roots ending in a slender consonant undergo syncope before the addition of -Шаблон:Vr-.

Tense Particle Mutation Ending
Analytic Synthetic
Singular Plural Impersonal
1st 2nd 1st 2nd 3rd
Indicative Present — — -(a)íonn -(a)ím -(a)ír -(a)ímid rowspan="2" Шаблон:N/A -(a)íd -(a)ítear
Past Imperfect Lenition -(a)íodh -(a)ínn -(a)íteá -(a)ímis -(a)ídís -(a)ítí
Past Perfect Lenition Шаблон:N/A -(a)íos -(a)ís -(a)íomar -(a)íobhar -(a)íodar -(a)íodh
Future — -óidh/-eoidh -ód/-eod -óir/-eoir -óimid/-eoimid rowspan="2" Шаблон:N/A -óid/-eoid -ófar/-eofar
Conditional Lenition -ódh/-eodh -óinn/-eoinn -ófá/-eofá -óimis/-eoimis -óidís/-eoidís -ófaí/-eofaí
Imperative — -(a)íodh -(a)ím Шаблон:N/A -(a)ímis -(a)ígí/-(a)ídh -(a)ídís -(a)ítear
Subjunctive Present go Eclipsis -(a)í -(a)íod -(a)ír -(a)ímid rowspan="2" Шаблон:N/A -(a)íd -(a)ítear
Past dá Eclipsis -(a)íodh -(a)ínn -(a)íteá -(a)ímis -(a)ídís -(a)ítí
Past Participle — -t(h)e colspan="7" Шаблон:N/A
2nd conjugation examples: Шаблон:Lang "to begin” and Шаблон:Lang "to tell"
Tense Analytic Synthetic
Singular Plural Impersonal
1st 2nd 1st 2nd 3rd
Indicative Present tosaíonn
insíonn 		tosaím
insím 		tosaír
insír 		tosaímid
insímid 		rowspan="2" Шаблон:N/A tosaíd
insíd 		tosaítear
insítear
Past
Imperfect 		thosaíodh
d'insíodh 		thosaínn
d'insínn 		thosaíteá
d'insíteá 		thosaímis
d'insímis 		thosaídís
d'insídís 		thosaítí
d'insítí
Past
Perfect 		thosaigh
d'inis 		thosaíos
d'insíos 		thosaís
d'insís 		thosaíomar
d'insíomar 		thosaíobhar
d'insíobhar 		thosaíodar
d'insíodar 		thosaíodh
d'insíodh
Future tosóidh
inseoidh 		tosód
inseod 		tosóir
inseoir 		tosóimid
inseoimid 		rowspan="2" Шаблон:N/A tosóid
inseoid 		tosófar
inseofar
Conditional thosódh
d'inseodh 		thosóinn
d'inseoinn 		thosófa
d'inseofá 		thosóimis
d'inseoimis 		thosóidís
d'inseoidís 		thosófaí
d'inseofaí
Imperative tosaíodh
insíodh 		tosaím
insím 		tosaigh
inis 		tosaímis
insímis 		tosaígí / tosaídh
insígí / insídh 		tosaídís
insídís 		tosaítear
insítear
Subjunctive Present go dtosaí
go n-insí 		go dtosaíod
go n-insíod 		go dtosaír
go n-insír 		go dtosaímid
go n-insímid 		rowspan="2" Шаблон:N/A go dtosaíd
go n-insíd 		go dtosaítear
go n-insítear
Past dá dtosaíodh
dá n-insíodh 		dá dtosaínn
dá n-insínn 		dá dtosaíteá
dá n-insíteá 		dá dtosaímis
dá n-insímis 		dá dtosaídís
dá n-insídís 		dá dtosaítí
dá n-insítí
Past participle tosaithe
inste 		colspan="7" Шаблон:N/A

Irregular verbs

There are eleven irregular verbs in Standard Irish; individual dialects have a few more. Most of them are characterized by suppletion, that is, different roots are used to form different tenses. Analytic forms are indicated by the symbol +. The preterites of many irregular verbs take the nonpreterite forms of preverbal particles, i.e. Шаблон:Lang (interrogative particle) and Шаблон:Lang (negative particle), instead of Шаблон:Lang (pret. interrogative particle) and Шаблон:Lang (pret. negative particle). Some verbs have different independent and dependent forms in certain tenses; the independent forms are used when no particle precedes the verb, and also after Шаблон:Lang "if" (open conditional) and the direct relative particle Шаблон:Lang, while the dependent forms are used after all other particles.

Шаблон:Lang "to say"

The Шаблон:Vr- in this verb's independent forms is not lenited, and the dependent forms are slightly archaic.

Abair conjugation
Abair, "to say" Analytic Synthetic
Indicative Present Independent deir deir-
Dependent abrann ab(a)r-
Past Imperfect Independent deireadh deir-
Dependent abradh ab(a)r-
Past Perfect dúirt dúr-
Future Independent déarfaidh déar-
Dependent abróidh abró-
Conditional Independent déarfadh déar-
Dependent abródh abró-
Imperative abradh abair, abraigí; abr-
Subjunctive Present Independent go ndeire go ndeir-
Dependent go n-abra go n-abr-
Past Independent dá ndeireadh dá ndeir-
Dependent dá n-abradh dá n-abr-
Verbal Noun rá
Past Participle ráite

Шаблон:Lang "to bear"

Beir conjugation
Beir, "to bear" Standard Munster
Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic
Indicative Present beireann beir-
Past Imperfect bheireadh bheir
Past Perfect rug rug- riug riug-
Future béarfaidh béar-
Conditional béarfadh béar-
Imperative beireadh beir-
Subjunctive Present go mbeire go mbeir-
Past dá mbeireadh dá mbeir-
Verbal Noun breith
Past Participle beirthe

Шаблон:Lang "to be"

If a noun phrase is in the predicate, then forms of the particle "is" are used rather than anything below.

Bí conjugation
Bí, "to be" Analytic Synthetic
Indicative Present Independent tá(nn) taoi (2pS), táthaoi (2pP), tádar (3pP); tái-
Dependent fuil fuil-
Negative níl níl-
Present Habitual bíonn bí-
Past Imperfect bhíodh bhí-
Past Perfect Independent bhí bhío-
Dependent raibh rabh-
Future beidh be-
Conditional bheadh bhei-
Imperative bíodh bí, bígí; bí-
Subjunctive Present go raibh go rabh-
Past dá mbeadh dá mbei-
Verbal Noun bheith
Past Participle (none)

Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang "to hear"

Шаблон:Lang is used in southern and south-central Irish (Munster, Connemara, Aran Islands etc.), whereas Шаблон:Lang is used in northern and north-central varieties (Mayo, Ulster).

Clois/Cluin conjugation
Clois/ Cluin "to hear" Southern Irish Northern Irish
Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic
Indicative Present cloiseann clois- cluineann cluin-
Past Imperfect chloiseadh chlois- chluineadh chluin-
Past Perfect chuala chual- chuala chual-
Future cloisfidh clois- cluinfidh cluin-
Conditional chloisfeadh chlois- chluinfeadh chluin-
Imperative cloiseadh clois, cloisigí; clois- cluineadh cluin, cluinigí; cluin-
Subjunctive Present go gcloise go gclois- go gcluine go gcluin-
Past dá gcloiseadh dá gclois- dá gcluineadh dá gcluin-
Verbal Noun cloisteáil cluinstin
Past Participle cloiste cluinte

Шаблон:Lang "to do, to make"

Déan conjugation
Déan, "to do, to make" Standard Munster Ulster, Aran (Connacht)
Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic
Indicative Present Independent ghní(onn) ghní-
Dependent déanann déan- deineann dein-
Past Imperfect Independent (gh)níodh ghní- ghníodh ghní-
Dependent dhéanadh dhéan- dhein dhein-
Past Perfect Independent rinne rinn- dheineadh dhein- rinn rinn-
Dependent dearna dearn- dearn dearn-
Future Independent déanfaidh déan-
Dependent
Conditional Independent dhéanfadh dhéan-
Dependent
Imperative déanadh déan, déanaigí; déan- deineadh dein, deinigí; dein-
Subjunctive Present go ndéana go ndéan- go ndeina go ndein-
Past dá ndéanadh dá ndéan- dá ndeineadh dá ndein-
Verbal Noun déanamh
Past Participle déanta

Шаблон:Lang "to find, to get"

The Шаблон:Vr- in forms of this verb is eclipsed rather than lenited after Шаблон:Lang.

Faigh conjugation
Faigh, "to get" Analytic Synthetic
Indicative Present Independent gheibheann gheibh-
Dependent faigheann faigh-
Past Imperfect Independent gheibheadh gheibh-
Dependent d'fhaigheadh d'faigh-
Past Perfect fuair fuair-
Future Independent gheobhaidh gheobh-
Dependent faighidh faigh-
Conditional Independent gheobhadh gheobh-
Dependent faigheadh faigh-
Imperative faigheadh faigh, faighigí; faigh-
Subjunctive Present go bhfaighe go bhfaigh-
Past dá bhfaigheadh dá bhfaigh-
Verbal Noun fáil
Past Participle faighte

Шаблон:Lang "to see"

Feic conjugation
Feic, "to see" Standard Munster Ulster
Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic
Indicative Present Independent feiceann feic- c(h)íonn c(h)í- tchíonn tchí-
Dependent feiceann feic- feiceann feic-
Past Imperfect Independent d'fheiceadh fheic c(h)íodh c(h)í- tíodh tchí-
Dependent fheiceadh fheic-
Past Perfect Independent chonaic chonaic- chnaic chnaic- thain(a)ic thainic-
Dependent faca fac- feaca(igh) feaca- faca fac-
Future Independent feicfidh feic- c(h)ífidh c(h)í- tchífidh tchí-
Dependent gcífidh gcí-
Conditional Independent d'fheicfeadh d'fheic- c(h)ífeadh c(h)í tchífeadh tchí-
Dependent fheicfeadh fheic- gcífeadh gcí-
Imperative feiceadh feic, feicigí; feic-
Subjunctive Present go bhfeice go bhfeic-
Past dá bhfeiceadh dá bhfeic-
Verbal Noun feiceáil feiscint
Past Participle feicthe

Шаблон:Lang "to eat"

Ith conjugation
Ith, "to eat" Standard Cape Clear (Munster)
Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic
Indicative Present itheann ith-
Past Imperfect d'itheadh d'ith-
Past Perfect d'ith d'ith- duaidh dua-
Future íosfaidh íosfai-
Conditional Independent d'íosfadh díos-
Dependent íosfadh íos-
Imperative itheadh ith, ithigí; ith-
Subjunctive Present go n-ithe go n-ith-
Past dá n-itheadh dá n-ith-
Verbal Noun ithe
Past Participle ite

Шаблон:Lang "to give, to bring, (to be named)"

Tabhair conjugation
Tabhair, "to give, to bring" Analytic Synthetic
Indicative Present General tug tug-
Independent bheir bheir-
Dependent tabhrann tabh(a)r-
Past Imperfect General thugadh thug-
Independent bheirinn bheir-
Dependent tabhrainn tabh(a)r-
Past Perfect thug thug-
Future General tabharfaidh tabhar-
Independent bhéaraid bhéar-
Dependent tiubhraid tiubhr-
Conditional General thabharfadh thabhar-
Independent bhéarfadh bhéar-
Dependent tiubhradh tiubhr-
Imperative tugadh tabhair, tugaigí; tug-
Subjunctive Present go dtuga go dtug-
Past dá dtugadh dá dtug-
Verbal Noun tabhairt
Past Participle tugtha

The meaning "to be named" is often found in writings and can therefore be considered as strange for learners. When meaning "to be named" the verbform is usually followed by the preposition "ar", which is also inflected due to the person it is connected with. e.g.:

Шаблон:Lang "to come"

Tar conjugation
Tar, "to come" Standard Connacht (some) Munster (some) Ulster
Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic
Indicative Present tagann (tig le) tag- teagann teag- tigeann tig- tig tig-
Past Imperfect thagadh thag-
Past Perfect tháinig tháng-
Future tiocfaidh tioc-
Conditional thiocfadh thioc-
Imperative tagadh tar, tagaigí; tag- tagadh teara, tagaigí; tag- tagadh tair, tagaigí; tag- tagadh gabh, tagaigí; tag-
Subjunctive Present go dtaga go dtag- go dtí go dtí- go dtí go dtí-
Past dá dtagadh dá dtag-
Verbal Noun teacht
Past Participle tagtha

Шаблон:Lang "to go"

Téigh conjugation
Téigh, "to go" Standard Connemara (Connacht) Munster Ulster
Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic Analytic Synthetic
Indicative Present téann téi-
Past Imperfect théadh théi-
Past Perfect Independent chuaigh chu-
Dependent deachaigh deach-
Future rachaidh (raghfaidh) rach- (raghf-) gabhfaidh gabhf- raghaidh ragh-
Conditional rachadh (raghfadh) rach- (raghf-) ghabhfadh ghabhf- raghadh ragh-
Imperative téadh téi- téadh teire/ gabh; té- téadh teir, teiridh; té- téadh téithear; gabh-/té-
Subjunctive Present go dté go dté-
Past dá dtéadh dá dté-
Verbal Noun dul goil goil
Past Participle dulta goite goite

Preverbal particles

Irish uses a number of preverbal particles to modify the meaning of a sentence. In a positive statement, no particle is used and the verb comes first (except in Munster Irish where Шаблон:Lang is placed before verbs in the past, habitual past and conditional, leniting the verb that follows). This is still seen in the Standard Language in said tenses, prefixed to verbs beginning with vowels, e.g. Шаблон:Lang (Munster Irish: Шаблон:Lang) "I drank":

Negative particles

To negate a statement, the particle Шаблон:Lang is used, which causes lenition; a Шаблон:Vr before a vowel or lenited Шаблон:Vr is omitted:

In the preterite, the particle Шаблон:Lang is used . There is lenition but no Шаблон:Lang.

(In Ulster, the negative particles Шаблон:Lang, pret. Шаблон:Lang are also used)

Interrogative particles

To pose a simple yes/no question, the particle Шаблон:Lang is used, which causes eclipsis (no eclipsis of vowels, because Шаблон:Lang already ends with Шаблон:Vr). In the preterite Шаблон:Lang (+ lenition) is used. The prefix Шаблон:Lang is omitted:

These particles are also used to introduce an indirect question:

Negative interrogative particles

To pose a negative yes/no question, the particle Шаблон:Lang is used, which causes eclipsis (in preterite: Шаблон:Lang + lenition):

(In Munster Шаблон:Lang is used instead of Шаблон:Lang.)

Wh-interrogative particles

To pose a wh-question, one of the interrogative particles Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang etc. is used.

Verbal nouns

Formation

Irish has no infinitive and uses instead the verbal noun. The verbal noun can be formed using different strategies (mostly suffixes). The most common of these are:

Usage

The verbal noun is used as the infinitive would be used in English.

Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang "He asked me to go."
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang "I would rather stay."

A progressive can be expressed with the preposition Шаблон:Lang and is equivalent to the English present participle.

Шаблон:Lang "Seán is working."
Шаблон:Lang "Máire was speaking."

A perfect tense can be formed with either of the compound prepositions Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang and the verbal noun.

Шаблон:Lang "She has (just) mowed the grass." (cf. Hiberno-English "She is after cutting the grass.")
Шаблон:Lang "He had (just) washed the cups." (cf. Hiberno-English "He was after washing the cups.")

The subjunctive

The subjunctive covers the idea of wishing something and so appears in some famous Irish proverbs and blessings. It is considered an old-fashioned tense for daily speech (except in set phrases) but still appears often in print. E.g.,

It is important to note that when the subjunctive is used in English, it may not be used in Irish, and another tense might be used instead:

While the relative pronoun that can be omitted in English, the corresponding Шаблон:Lang is mandatory in Irish.

Bibliography

See also

Шаблон:Wiktionarycat

Шаблон:Irish linguistics Шаблон:Language verbs

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